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Definition of Imperialism
• A policy by a stronger nation (such as the USA) to create an empire by dominating weaker nations economically, politically, culturally, or militarily.
Why did Imperialism Develop?
• Economic factors
• Political or Nationalistic factors
• Humanitarian or Cultural factors
• Military factors
Political or Nationalistic Factors
• Nationalism - a belief that one’s nations goals are superior to those of other nations
Humanitarian or Cultural Factors
• Spreading Western ideas and Christianity. It was their duty to spread the blessings of Western civilization across the globe.
Early American Imperialism
• Using the idea of Manifest Destiny, Alaska was purchased in 1867.
• The Midway Islands were
annexed (joined to the USA) in 1867.
Alaska is purchased in 1867
• Secretary of State William H. Seward agreed to purchase Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million. (that’s only about 2 cents an acre!)
• At the time, critics thought Seward was crazy and called the deal "Seward's folly."
Was it worth it??
• Discoveries of gold were made there in the 1880s and 1890s.
• These discoveries brought attention and people to Alaska.
• Today, petroleum transported across the state through a pipeline is Alaska's richest mineral resource.
Imperialism Presidents
William McKinley
• Republican
• Starts US Imperialism
• Reaffirmed Monroe Doctrine
Other Pacific Property
Hawaii – 1891 Queen Liliuokalani takes throne & against trade w/ US
• 1893 – Marines led by Sanford Dole overthrow Queen
• Dole made governor – asks for annexation to the US
• The Hawaiian Queen is removed from power by American military force under pressure from businessmen (including Sanford Dole – the pineapple guy…)
• Hawaii is annexed in 1898.
How did America become Involved in Imperialism?, cont.
Other Pacific Property.
• Japan - Trade relations are established in 1854 by Commodore Matthew Perry and a very young U.S. Navy
Other Pacific Property
Samoa – US, GB, & Germany fighting over harbor @ Pago Pago
• Over time US would gain complete control
Other Pacific Property
China – divided up among European countries
• These “spheres of influence” limited trade between the U.S. and China
Open Door Policy
• In the fall of 1898, President McKinley and Secretary of State John Hay force an "open door" policy on the
nations that control China.
• The policy would allow all trading
nations access to
the Chinese markets.
Civil War in Cuba
In 1895 civil war broke
out in Cuba between
Spain and Cuban rebels.
• By 1895, Spain had only a few colonial
possessions left
including the
Philippines, Puerto Rico and Cuba
Setting the Stage for War• In competition for readership, two New York
newspapers wrote exaggerated stories about the Cuban rebellion.
•This yellow journalism sold a lot of papers but had other
effects as well:•It whipped up American public opinion in favor of
the Cuban rebels!
The Yellow Kid
Printed under a headline that read:
Cuban Babes Prey to Famine
Thousands of Children Perishing in Island Towns
Sights that Sicken Strong Men
• The New York Journal reports "...blood on the roadsides, blood in the villages, blood, blood, blood!"
When William Randolph Hearst sent a reporter to cover the rumored war, he cabled back that there was no war going on. Hearst wired back: “Please remain. You supply the pictures, and I'll supply the war.”
To get the attention of the U.S. government – Cuban Rebels burn plantations owned by U.S.
businessmen.
The U.S. Battleship Maine is sent to protect U.S. citizens and as a warning message to
Spain!
DeLome Letter written to Sp. Foreign Minister
“…it shows once more what McKinley is, weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd, besides being a would-be politician who tries to leave the door open behind himself while keeping on good terms with the jingoes of his party.”
DeLome – The Spanish Ambassador to the U.S.DeLome – The Spanish Ambassador to the U.S.
DeLome Letter
• DeLome the Spanish Ambassador in the US sends letter back to Spain calling McKinley weak. Newspapers publish and challenge McKinley to respond.
Uh-Oh . . . on February 9, 1898
• New York Journal owner William Randolph Hearst published the letter under the
headline, "The Worst Insult to the United States in Its History."
•Six days later comes the final straw!
Spanish-American War
• April 11, 1898 – McKinley asks Congress to declare war
• May 1st, 1898 – First attack was @ Philippines Dewey sank entire Spanish Pacific Fleet
Spanish-American War
• Admiral Dewey joined forces w/ Filipino rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo
• Aug. Spanish troops surrender to US
Spanish-American War
• May 1st, 1898 – Second attack was surrounding Spanish Atlantic Fleet @ Santiago Harbor
Spanish-American War
• Theodore Roosevelt led invasion of Cuba w/ the Rough Riders – Volunteer Cavalry
Spanish-American War
• July 4th – Spanish Fleet tried to leave
• All sunk by US fleet ending the war
• Called “Splendid Little War”
• 2,500 US died – 400 died in battle?
• Rest died of yellow fever, malaria, food poisoning, & bad Meds
Spanish-American War
Walter Reed
• US Army Physician
• Confirmed that yellow fever was transmitted by mosquitoes
Spanish-American War
Teller Amendment – April 18, 1898
• Joint Resolution of Congress
• U.S. could not annex Cuba but only leave "control of the island to its people."
Spanish-American War
Platt Amendment (1899)
• Replaced Teller Amendment• Gave US an open door to intervene in
Cuban affairs.
Spanish-American War
Treaty of Paris1. Cuba is independent – US gets to
keep a naval base on island
2. US gained Philippines, Puerto Rico, & Guam
Imperialism Presidents
Theodore Roosevelt
• “Big Stick Diplomacy”
• Gained US Panama Canal
• Roosevelt’s Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine – it was the right of US to intervene in Latin American nations
Imperialism Presidents
Theodore Roosevelt• US repeatedly intervened in Latin Am.
& the Caribbean
• 1905 – TR mediated conflict between France & Russia won Nobel Peace Prize
Why Build a Canal?• A trip from
San Francisco to New York is 7,872 miles
shorter using the
canal instead of
going around South
America.
1880s
• In 1881, the French were given permission to build a
canal across Panama.
• What challenges do you think they faced
building a canal in this type of area?
• The average yearly rainfall is
about 105 inches!
• (avg. rainfall for Middletown, De is around 42 inches)
• Flooding makes the ground like pudding, and
you can sink up to your knees in
mud.
• It’s so humid that after it rains steam rises from the ground
• Your clothes are nearly always soaking wet.
• After eight years and over 20,000
French construction
worker deaths, the French abandon
the project.
• The company building the canal goes bankrupt.
• In 1903, Panama was a province of Colombia (kind of like Delaware is part
of the United States)• The United States offers to buy rights to build the canal from
Colombia for $10 million dollars and
$250,000 per year.
• On November 3, 1903 Panamanians, led by officials of the Panama Railroad and others hoping to gain from the construction of a
canal, launched a revolution…
• Roosevelt is Furious! He refuses to deal with the Columbians any longer…
• Teddy Roosevelt sends warships to protect Panama and prevent Columbia from
retaking it’s own territory.
• The rebels are quickly victorious and on November 6, 1903 President Theodore Roosevelt officially recognizes the new nation of Panama who in turn signs the treaty previously refused by Colombia.
• The United States begins work on the canal in 1904.
• It is a project of the U.S. government so unlike the French, they did not run out of money.
• The efforts of William Gorgas defeat the worst obstacle - Disease
• Another major decision had to be made – should the canal be sea level – like the French had tried to build or should they follow the natural rise of
the land?
What are locks?A lock is a part of a canal with gates at each end where boats are raised or lowered to different water levels.
• (click on “Operation”
when you get to the website)
•Click Here to See How a Lock Works
• Construction progresses using steam shovels and human muscle
• By 1914, the canal is completed – ahead of schedule and under budget!
• 1977 The United States
signed a treaty with
Panama that
agreed to give
Panama control of the canal in 1999
A vessel passing through the Panama Canal pays a toll proportionate to its size. The average toll is about
$45,000
• The lowest toll ever paid is 36 cents, paid by Richard Halliburton for swimming the Canal in 1928.
On May 30th, 2006, the Maersk Dellys established a new toll record by paying
$249,165.00!!
• Although longer than 3 Statues of Liberty laid
end to end, the current locks are too small.
• Many ships, known as
“Pana-Max”, barely fit
through…
• Due to be completed between 2014 and
2015, Work is under way to modernize the canal and enable it to handle much larger
ships.
• At a cost of over $5 Billion, work includes
deepening and widening the canal along with adding newer and larger
locks.
•Click Here to See The Panama Canal in Action Right NOW!!
Imperialism Presidents
William Taft
• Dollar Diplomacy – encouraging & protecting US trade / investments in Latin Am. and Asia
Imperialism Presidents
Woodrow Wilson
• Moral Diplomacy – promoting democratic ideals abroad
• Intervened in the Mexican Revolution
Intervention in Mexico• Porfirio Diaz (Mexico) overthrew by
Madero. Gov’t taken over by Gen. Huerta
• Wilson refused to recognize new gov’t.
• Rebel groups lead by Emiliano Zapata & Francisco “Pancho” Villa want US support
• Sent troops to occupy Veracruz (port)
Intervention in Mexico
• Nationalist Leader – Venustiano Carranza overthrows Huerta
• Wilson withdraws his troops & recognizes Carranza’s gov’t
Intervention in Mexico
• Villa was outraged & started attacking US border towns
• Wilson sent Gen. John Pershing after Villa into Mexico
• Carranza outraged! Wilson removed the troops
Arguments for Expansion
• Obtain new markets.
• Protect overseas investments.
• Rekindle the American pioneer spirit.
• Bring civilization to the “heathen” people around the world.