NEW IMPERIALISM: MOTIVES AND TACTICS Nineteenth-Century Empires

NEW IMPERIALISM: MOTIVES AND TACTICS

Nineteenth-Century Empires

SUPERQUIZSection II – PART 2

13 questions – 32.5%

pp. 39-44• European Expansion in the Midcentury• India and the Rise of British Sovereignty

– The British East India Company– Further British Expansion in Asia

• The “Sick Men”: The Ottoman Empire and China– The Ottoman Empire– China

• Expansion in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Rim– Southeast Asia– The Pacific Rim– Japan

European Expansionism: Europe Dominates the World

• Europeans engaged in increasingly intense protection of new commercial interests in Asia and Africa during the 19th century

• Driven by ____________________• British (3 types of power)

– technological, – military, – and economic power derived from this process of industrialization

• The_________ took the lead in developing and protecting overseas commercial contacts

industrialization

British

India• Europe’s 19th century economic penetration of Asia exploited centuries-old

trading posts• __________________________had served as the chief participants in Asian-

European trade from the 17th century on. 3 such companies:– The Dutch East India Company – French East India Company – and British East India Company

• Europeans clustered in trading posts along the coasts of these 4:– India– Java– the Philippines– China

• Another name for these commercial centers was ________• 3 Key ports:

– Batavia– Canton– Bombay

Joint stock companies

factories

Different nationalities dominated Asian trade during different historical periods

• __________________headed trade with Asia in the 16th and 17th centuries

• late 17th century saw the rise of ___________• by the early 18th century Asian trade was

dominated by these 2 powers: --French --British

The Portuguese

the Dutch

Dominant PowersBritainFrance

British domination of Asia• Began WHEN and WHERE?

– In 1757 – At Battle of Plassey

• British defeated the nawab of Bengal (who & how)– Robert Clive– bribed Mir Jafar to throw the battle in exchange for the latter’s

ascension to the nawab of Bengal• SIGNIFICANCE of the BATTLE OF PLASSEY

– crushed the flailing _____________________

– solidified the political power of the ________________________• previously it had possessed no distinctive features from other trading companies

Mughal Empire

British East India Co.

Sir Robert Clive

Clive and Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey

BATTLE OF PLASSEY:Economic Disaster for BENGAL

• BEFORE: Bengal = hub of Indian commerce– _______of the British East India Company’s trade came from Bengal– Bengal had received New World ________________________for its textiles, spices, and

metal goods

• Britain gained access to enormous amounts of wealth– British paid for Bengali goods with the ___________________________from Bengal– Bengal lost control of its _____________________________

• The British followed this pattern of conquest throughout India– India’s economy transformed from a free market economy to a ______________ economy

• India essentially lost its trade connections to the outside world• Through____________________, the British ensured that Indians received very little

benefit from exports to Britain

• _____________ served as the base of British territorial expansion in India through the 18th and 19th centuries

75%silver bullion

land revenuesexternal trade

closedtaxation

Bengal

British Imperialism

British rule over India permanently altered the Indian economy’s structure and focus• Industrialization in Britain stopped importation of what key Indian product?

Indian calicoes and other textiles• India thus had to become a supplier of: raw materials for Britain• British textile mills demanded 2 key raw materials from India:

cotton and indigo• The Indian market also served as a great dumping ground for:

British manufactured goods and textiles– Indian ______________________ faced a sharp decline during the 19th century– By the 1840s, British imports accounted for more than _______of Indian textile

consumption• Indians abandoned _____________________________as a result of the

commercialization of Indian agriculture– The Indian peasantry remained more vulnerable than ever to___________

manufacturing 50%subsistence farming

famine

Indians must produce raw materials for

Britain

Indians must buy finished goods from

Britain

India was a major supplier of raw

materials

Tea, indigo, coffee, cotton, and jute,

opium

Jewel in the Crown

From India to the rest of Asia

• The British East India Company sought to extend its power through __________________to protect its Indian interests– ___________ constituted a major threat to the

company’s expansion• In the 1840s, Britain annexed 2 regions west of

India as buffer zones against Russia– Punjab – Sind

Central AsiaRussia

AFGHANISTAN resisted annexation

• The Afghan Wars of – 1839-1842– 1878-1880

• Britain – never formally ________________Afghanistan– By the 1880s, however, Afghanistan had practically

become a British __________state

colonized

client

BURMA

• currently known as _________________• The British annexed Burma after a series of

wars in – 1826– 1852– 1886

6…2…6 2+3 = 5 5+3 = 8 2…5…8

Myanmar

The “sick men”• Europeans labeled two major Asian empires “sick men”

– Ottoman Empire : Sick Man of Europe– The Qing dynasty: the Sick Man of the East

• Unlike it had in India, Europe did not implement _______________in the Ottoman Empire and China

• Europeans used both – political maneuvering and– financial conquest

• These methods avoided the ________________of direct rule• Europeans used these 2 political powers as buffers against these 2 rival powers:

– Russia – Japan

direct rule

high cost

DIRECT RULE vs. INDIRECT RULE Direct Rule:

The actual administration of government by representatives of the imperial power, usually supported by military and civilian services.

French tried direct rule. Indirect Rule:

Ruling through cooperation with a native ruler or rulers who profit from the relationship.

British used indirect rule. Example was the Raj in India.

OTTOMAN EMPIRE: The Sick Man of Europe• Ripe for western

infiltration• The empire crossed

wide stretches of land– _______and _______:

east– ______and_________=

south – the _______ = north

• Peak of political power:• The 16th Century

Algeria Persia

Egypt Sudan

Balkans

OTTOMAN EMPIRE: The Sick Man of Europe

Territorial Losses: 1800-1914

OTTOMAN EMPIRE: The Sick Man of Europe

• Provincial governors’ ambitions increasingly challenged the authority of what sultan?– Mahmud II

• sultan of the Ottoman Empire in the late 18th and early 19th centuries

• The _______________ identity of most Ottoman subjects did give• cultural and • political cohesion

Muslim

Tanzimat• Translates to ___________________________• Mahmud II’s attempt to re-energize OTTOMAN EMPIRE through

– technological, – administrative, – and legal… ….________________________ of the Ottoman Empire

• Supported by whom?– Europeans (proprietary reasons)

• The British especially

• Opposed by whom (2 groups)?– Muslim clerics – military men

Who feared Western society would pollute the Islamic culture

“reorganization”

Westernization

Ottoman Empire begins to depend on Britain in _______

• EGYPT– Broke away from Ottoman control – seized control (of what area/ when)

• of SYRIA• In 1831

• The sultan asked __________ to restore Ottoman control in Syria• The British and the _____________

– demanded that _________________be fully implemented in return for British military action

• The British and French also demanded these 2 things:– extraterritorial judicial rights – trade privileges

1838

BritainFrench

Tamizat

A Defacto Colony• By the _________, the Ottoman Empire was a defacto

__________ colony, which had to – import large quantities of manufactured goods (2)

• Machinery• Textiles

– and export raw materials to Britain (3)• Opium• Cotton• Cereals

• Local Ottoman textile industries mostly failed during this period

1840sBritish

CRIMEAN WAR• 18___ to 18___• The Ottoman lost economic

independence – borrowed money from (2 countries)

• the British• The Frenchat unfavorable repayment terms

• The Ottoman _______________ Commission – committee formed in ______– formalized British and French control of the Ottoman economy– Europeans gained authority over (3 key sources of revenue)

• tariffs, • taxation, and • the provincial tribute systems

52 54

Public Debt1881

Cultural Cohesion of Ottoman Empire Disintegrated

• as Europeans centralized their control over the polity– The British and French aligned with _______________

minorities in the empire– __________ and ____________ intermediaries could purchase

European passports• Some allowed _______________________reserved for Europeans

– Internal discord increased • privileged groups grew wealthy• peasants and artisans suffered

• Europeans saw themselves as civilizers of the “Oriental” empire– sought to prop up ________________– eradicate all traces of ________________

Non-Muslim

Christian Jewish

judicial immunity

Christianitydespotism

CHINA: The Sick Man of the East• European imperial domination of China mostly followed the

pattern of the Ottoman Empire• The _______ dynasty

– ruled China since the mid ________________________– came from the foreign ______________ minority– At the beginning of the 19th century, sought to expand its Asian empire

• China kept in isolation from Europe– had no knowledge of Enlightenment philosophy– European manufactured goods held no allure for the Chinese

• In contrast, Europeans held insatiable desires for Chinese– paper, – silk, – tea, – porcelain, etc.

•

Qing 17TH CenturyManchu

HIST 2322 / IDST 2373 Dr. Keller 28

Ships moored at Lintin, near Canton, and the opium was sent up the coast in local craft. Opium was shipped in chests, each weighing about 60 kilograms. The Chinese paid in silver – a gross profit of 1,000 silver dollars was made on each chest.

The Opium Trade & Tea

Opium reversed trade imbalance in the late 18th century

• All levels of Chinese society smoked opium• Chinese government ________________________of opium

– Trading companies (British East India Company) flooded the Chinese market with opium

• Chinese demand skyrocketed in response to tever-increasing supply of opium• Brits got cheap opium from India

– Europeans used opium profits to pay for Chinese goods, especially tea• By early 19th century, opium had wreaked heavy damage on China

– Social damage– Economic damage

• SILVER:– Europeans stopped paying for Chinese goods with silver– Silver shortages occurred throughout China

• Large segments of Chinese society experienced opium addiction

banned importation


• The Opium War & the Unequal Treaties– The Opium Trade & Tea

Chinese Opium Den

The Chinese Empire under Siege

Drying Tea in China

First Opium War

• Chinese emperor attempted to– blockade the Port of ___________in ______– Seize merchants’ opium supplies

• The _________ sent naval force• First Opium War• Years:

• 1840-1842

• Loser:– Chinese lost

Canton 1840

British

• ______________________political cartoon

• Appeared – during the First Opium War– in French humor magazine

___________________• features a Brit trying to sell

Chinese man opium• Caption: “I say, you must buy

this poison immediately. We want you to really poison yourselves, so that we will have enough tea to comfortably digest our beefsteaks!”

J.J. Grandville’s

Le Charivari

The Opium War


• The Opium War & the Unequal Treaties


Treaty of __________

• Ended 1st Opium War• Britain

– gained control of __________________– received trading rights in ______ ports

• China was forced to compensate Europeans for the war

Nanjing

Hong Kong5

Second Opium War• same issues as the first Opium War • Chinese defeated and forced to cede 3 things:

– extraterritorial rights, – missionary protection, – and trading privileges to

• Britain, • the United States,• France, • and Russia

• The Qing emperor refused to ratify peace treaties– French and British occupied____________in _______– Troops burned imperial gardens at the

__________________________– Russia occupied ____________________

Peking

Summer Palace

1860

Vladivostok


The Taiping Rebellion


East Asia in the nineteenth century

Taiping Rebellion

• 18____ to 18_____• Reaction to the Opium Wars’

– humiliation and – economic hardships

• Millenarian peasant movement’s goals:– to overthrow the European-dominated Qing dynasty– Create an egalitarian, harmonious society

• Over _______________Chinese died• Europeans intervened in the mid 1850s to protect their trading privileges

– General _________________________________crushed the rebellion

• with the Western-trained _____________________________• in ______________

– But sporadic resistance continued until ____________• European efforts to save the Qing dynasty greatly strengthened the

_________________interests in China

50 64

20 million

Charles “Chinese” Gordon“Ever Victorious Army”

1864 1868

commercial



Final Assault on the Taipings at Nanjing, 1864

Sphere of influence

• An area over which a powerful nation claims a “vital interest” and, in reality, claims the right to exert dominance.

• An outside power claimed economic (trading) privileges.

• ______________ was the best example.

CHINA

Never formally colonized China• Except for ______________________• European traders remained in their port cities

– Foreigners did not penetrate far into Chinese society• British-Chinese relations did retain deeply colonial overtones

– The British sought to make the empire pay for itself– ___________= the center of this self-sustaining economic model

• ___________ essentially financed Britain’s trade with China– The British obtained opium from India at dirt cheap prices– used in exchange for Chinese luxury goods

• Both India and China lost access to ______________through British economic domination– China threw away its silver reserves in order to obtain more and more opium

• _____________peasants in the countryside remained discontent in both (2 subject countries)– India – China

Hong Kong

IndiaIndia

SILVER

overtaxed

Southeast Asia• European involvement in India and China led to expansion into Southeast Asia• The British East India Co. initially established fortified bases in Southeast Asia

– in the 1780s– protected the crucial trade route from India to China

• Dutch asked the British to oversee the former’s Southeast Asian holdings– 1795: The French occupation of _____________________during the French

Revolution diverted Dutch attention– At the time, the_______constituted the largest European power in Southeast Asia

• _________: The Dutch regained control of their Southeast Asian territories• The British

– received additional territory during this period– Temporary rule spurred demand sfor greater involvement in Southeast Asia

• By the _____________(date), – the British emerged as the primary European commercial power in the region– The British possessed_____________________by this time, including the 3 ports of

• Malacca,• Penang, and • Singapore

1808

the Straits Settlements

WHEN :WHY :

The Netherlands

Dutch

WHO :

1820s

The trade economy ended • soon after the British East India Company gained control

of _________________________• ____________________________= loss of trade

monopoly with China– The company’s interest in the India-China sea route faded

• Southeast Asia shifted from a trade depot to a raw materials provider in these 2 key products:– Tin– rubber

Southeast Asia soon found itself in the traditional colonial economic arrangement of producing raw materials for Europe

the Straits Settlementsthe Charter Act of 1833

Independent political powers in Southeast Asia gradually fell under European influence

• ____________• currently known as ______________________________• cited by historians as the exception to European rule over Southeast Asia

– lost its political and cultural sovereignty to the British– technically retained its__________________independence

• Siamese monarch abandoned traditional isolationist attitude in 1820s and 1830s– resumption of relations with Europe resulted in the surrender of some of Siam’s border

territories and the negotiation of peace treaties– This helped maintain Siam’s political independence

• The king had to engage in a program of _________________________ in order to fend off direct conquest by Europeans– included a European-style system of ______________________– Appointment of foreign advisors to the ____________________

• essentially dictated Siamese policy decisions concerning European interests in the region

• The decision to modernize Siam along Western lines represented the _____________ colonization present around the world

SIAM Thailand

Westernization

implicit

political

educationgovernment


• Settler Colonies in the Pacific

European Imperialism in the Pacific

Imperialism in Oceania, ca. 1914


• _________ Colonies in the Pacific– Imperialists in Paradise

• Australia• Pacific Islands

European Imperialism in the Pacific

Queen Liliuokalani

SETTLER

The Pacific Rim

• Europeans established SETTLER COLONIES in (2):– Australia and – New Zealand

• These settlements stood in contrast to the implicit colonization of the rest of the Pacific Rim

• Their colonization deviated from the traditional ideologies of the early 19th century (2):– liberal paternalism– economic imperialism

Australia: British Penal Colony• Founded in…

– 1788• humane alternative to…

– capital punishment• British government viewed

– emigration of free labor as a drain on Britain’s manpower– But countless land-hungry settlers immigrated

• In the 1840s, – British settlement of Australia increased– The first generation - cash incentives to immigrate– The Australian Gold Rush of ______________(date)

• drastically increased emigration from Britain

1851

New Zealand

• followed a settlement path similar to that of ____________________– British settlers first arrived in ____________– The establishment of the

_________________________________________encouraged immigration to the region

– The British government actively attempted to discourage emigration to New Zealand

Australia 1839New Zealand Trading Co.

Settlement of Australasia mirrored the 17th and 18th century settlement of ______________

• This European expansion included (3 key aspects)– decimation of indigenous populations, – a thirst for land, and – the frontier mentality

• European diseases killed most natives– Expropriating settlers forced most of the survivors off of their native lands

• Settlers killed off entire ecosystems while converting forests and prairies into farmland– Indigenous populations lost many of their major ________________sources in this manner

• The British government offered military support for settlers and helped displace local populations

• ______________________Treaty– 18 ___– British settlers signed it long with the British government– promised to protect the land rights of local __________– Settlers quickly broke this treaty, leading to violent conflict – The British government intervened, crushing Maori resistance by

the__________

The Americas

Waitangi40

FOOD

Maoris

1860s

1850s: One Million + Immigrate

• Mostly to_________________• The British government turned a corner and saw

emigration as an ____ & ____ necessity – economic and– demographic

• British-descended settlers in these colonies enjoyed privileged positions because of their large numbers– colonists were also known as _____________________– began to identify themselves as ________ of Australasia– these “natives” increasingly called for_______________

Australia

the White Dominionsnatives

self-government

Independence came slowly to the Pacific Rim

• Australia and New Zealand gained limited autonomy in the ___________– Dominion status the next step toward independence

• granted domestic autonomy to colonies • But Britain kept control over

– foreign policy and – trade

• In 1867, dominion status was first bestowed on– CANADA

• 1907: (2 countries)– AUSTRALIA– NEW ZEALAND

• 1910: (1 country)– SOUTH AFRICA

1850s

Japan• First European failure to spread the continent’s influence

– escaped _____________and ____________ European rule– the only country to do so in 19th century Asia

• For the first two-thirds of the 19th century, it appeared Japan would follow in the footsteps of the Chinese– In the late 18th century, Europeans and Americans had attempted to end

Japan’s…(foreign policy outlook)• ISOLATIONISM

– ____________mounted the first substantial attempt to do so• American naval commander _________________coerced the

Japanese ______________ government to open some of its ports to Western trade in _______– A treaty confirmed these economic actions– European nations soon followed– By the mid 19th century, small-scale European penetration of Japan had

begun

RussiaMatthew Perry

Tokugawa1854

implicit explicit

Meiji Restoration5

Period lasting from 1868 to 1912.

Meiji means “enlightened rule.”

Goal: “A rich country, a strong military”

New leaders set out to study western ways, adapt them to

Japanese needs and beat westerners at their own

game.

Fall of Tokugawa Shogunate leads to Dramatic Shift

• 1868 - _____________________________– deconstructed the 700 year-old Japanese feudal system

• Japan was propelled into a position of global power – Rapid ________________________ and – a ________________________ of government and education

• Japan’s strength allowed the country to retain control of the Westernization process

• Europe had no chance to control Japan through ___________ colonization

• Japan soon revised the ________trade treaties it had signed during the mid 19th century

• By 18____, Japan began extending its influence and forcing trade concessions from other countries

• This process started in ____________

Meiji Restoration

implicitunfair

73

Korea

industrializationwesternization

Growing Military Strength5

As a small island nation, Japan had few resources essential to industrial growth.

Spurred by –isms: __________________and __________________, Japan built an empire.

1894:Sino-Japanese War

•Though outnumbered, Japan defeated China with their modern technology.

Japanese Rule Korea•1910: Japan annexes Korea•Japan modernizes Korea but profits went to Japanese•Imposed harsh rule on Koreans•Korean rebels created nationalist groups

1904: Russo-Japanese War

•Japan’s armies defeated Russia in Manchuria.•Japanese navy almost destroyed a Russian fleet•1905 Treaty of Portsmouth: Japan gains control of Manchuria and Korea

Nationalism Imperialism


• Imperial Japan– Early Japanese Expansion– The ________-Japanese War– The ________-Japanese War

The Emergence of New Imperial Powers

Russo-Japanese Peace Conference Representatives ~ Postcard

Sergei Witte

Baron Kogoro TakahiraSINORUSSO

pp. 34-42

DEFINITIONS, pp. 39-44

• SATI

• FACTORIES

• TANZIMAT REFORMS

• The practice of a widow throwing herself on the funeral pyre of her husband

• Trading posts

• A program of administrative, legal, and technological westernization initiated by the Ottoman sultan in the 1830s

DEFINITIONS, pp. 39-44

• OPIUM WARS

• TAIPING REBELLION

• CHARTER ACT of 1833

• Series of wars fought by British after Chinese emperor tried to blockade sale of Opium in China

• 1850-64 peasant movement to overthrow Qing dynasty; resulted in 20 million deaths

• British East India Co. lost monopoly in Chinese trade and dominance in the India-China trade route

DEFINITIONS, pp. 39-44• WAITAINGI

TREATY

• MATTHEW PERRY

• MEIJI RESTORATION

• DOMINION STATUS

• 1840 treaty which promised Maoiris protection of land rights; quickly violated by settlers

• American naval commodore who forces Japanese to open ports for trade in 1854

• Attempted reform of Japanese feudal system which promoted INDUSTRIALIZATION and WESTERNIZATION

• Classification which offered domestic autonomy to settler colonies but retained European control over foreign policy and trade

2.06: TRUE - FALSE

• 1. Nineteenth century Europeans were more convinced of their superiority than ever before.

• FALSE– LESS CONVINCED– THEY EVEN BECAME CRITICAL OF THEMSELVES

AND THEIR COLONIZATION OF THE WORLD

2.06: TRUE - FALSE

• 2. Late Eighteenth century colonizers like James Cook sought to colonize just as their predecessors had done before.

• FALSE– DO THINGS DIFFERENTLY AND TO LEGITIMIZE

THEIR ROLE AS CIVILIZERS.

2.06: TRUE - FALSE

• 3. All Hindus practiced the ritual of sati.

• FALSE– ONLY CERTAIN GROUPS OF UPPER-CLASS HINDUS

2.06: TRUE - FALSE

• 4. British victory at the Battle of Plassey dealt a critical defeat to the Mughal Empire and put the Dutch East India Company into a position of dominance.

• FALSE– British East India Co.

2.06: TRUE - FALSE

• 5. India remained a supplier of finished textile products even after the beginning of British rule.

• FALSE– BECAME A SUPPLIER OF RAW MATERIALS AND

COTTON AND INDIGO

2.06: TRUE - FALSE

• 6. The chief ally of the British in Central Asia was Russia.

• FALSE– ADVERSARY

2.06: TRUE - FALSE

• 7. Europeans intervened in the failing Ottoman Empire and Qing China much as they did in the Mughal Empire.

• FALSE– DIFFERENTLY THAN THEY HAD IN THE MUGHAL

EMPIRE, EXPLOITING THE FAILING EMPIRE FINANCIALLY AND POLITICALLY BUT NOT SEEKING DIRECT RULE

2.06: TRUE - FALSE

• 8. The Ottoman Empire remained strong even into the nineteenth century.

• FALSE– DECLINED SHARPLY FROM ITS PEAK POINT IN THE

SIXTEENTH CENTURY

2.06: TRUE - FALSE

• 9. The Ottomans fought the French and British in the Crimean War.

• FALSE– SOUGHT HELP FROM THE FRENCH AND THE

BRITISH TO HELP THEM FIGHT AGAINST THE RUSSIANS.

2.06: TRUE - FALSE

• 10. The majority of the Ottoman population benefitted from the European presence of the nineteenth century.

• FALSE– Only a privileged part

2.07: LISTING

• 1. List three terms of the Treaty of Nanjing which ended the first Opium War. (p. 42)

– British given control of Hong Kong– British given trading rights in five Chinese ports– Chinese forced to pay indemnity for the war

2.07: LISTING

• 2. List three ways in which indigenous populations suffered under European imperialism in Australasia. (p. 43)

– European disease decimated the population– lost land rights– lost major food sources since ecosystems were

destroyed

Europe Spreads to Africa• The greatest imperial shift during the 19th

century was Europe’s changing stance regarding Africa

2.07: LISTING

• 3. List the few places where European colonization had taken place in Africa prior to the nineteenth century. (p. 44)

• Portugal in West Africa (Angola)• French in Senegambia region (Senegal)• Dutch and English settlers on the Cape of

Good Hope

Early interactions• Most Europeans had limited knowledge and interest in

Africa prior to the late 18th century– This indifference and ignorance stemmed from a lack of

__________ with Africa– Only a few European interactions had occurred by this time

period• Portuguese slave traders settled in ______________ on the

western coast• The Senegambia region, specifically Senegal, served as a home to ______________

traders• Dutch and English settlers had established a colony on ________________________________________

• Europeans represented Africa as outside ______________ in writings, visual imagery, and maps

– Africans were ostensibly savage brutes• Africans as a _________source only reinforced the idea of Africans

remaining outside of humanity

contact

Angola

FrenchThe Cape of Good Hope

civilization

labor

Europeans Interact with Africans• Proponents of a free market saw Africa as potential market

– dumping ground for European _________________• Africa also served as a source for _____________

– West Africa exported ________oil and _______oil– These goods lubricated European __________________________________

• This economic prosperity led to Europeans visualizing Africa as a potential site for Civilization

• If Africa became a European trading partner, Africa had markets, cities, and states of its own

manufactured goodsraw materials

palm peanut

Industrial machinery

Growing Public Awareness of Africa• The rise of the _____________________demonstrated the

sudden awareness of Africa’s economic potential– This company dedicated itself to the African commercial expansion of

______________– Scottish explorer ______________worked for the company

• He led expeditions on the _______________in West Central Africa in 17____ and 18__

• These voyages led Park to encounter the _____________and _____________states

• These two societies________________ _______________ confirmed beliefs that Africa could become a British trading partner

– Mungo Park wrote ________________________________about his expeditions in West Africa

• included a piece of art showing __________ in ___________ country• Explorers’ accounts of Africa proved enormously popular and helped spark

public interest in Africa

African Association

BritainMungo Park

Niger River95 05 FulaniBambara commercial infrastructure

Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa

Kamalia Mandingo

Mungo Park

Europeans Face Multiple Obstacles in Africa

• ____________devastated Mungo Park’s two expeditions of the Niger River– Until the mid_______century, disease posed a

threat to European-African commercial ties– Europeans had previously held the upper hand

in immunity to diseases• African diseases now overwhelmed Europeans

much as European diseases had overwhelmed ______________________

Disease

19th

Americans

Europeans Face Multiple Obstacles in Africa

• these 4 diseases ravages Europeans:– DYSENTERY– YELLOW FEVER– TYPHOID– MALARIA

• 19th century Africa is often known as the ___________________________as a result of the potency of diseases

• Methods for treating malaria were ineffective or __________in themselves– Some Europeans attempted to cure malaria with

__________________

White Man’s Grave

lethal

mercury

Dealing with Malaria

• European chemists discovered that_____________could cure malaria in the 1820s– Quinine derived from the bark of the ______________

tree in _______________________– By the 1850s, Europeans used quinine

___________________ in order to avert contraction of malaria

• Europeans faced incredibly high death rates from African diseases – Disease killed more European soldiers than warfare in

Africa through the 1870s

South America

perventatively

quinine

cinchona

High Death Rates from Disease

• Europeans faced incredibly high death rates from African diseases – Disease killed more European soldiers than

______________ in Africa through the 1870swarfare

Geographic Obstacles



• African physical features created great challenges for European explorers– The invention of the ________________in the ____th

century partially fixed this problem• The steamboat applied James Watt’s steam engine to

transportation• Europeans could now explore continental rivers in

– Africa, – Australia, and – Asia

• At rapid speeds even against the wind and the current


steamboat 19th

• _____________ exploration of Africa, however, remained difficult for a substantial period of time– Steamboats had to be

• dismantled, • carried around ___________and then• reassembled

• Europeans gained access to almost all areas of Africa following the use of steamboats– Areas that lacked ______________________remained

largely untouched by Europeans– These regions were among the last parts of Africa to be

______________________


rapids

adequate waterways

colonized

Steamboat

Movement towards colonization

• Most challenges facing Europeans in the penetration of Africa had been removed or solved by the mid _____ century– ______________________ were often among the first

people to enter into regions of Africa• Many of these missionaries were ___________________ who

sought to end ________________in Africa• These religious zealots sought to convert people to Christianity

and westernize “primitive” natives• To these people, conversion to Christianity and cultivating

beneficial __________________ relationships went hand in hand

– Both of these goals moved Africans along the civilizing process of Westernization

19thmissionaries

evangelicalsslavery

economic

Movement towards colonization

• African mission stations attracted other Europeans– ______________ often utilized the knowledge of

missionaries for economic benefit– Missionaries sought _________________

protection• These desires involved European governments in Africa

Traders

government

Explorers raised public interest about Africa

• Many explorers embarked on ______________ to raise money from these 3 sources – government, – general public, and – scientific authorities ….for further African expeditions– The most successful African explorers were often

the most skilled ____________________– Quite a few of these men became national heroes

• _______________________is one such man

Lecture tours

speakers

David Livingstone

Quick Facts: David LivingstoneDr. David Livingstone was a Scottish minister. He is the most famous

European missionary of the Age of Imperialism.

Livingstone traveled to South Africa as a missionary in 1840 at the age of 27.

Livingstone went on to become one of most famous explorers of central Africa. He is known as the first European to travel the breadth of the continent of Africa from east to west. He was also the first known European to see Victoria Falls.

Livingstone is best know for his disappearance and the subsequent search for him be the American newspaper reporter, Henry Stanley. From 1863-1869, Livingstone completely lost contact with the outside world. When found, Stanley uttered the famous words, “Livingstone, I presume?”.

Livingstone died in Africa in 1873.

David Livingstone

• VICTORIA FALLS

DAVID LIVINGSTONE

This missionary-explorer published the book titled

--WHEN?1857

--The work describes Livingstone’s dual quest to open central Africa to both

• religion and • trade


• __________________ represented a different take on the African explorer– The ________________

hired this Anglo-American to locate Livingstone after the latter went missing in Central ______________

Henry Stanley

New York Herald

Congo


– After the ________ publication of

___________________, Stanley became an instant hero

1872

How I Found Livingstone

Misinformation & Negative Stereotypes

• Explorers often misinformed their audiences and perpetuated negative stereotypes of Africans– Henry Stanley was instrumental in associating Africa with

____________ in the European mindset– Stanley used imagery such as (3)

• immorality, • savagery, and • irrationality to describe Africans

darkness

Writers captivated by Stanley’s Account

Edgar Rice Burroughs

• American novelist• wrote :

• WHEN?• in 1912

Joseph Conrad

• Polish-English novelist• Conrad published

• WHEN?• In 1902

Expanding into the Interior

• Europeans began expanding from their existing bases in Africa during this time

• The Portuguese started exploring from their ___________ settlementsAngola

Expanding into the Interior• The French moved from Saint Louis into

____________• Similarly, the French moved from ____________

farther into the interior of Algeria– French took Algiers in ___________– The French fought a costly war in the 1840s and 1850s

against Algerian guerillas• __________________headed these well-armed African

troops• By _________, France could claim Algeria as a colony

SenegalAlgiers

1830

Abd-el Kader

1869

Dutch Landing in Africa 1652

FYI Summary: South Africa• Boers were descendants of Dutch sailors who had settled in southern

Africa in the mid 1700s. The Boers lived a relatively solitary, agrarian/rancher lifestyle.

• By the early 19th century the British took control of the Cape of Good Hope and the Cape Colony.

• The Boer farmers clashed with their new British rulers.• In the 1830s, the Boer farmers migrated north (the GREAT TREK) from

the Cape Colony and established three independent Dutch colonies (Natal, Transvaal, and the Orange Free State).

• In 1867, diamonds were discovered in the Orange Free State. Thousands of British colonists migrated to OFS. There was strife between the Boers and British in the OFS. In 1887, gold was discovered in the Transvaal.

The Great Trek, 1835-45

Afrikaners

The Great Trek

• The Great Trek from ______ to ______resulted from _________Afrikaners fleeing British control in southern Africa– These Africans migrated north of the __________

River seeking land of their own– By the late 1830s, the Afrikaners established

independent republics in the ___________, the ___________________, and the _______________

18351845 15,000

It’s easy as 3,4,5!

Orange

NatalOrange Free State

Transvaal

The Struggle for South Africa

Diamond Mines

Raw Diamonds

Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902)

“The Colossus of Rhodes”

Boer-British Tensions Increase

1877 – Britain annexed the Transvaal. 1883 – Boers fought British in the Transvaal and regained its independence..

1880s – Gold discovered in the Transvaal

The Boer War: 1899 - 1900

The BoersThe British

AFRIKANERS

• The Afrikaners were largely self-employed as _____________________

• They also engaged in ongoing territorial battles with the ________

–The ________often fought the Afrikaners–This tribe was a southern Bantu people

cattle ranchers

BantusZulus

Afrikaner Expansion

• The __________felt threatened by Afrikaner expansion– Britain annexed the__________ province in

______to cut off the Afrikaners from the _______– Officially, the British recognized the sovereignty of

the _____________________and the _____________in _________

• The British, however, constantly intervened in Bantu-Afrikaner conflicts

British

Natal1843 coast

Orange Free StateTransvaal 1854

Europeans: violent confrontations with African political entities in a state of flux

– The __________ of South Africa = perfect example• During the ________, King __________________built

a powerful Zulu empire in the ___________ region– King Shaka lived from ________o _________– This sparked disturbances throughout southern Africa

• The raiding armies of Shaka sent many Bantu peoples seeking refuge

– The________________were one of these peoples– Bantu peoples fled south into British territory or north into

________________land• _____________ and Afrikaners thus warred

constantly over land

Zulu1820s Shaka Zulu

Natal1781 1828

Ndebele

AfrikanerBantus

Slide 121

People in History: Shaka and Resistance• Zulu Wars

Anglo-Zulu War

• Zulus began to migrate north from ______to _____– led to an armed conflict

• The Anglo-Zulu War lasted from ______to ______– conflict erupted from tensions due to____________

expansionism into Zulu territory– The Zulus temporarily defeated the British at the

________________________: key importance=

• first victory of an African force over a European power– BUT….the British went on to crush the Zulus

1837 1838

1878 1879British

Battle of Isandhlwana

Battle of Isandlwana

Battle of Isandlwana

European expansionism :opportunity to control Egypt

• Egypt was coveted because of its location on the _______________– This represented a strategic post on the trading

route to______________– The _________________________had controlled

Egypt since the ___________century

Red SeaIndia

Ottoman Empire16th

• ________________took the opportunity to invade Egypt in__________when Ottoman control weakened– British forces backed by Ottoman Turks defeated

Napoleon’s troops at the __________________________________

NAPOLEON1798

Battle of the Nile

• The sultan of the Ottoman Empire lost control of Egypt when ____________________

• seized power– This _____________officer

served in the Ottoman empire of reoccupation

– British and French commercial interests as well as the sultan’s continued resistance spoiled Ali’s plans for

_____________________

Mohammed Ali

Albanian

Egyptian Independence

EGYPT and COMMERCE

• Europeans controlled a large portion of Egypt’s _____________by the mid 19th century– European __________________ often financed Egyptian

modernization projects– These projects included the ______________and an

Egyptian _______________system• The Suez Canal connected the __________Sea and the

__________________________Sea• ___________________________oversaw this project

that lasted from ____________o _____________• The railway system ran from ___________________ to

__________________

tradebankers

Suez Canalrailway

RedMediterraneanFerdinand Lesseps

1859 1869Alexandria

Cairo

Lesseps supervising Suez Canal

RECAP

IndustrialRevolution

Source forRawMaterials

Markets forFinishedGoods

EuropeanNationalism

MissionaryActivity

Military& NavalBases

EuropeanMotivesFor Colonization

Places toDumpUnwanted/Excess Popul.

Soc. & Eco.Opportunities

HumanitarianReasons

EuropeanRacism

“WhiteMan’sBurden”

SocialDarwinism

Pp. 44-45

• 1. Europeans who had previously ignored Africa began to see it as a potential marketplace as a…___ & _____

• source of raw materials and • an outlet for the sale of manufactured goods.

Pp. 44-45

• 2. The African Association was dedicated to…

British commercial expansion in Africa.

Pp. 44-45

• 3. Mungo Park, the best known associate of the African Association, explored…

• up the Niger River in West Central Africa in 1795 and 1805, bringing him in contact with the advanced states of Fulani and Bambara.

Pp. 44-45

• 4. Africa became known as “The White Man’s Grave” because…

• so many Europeans died from African diseases like dysentery, yellow fever, typhoid, and malaria

Pp. 44-45

• 5. Africa’s topography proved to be difficult for Europeans until the invention of the…

• steamboat which allowed for the exploration of the interior of the African continent.

Pp. 44-45

• 6. Missionary work in Africa wasn’t only about saving souls anymore; rather, attention was turned to…

• ‘Europeanizing’ the natives through the cultivation of commerce.

Pp. 44-45

• 7. Many Europeans who sought to explore Africa publicized their travel through…

• books and • lecture tours in hopes of raising money for

future expeditions.

Pp. 44-45

• 8. An explorer’s ability to publicize and raise money for his campaigns often depended on his…

• skill as a speaker and rhetorician

Pp. 44-45

• 9. David Livingstone was the author of Missionary Travels and a…

• missionary-explorer who became a national icon.

Pp. 44-45

• 10. Henry Stanley became an overnight celebrity when he was hired to…

• find Livingstone when he was missing and • published a work about it in 1872 called How

I Found Livingstone.

p. 45

Missionary Travels

1857 Describes quest to openAfrica to commerce and to

Christianize it

How I Found Livingstone

HenryMorganStanley

1872

Tarzan ofThe Apes

EdgarRice

Burroughs1912

Heart ofDarkness

JosephConrad

1902

p. 45-47

James Watt

An Afrikaner

Abd-el Kader

p. 45-47

A Zulu

Shaka Zulu

Mohammed Ali

Ferdinand Lesseps

STOP

Documents

NEW IMPERIALISM: MOTIVES AND TACTICS Nineteenth-Century Empires