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Land-based empires:Land-based empires:Middle East, Asia and RussiaMiddle East, Asia and Russia
1750-19001750-1900
Begin to decline…Begin to decline…
Had been military powers in the past, but Had been military powers in the past, but industrial nations became more powerful i.e industrial nations became more powerful i.e Russia, Ottomans, ChinaRussia, Ottomans, China
Internal issues:Internal issues:– Population pressuresPopulation pressures– FamineFamine– Government corruptionGovernment corruption– Peasant rebellionsPeasant rebellions
RussiaRussia
Russia’s Transcontinental Expansion: From Europe to the Pacific
Crimean War Showed Russian & Ottoman Weakness
A.Crimean War: 1853- Ottomans & Russians fighting over Black Sea region of
Crimea- Brit. & Fr. back Ottomans, fearing Russian expansion- Largest conflict between Napoleon & WWI- Devastating defeat for Russia
Russian ReformsRussian Reforms– Following Crimean War - 1853Following Crimean War - 1853
Need to Need to modernizemodernizeEmancipated serfs 1861Emancipated serfs 1861Begin to restructure toward blend of agricultural Begin to restructure toward blend of agricultural andand industrial strengthindustrial strength
IndustrializationIndustrialization–State-sponsored!State-sponsored!–Much foreign investmentMuch foreign investment–Railroads = largest industryRailroads = largest industry–Trans-Siberian Railroad Trans-Siberian Railroad = longest in world= longest in world
Crimean War: Showed weakness of Russians and Ottomans
Crimean War & Ottoman WeaknessCrimean War & Ottoman WeaknessOttoman Empire unable to defend itself Ottoman Empire unable to defend itself against Russiaagainst RussiaNeeded Brit. & Fr. to help themNeeded Brit. & Fr. to help them
Ottoman reactionOttoman reaction–Tanzimat ReformsTanzimat Reforms ““reorganizationreorganization””
1830s1830sEuropean style schools & military trainingEuropean style schools & military trainingFrench legal codes instead of ShariFrench legal codes instead of Shari’’a lawa law
Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire““Sick Man of EuropeSick Man of Europe””
““Contraction of an EmpireContraction of an Empire””
Greece Greece – Independence – 1830Independence – 1830
Serbia Serbia – Independence – 1867Independence – 1867
N. AfricaN. Africa– Early 1900sEarly 1900s
Ottoman Contraction – Regions breaking away from Ottoman Empire
EgyptEgypt– Muhammad Ali – Modernizes EgyptMuhammad Ali – Modernizes Egypt
Break from Ottoman control – Not independentBreak from Ottoman control – Not independentModernized through foreign investment Modernized through foreign investment Industrialized Egypt – cotton textilesIndustrialized Egypt – cotton textilesPlanned Suez CanalPlanned Suez CanalIndependence in 1882 with British occupationIndependence in 1882 with British occupation
ProtectorateProtectorateBy 1882, the British had declared Egypt By 1882, the British had declared Egypt a protectorate.a protectorate.
Suez CanalSuez CanalBritish ControlBritish Control
Why?Why?
Suez CanalBritish Control
Why?
ChinaChina
Qing Empire – Qing Empire – ““last dynasty of Chinalast dynasty of China””– McCartney (Brit.) ExpeditionMcCartney (Brit.) Expedition
Great Britain's attempts to open more trade Great Britain's attempts to open more trade with Chinawith ChinaBritish tea demand explodingBritish tea demand exploding
Opium WarsOpium Wars– Opium grown cheaply in IndiaOpium grown cheaply in India– British import opium to China to “balance” British import opium to China to “balance”
trade with Chinatrade with China– Chinese opium ban led to 2 “Opium Wars” Chinese opium ban led to 2 “Opium Wars”
with Britain in 1840s.with Britain in 1840s.
The Opium Wars: European Drug Pushers
The flower that upset the balance of global trade
Opium Harvesting
Opium DenOpium Den
Opium DenOpium Den
The Opium Wars in China
– BritainBritain won: won: Superior military techSuperior military tech..Signed Signed Treaty of NankingTreaty of Nanking – – ““Unfair TreatiesUnfair Treaties””
– Britain wins wars – gets Britain wins wars – gets Hong Kong Hong Kong island for a island for a term of 99 yearterm of 99 year
– Many other Chinese ports forced open to Many other Chinese ports forced open to EuropeansEuropeans
Imperialism in China – Imperialism in China – spheres of influence spheres of influence – Ports controlled by foreign nations Ports controlled by foreign nations
Civil War in ChinaCivil War in China– Taiping RebellionTaiping Rebellion
Internal rebellions after loss to Great BritainInternal rebellions after loss to Great BritainReforms of Taiping:Reforms of Taiping:
– Abolishing private propertyAbolishing private property– Prohibiting foot bindingProhibiting foot binding– Free public educationFree public education– Democratic political institutionsDemocratic political institutions
Rebellion unsuccessfulRebellion unsuccessful20-30 million people lost lives20-30 million people lost lives
Boxer Rebellion - 1900Boxer Rebellion - 1900: Anticolonial movement: Anticolonial movement– Rebellion against Rebellion against ““foreign devilsforeign devils””– form form ““Society of the Harmonious FistsSociety of the Harmonious Fists”” – became known as – became known as boxersboxers– Against foreigners and Christian Chinese Against foreigners and Christian Chinese
Western forces sent troops and put an end to the rebellion. Western forces sent troops and put an end to the rebellion.
Foreign troops suppress Boxer Rebellion
China’s “Self-Strengthening Movement”
a. Strong industrialization reforms
b. End of 19th century, following many defeats to Western powers
c. Maintain Confucian ideals while …d. modernizing industry & military
Japan and theJapan and theMeiji RestorationMeiji Restoration
Internal Problems
By early 19th century, Japanese society was in turmoil– Declining agricultural productivity– Periodic crop failures, famine, and starvation– Harsh taxes on peasants– West arrives demanding trade with Japan
Challenge of the West
Arrival of Matthew Perry (1853)– Unequal Treaties
Similar to the treaties signed by the Qing dynasty
– Perry’s “Black Ships” steam into Tokyo Bay
– Force the Japanese to establish trade and diplomatic relations with the U.S.
Japanese depiction of Admiral Matthew Perry
Internal ConflictShogunate’s deals with West viewed as dishonorable– Popular slogan: “Revere the emperor, expel
the barbarians”Civil wars between supporters of emperor and supporters of the shogun– January 3, 1868, the Shogunate was
destroyed; emperor restored.
Modernization: Meiji Restoration
Abolish feudal order– Administrative districts replace feudal domains– Daimyo removed from power– Samurai class is abolished
Constitutional “Western-style” government– Constitution of 1889 based on German model
Establishes constitutional monarchy with legislature– Emperor commanded armed forces, named prime
minister, and appoint the cabinet
Left: Structure of Meiji Governement; Above:
Mutsuhito, the Meiji Emperor
Modernization: Meiji Restoration
Constitutional government (con’d)– Recognized individual rights
Could limit rights in the interest of the state– Suffrage limited
Only 5% of population could vote in 1890 election
Japanese industrialization– Modernize transportation, communication,
and education– Sold government businesses to private
investors
Modernization: Meiji Restoration
Japanese industrialization (con’d)– Creation of Zaibatsu
Consolidates economic power into the hands of a few powerful familiesMany companies started by men of samurai origins
Japanese Imperialism
Sino-Japanese War– Japan gains influence over
Korea & Chinese territory.
Russo-Japanese War– Japan’s navy leads to
victory over Russia
Japan annexes Korea in 1910Japan is East Asian power by end of 19th century!
Japanese Japanese ImperialismImperialism
Crash Course