FA-I62 64 6 SPECIES PROFILES LIFE HISTORIES ND ENVIRONMENTAL

il7j REQUIREMENTS OF COASTAL - (U) MISSISSIPPI COOPERRITIVE

FISH AND WILDLIFE RESEARCH UNIT MISS!.. R J MUNCY

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*- Species Profiles: Life Histories andEnvironmental Requirements of Coastal Fishesand Invertebrates (Gulf of Mexico)

WHITE SHRIMP

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Coastal Ecology GroupFish and Wildlife Service Waterways Experiment StationU.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

1wb public W1rs ad slw INd-'rA butan is uzill ed. ! I*,- = b*.*.....- "'q -. ::.

FWS/OBS-82/11.20TR EL-82-4September 1984

Species Profiles: Life Histories and Environmental Requirementsof Coastal Fishes and Invertebrates (Gulf of Mexico)

WHITE SHRIMP

by

Robert J. fluncyU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Mississippi Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research UnitP.n. Drawer BX

Mississippi State Universitylississippi State, MS 39762

Project ManagerLarry ShanksProject OfficerJohn Parsons

National Coastal Ecosystems TeamU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

1010 Gause 8oulevardSlidell, LA 70458

Performed forCoastal Ecology 1roup

Waterways Experiaent StationU.S. Army Corps of Engineers Accession For

Vicksburg, MS 39180 ,--

and

National Coastal Ecosystems TeamDivision of Biological Services

Research and DevelopmentFish and Wildlife Service

U.S. Department of the InteriorWashington, DC 20240 - .

.. . . . . . .

PREFACE

This species profile is one of a series on coastal aquatic organisms,*principally fish, of sport, commercial, or ecological importance. The profiles

are designed to provide coastal managers, engineers, and biologists with a briefcomprehensive sketch of the biological characteristics and environmental require-ments of the species and to describe how populations of the species may beexpected to react to environmental changes caused by coastal development. Eachprofile has sections on taxonomy, life history, ecological role, environmental

*requirements, and economic importance, if applicable. A three-ring binder isused for this series so that new profiles can be added as they are prepared. Thisproject is jointly planned and financed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers andthe U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Suggestions or questions regarding this report should be directed to oneof the following addresses.

Information Transfer Special istNational Coastal Ecosystems TeamU.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceNASA-Sl idell1 Computer Compl ex1010 Gause BoulevardSlidell, LA 70458

or

U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment StationAttention: WESER-CPost Office Box 631Vicksburg, MS 39180

CONVERSION TABLE

Metric to U.S. Customary

*Mul tiply To Obtain

millimeters (nun) 0.03937 inchescentimeters (cn) 0.3937 inchesmeters (in) 3.281 feetkilometers (kin) 0.6214 miles

2square meters (m )km 10.76 square feetsquare kilometers (kn)0.3861 square mileshectares (ha) 2.471 acres

liters (1) 0.2642 gallonscubic meters (in3) 35.31 cubic feetcubic meters 0.0008110 acre-feet

millgram (mg 0.000327 oncemigrams ((9 g 0.003527 ounceskilograms (kg) 2.205 poundsmetric tons (t) 2205.0 poundsmetric tons 1.102 short tonskilocalories (kcal) 3.968 British thermal units

Celsius degrees 1.8(-C) +32 Fahrenheit degrees

U.S. Customary to Metric

inches 25.40 millimetersinches 2.54 centimetersfeet (ft) 0.3048 metersfathoms 1.829 metersmiles (mi) 1.609 kilometersnautical miles (rni) 1.852 kilometers

2ksquare feet (ft) 0.0929 square metersacres 20.4047 hectaressquare miles (mi )2.590 square kilometers

gallons (gal) 3.785 literscubic feet (ft 3) 0.02831 cubic metersacre-feet 1233.0 cubic meters j

ounces (oz) 28.35 gramspounds (lb) 0.4536 kilogramsshort tons (ton) 0.9012 metric tonsBritish thermal units (Btu) 0.2520 kilocalories

Fahrenheit degrees 0.5556(0F -32) Celsius degrees

iv

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CONTENTS 4

Page

PREFACE ............................ ........ ........... ii

CONVERSION TABLE............. ................ .... ivACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....... ........ vi

* NOMENCLATURE/TAXONOMY/RANGE........................MORPHOLOGY/IDENTIFICATION AIDS * ........ *.. . ....... 3REASONS FOR IICLIJSION IN SERIES ........ ........ ........ .. 3

LIF HIS OR .. .. . .. . . . . . .

Spawning and Larvae .... ............. ......... ............ 3Postlarvae and Juveniles . . .. . .... ... ...... ... . .4

GROWtH ........... ........ -.............................. 6

Motlt .... 7,

Disease and Parasi tes. .... . .. .. ....... . . . . . . . . ........

THE FISHERY .. ~... ... ............ 8

ECNVIRONMTENTAL REQUIREMENTS ... .... . . ... .o ............ ....... 11CTmper au TBe .............................. .. .............. i 1-1.

alint ..... ....................... .......... 11 CNOMENCLTemp tUR et Interactions o.. ..... ........................... 12SubstrateNT...IFI...... ........... 1

RAOthe Enromna Requirements ... ........ .. 3-LITERATURE CITED ... ...... ......... 15e

LIFE ISTOR 3 2"

ACKNOWLEDCTIENTS

*.I am grateful for the reviews and suggestions of Tomn 'anDevender,!Iississirnoi Bureau of Marine Resources, Long 'each, Mississippi; ' tevl lpath,M\abatia Ha.rine Resources Departrient, Dauphin Island, Alabamia; and Jack Pullpn,U.S. Army Corns of Enqjineprs, Vicksburq, Mississippi.

vi

Figure 1. White Shrimp.

WHITE SHRIMP

NOMEN CLATURE/TAXONO 1Y/RAJG1-E Geographic range: Whi te shrimp in-habit waters along the Atlantic

Scientific name .... Penaeus seti ferus coast from Fire Island, New York, to(Li nnaeus) Saint Lucie Inlet, Florida, and

Commwon name ......... White shriip along the G~ulf of Mexico coast from(Figure 1) Apalachee Bay, Florida, to Ciudad, -

Other names ..... ....Gray shrimp, lake Mexico (P~rez-Farfante 1969). Theyshrimp, green shrimp, green -ta il1ed are scarce or absent along the lowershrimp, blue-tailed shrimp, rainbow east and west coasts of Florida.shrimp, Daytona shrimp, common Centers of abundance are the coastalshrimp, southern shrimp; t1exi co: waters of Georgia, northeast Flor-camar~n blanco (P~rez-Farfante ida, Louisiana, and northeast1969). Tabasco and the adjacent waters

of Campeche, Mexico. Distributionin the northern Gulf of Mexico

Class ...................... Crustacea is illustrated in Figure 2. 9ighestOrder....... .............. Decapoda densities of white shrinp inFamily .............. Penaeidae gulf waters are off the coast of

1J

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Louisiana in water less than q m fishermen and a major prev of preda-deep (Klima et al. 1982). tory fishes. In 1976 in the United

States, more than 90,000 commercialand sport fishermen used about 60,000

" MORPHOLOGY/IDENTIFICATION AIDS boats and vessels to fish for sevenspecies of shrimp (Christmas and

Lateral rostral grooves do not Etzold 1977).extend beyond the base of rostrum inadults nor to the posterior margin of The major problem of the fishingthe carapace in juveniles (Williams industry is getting naximum yield from1965); adrostal sulcus is short, ex- each year's shrimp stock, which con-tending to epigastric (back) tooth of sists largely of shrimp that are lessrostrum; gastrofrontal carina is ab- than I year old. In Louisiana, forsent; petasma has distal portion of example, excessive fishing for smalllateral lobe-bearing diagonal ridge on young white shrimp is controlled byinner surface, and distal ventromedial banning commercial fishing for shrimpcorner is rounded. Thelycum is open each spring until the shrimp reach atype; has anterolateral ridges turned certain size (based on average numbersmesially and pair of fleshy protuber- per pound).ances on sternite XIV. Antennal fla-

. gella are 2.5 to 3 times the body The annual level of recruitmentlength (D rez-Farfante 1969). Zamora appears to depend largely on environ-and Trent (196R) reported that the mental conditions, rather than on the

* keel on the sixth abdominal somite of abundance of spawning stocks. Shrimppostlarvae is smooth in white shrimp management will succeed only if appro-

* but h)ears spines in brown shrimp (P. priate measures are taken to maintainaztecus) and pink shrimp ( P. duora- suitable estuarine nursery groundsruiT. (Christmas and Etzold 1977).

Lengths given in the followingsections refer (unless otherwise indi- LIFE HISTORY

- cated) to total length.Spawning and Larvae

REASONS FOR INCLUSION IN SERIES Various localities and times Forspawning of white shrimp have been

The Gulf of Mexico shrilno fishery reported: in oceanic waters 3 to 31 m. is the Most valuable fishery in the deep in the northern Gulf of Mexico

continental United States. The white (P~rez-Farfante 1969); in similarlyshrimp was the major comirercial shrimp oceanic waters of the Gulf of Mexico

* in the gulf up to the qid-l03('s. with depths of 9.1 to 55 m, from late3rown and pink shrimp often were spring to early fall (St. 4mant andshunned because the flesh was hrownish Lindner 1966); from late 'larch oranl oresuiably inferior. After World early April until Noveinber, but lainlyWar IT, the stigma was overcone and froai Anril to September in Louisianabrown and pink shrimp production in- (Lindner and Anderson 1956); fromcreased sharply. However, the mean April to August in shallow waterannual white shrimp landings of 31.5 (14 m) near Galveston, Texas (Templemillion Ib in 1956-74 still made up and Fischer 1167). Although spawn-27; of the total U.S. gulf shrimp pro- ing usually peaks in June or July,duction. length-frequency ,istribution of

shrinp in 'rrmnercial catches suggestedThe white shrimo is not only two !iain broods developed in some

highly valued for human food, hut is locations and three in others (Prez-also a popular bait for hook and line Farfante lq6Q).

3

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S pa w ni -i i - i n ihen 4a ter telr- I rim 1 ong ( 'nderson IQ,). iveperatures increase in thep )nrin~j ai naiplial ,hree protozoeal , and threeends 4 i h '>jIi) i1 tejrjo~ ' rtlire .1rcl inesn vsSi s 3ta es f oll1owed b)y the Fi rs tin f31I (L iner aind ii d,?rsn 1):,6 ) . a t .1 2 5~ rt00tavlSaOn the ')a ;is low nerc~ntiajes -)f ,qe P renorteil by Drez-;Tarfantene nit f e~rlalPe ini .t p npuli'ions i n IQ 5q~ Johnson and Field ,nq (1mG)

Ju in., , 1 , n I .pl ii , * , lnflner q~1 roto that the ietimnorphic oeri Ix-lnde rson (1934 5 ;1 ges tel tha t 'elni te ve de d 10) t o 12 days, dependinog onsflriior s,-ivn -mare than )nce-and pos;- food And habitat rondi tions. Suhrah-sihly v p to foiur ti:is--durj nq thei r 'iair (1971) reported that whi te

liesa.shr ii 1 1a rv ie l ive throughout thewa te r olu'in .

,,il i i i t i es ur riwnrrin:4o)f a t leas S ?7 oajts , Or tlo j,;,,d Postlarvae aol Juvniles

(ppl er rr te Iv ,ok aol 'Iurohyioi [rl y planktonic postlarvae

Jeve(lop offshore, hut solie iove towa ri'.e ae sil vdi stinjui shel by inY,;ore waters. Anderson (1966) wr;)te

hn-2 md()ji fj ed endlopo,! of tnt f irs t pa ir that shrinp are still planktonic at)f iileojni-; in 'ralis ind toe Oracon-type the end of two postlarval stages,tv)el Vcu_ beftween thta ti rd , foi rth, abouijt 17 to ?fl lays after ha tchingand fifth t-ri conls inr femalIes when they are about 0min (ng; hovi-(Linlnoer aol Cook 1970). Two partly ever, 4il I jiams (19-65) renor ted toatfuAS ed ovair ie e x te-nd ioet of the wh it e shrimp enter estuiries d irinqle nIth r the body dod, when riDe, the second postl arval stage, at abhout9oCcuov llear. / all1 snace not 'i Iled by, 7 rim, and thei, begin a henthic exi s-tier- a"jrias orua ntae lc tence. The timne )etween hatching and

vih il th p ~ i p r i h hnovenent to estuaries is about 3to3s 1 I ed for-i, ihen the -iale a ttaches a week S .

sperma S*rPhorP to the. thel yclri of thef emalIe. Spe rma to z,)a are believed to Favorable ckirrents transport lAr-

h~rel eae I 'roe tn spevratophore vae and 2a rl y postlarvace toward in-1,1111 ta neou s Iy wi th the expul 3 ion of shore waters ( P~rez- Fa rfante 1969),

t~e oll Is. 'ioweve r, in ai study by where they enter the estuaries on96r e z - Fa rf a nt (196 9) fe&9ale Ps i t hou t flood tides through tidal passesa1 ,1 so 11a tno h or e spoaw ned eggs t ha t (Benson 1932). Recruitilent of post-ha tched and yiel ded larvae that were larvae in Loui siana coincided with the-eared to sulhadul ts; frorl 0.5 to 1.0 influx of water of higher sal iityrillion eqqs we re d i scharged per (Wh ite and Boudreatix 1977). In Texas,S Dawn . !ioe e+gs Are o.Iql to 3.3 min white shrinp postlarvae entered estua-in diamieter, are spherical arid opague, rine nursery areas f r rn "avy until1an rd have i[: urol i sh-bl ue chorion. flovieiber, the peak beingi in June and

Bfs re di scharg-edldi r ctly into the Septemiber (Kl ima et Al. 1982). 3t.water and sink to the bottori (Wner- Aian t and L indner (1966) indicateds0n 1966). Spawni ng in laboratory that wqh ite shrimp oostlarvae ente rA qua r ia oc CUrred o n I a It night inshore nursery areas fron i-id-April(Lindner and Cook 1970) . to iiid-NoveMber; peak abundance is in

May to July and again in Septeriber andFmqjq, hatch into planktonic nau- October. Baxter And Penfro (19q67)

i i 0.3 Tin long within 11 to 12 hr found two peak novements of postlarvaeafter fortil i~ation ( Klima et al into ^,al vestnn 'ay, Texas, duri ng1982). The non feed ing oauplii are surrver.ca rri ed by oreva il1i n cu.jrrent s Ahilethev underq( f ive mnol ts over ?4 to 36 fluronslet et al . (197?) rporteihr to becrnre free-feedfing protozoca, that postlarval white shrimp were ,I:re

4

abundant at night it the surface thin (I981) )und that juvenile .jhhiteat the bottom of a tidal pass. They shriio ajgreqated in sandy-muddy sub-fouind no significant depth differences strate )ut that brown shrimp somietimesduring daylight samIing, although displaced then in this habitat. Gilesabundance was lowest near the surface and Zamora ',1973) reported that hrown(0.9 ,m deep), shrimp displaced juvenile white shriop

IFo1:1 grass cover in experimentalChristias et al. (1976) classi- aquaria.

fied shrimp 25 to 75 n as juveniles,hut P rez-Farfante (1969) considered '.White shrimp are usually m}orewhite shrinp to be juveniles after active than brown or pink shrimp.they had developed accordinj to the Clark an! Sail luet (1975) observedultimate rostral tooth formula: 4 to significantly higher trawl catches of10 upner and 0l to 3 lower (mode: ' juvenile white shrimp (35 to '1- nmupper and 2 lower). Freshly caught long) during the day than at nignt inwhite shrimp often have widely soaced Galveston Bay, Texas. 1ickham andbody chroinatophores; thus, they are inkler (1975) did riot observe whitelighter colored than pink or brown shrimp burrowin'j, hut found they wereshrimp. When the shrinp are 28 mm quiescent on the substrate or in shal-long, sexes can be distinguished by low depressions for several hours dur-differences in the endopods of the ing the day.first plenpods and in sternite XIV.

Peak abundance of j;uvenile white The jrowth of juvenile whiteshrimp occurs in shallow marshes nf shrimp varies by size, sex, location,Louisiana 1 to 2 months after maximum season o f the yer, and year (P~rez-catches of oostlarvae (Gaidry and Farfante 1969). Usually growth isWhite 1973). On the nursery grounds, slow at water te,qperatures below 20'C

* juvenile white shrimp move farther tin (Ftzold and Christmas 1977).tYe estuary than do juvenile brown orpink shrimp--as far as 160 km in Lou-isiana and 210 km in northeast Florida Postlarvae and juvenile; ise es-

, (P~rez-Farfante IQ69). !-lilliams tuaries diring summer and fall until(1958), who evaluated the use of they reach :narket sizes of 120 toexperimental substrates by Juveniles 160 m long (Klina et al. 1982). Ju-of three shrimp species, found white venile qhite shrimp occunied the ex-shrimp predominately over or in niuddy treme shoreward waters in Mobile Bay,

. substrates of loose peat and sandy Alabama (Loesch 1q75). Onen coastalmud; white shrimp laid their long lakes and bays may serve as stagingantennae above the surface substrate areas For juveniles before they movewhen burrowing, in contrast to brown offshore (White and Boudreaux 1977).and pink shrimp, which often buried Anderson reported that as juvenilestheir shorter antennae. Williams grew, they noved from shallow 7qarshes(1958) speculated that respiratory into deeper creeks, rivers, and baysrequirements of white shrimp while when they were about 51 mm long inthey burrowed and sought cover and June or July (Anderson 1966). Whitefood influenced their oreference for shrimp become abundant on the inshoremuddy or peaty substrate. Juvenile fishing grounds by mid-June in Louisi-white and brown shrimp tended to avoid ana, Mississippi, and Alabama, and bvcoarse substrate and sought food mid-July in Texas and west Floridarather than cover in softer hottons (Collier et al. 1959). Sampling in(Williams 1958). Shrimp about 8 mm Alabama in 1977-32 indicated neaklong were found in shallow, muddy abundance in July (Steve Heath, Marinebottom waters with low to moderate Biologist, Alabama Mlarine Resources;salinity (Anderson 1966). Rulifson pers. comm., May i, 1q83). Anderson

5

(1966) noted that white shrimp began Adultsto appear on nearshore shrimpinggrounds by July or August; the largest ,1lale white shrimp have been foundshrimp were nearest the open gulf. at progressive stages of maturity at

different lengths: with joined oetos-Emigration mal endopods at 105-127 mm; with ride

sperm at 118 mm; and with fully devel-White shrimp emigration fron es- oped spernatophores at 155 mm (P~rez-

tuaries appears to be governed by the Farfante 1959). The shortest ripesize of the shrimp and the environ- female recorded by Burkenroad (1939)mental conditions within the estuarine measured 135 mm; St. Amant and Lindnersystem (Klima et al. 1982). (1966) listed 140 mm as the minimum

length of females spawning in theWhen white shrimp reach 120 to northern Gulf of Mexico.

140 mm (St. Amant and Lindner 1966) or100 to 120 mm (Etzold and Christmas In the northeastern Gulf of Mex-1977), they leave Gulf of Mexico es- ico, white shrimp moved during falltuaries as waters cool from September and winter into deeper water andto December. Iowev2r, small white toward the mouth of the Mississippishrimp may emigrate to offshore waters River (P~rez-Farfante 1169). Andersontemporarily in winter and return to (1966) concluded from tagging studiesestuaries when water temperatures that the Mississippi River outflow ,nayrise. Emigration in Texas estuaries be a natural barrier to east-westusually extends from late August and movements of white shrimp.September to December--the period dur-ing which the offshore comiercial fishery exploits white shrimp (Klima GROWTHPt al. 1982). Peaks of white shrimpemigration from Galveston lay, Texas, Growth rates of white shrimp varywere correlated closely with decreases with size, sex, and time of yearin water temporature of 30 to 6C (P~rez-Farfante 1969). Kutkuhn (1962)and in salinity of 3 to 10 pot (Pullen reported that growth rates were slowerand Trent 1Q69). Benson (1982) re- in coastal waters east of the "lissis-ported that white shrimp moving near sippi River than off the northwesternthe surface at night tended to school coast of the Gulf of Mexico. The dif-during ebbing tides. Offshore move- ference in growth rates delayed the.nents of white shrimp seem to consist peak offshore harvest about a monthof randol feeding movements of 160 km (from October to November). Rate ofor 'more, as well as some inshore- growth in weight, as contrasted tooffshore -novements in response to tern- growth in length, was low in smallperature changes (Etzold and Christmas shrimp, highest in mid-size shrimp,1977). Cold fronts increase movelnent and intermediate in large shrimp.from inshore staninq areas to offshore Popul3tion growth was dynamic andwaters (White and Boudreaux 1977). difficult to predict from year toWhite shrimp along most of the Gulf of year.'lexico coast exhibit little alongshoremove-nent e xcept in lower Texas, where White shrimp nauplii undergo fivethey nay move into Mexican waters in molts to become free-feeding plank-Fall and winter, and back toward Texas tonic protozoea. Protozoea grow to awrters in sumimer (Etzold and Christ:nas length of 2.5 min through three proto-1477). White shrimp, 100 mm long, zoeal stages before reaching the firstoverwintering offshore between Ship mysis stage (Dobkin 1961). AfterShoial ind Trinity Shoal, Louisiana, three ,nysis stages and two postlar-return in spring to form a valuable val stages, young white shrimp aboutspring inshore fishery (Gaidry 1Q74). 7 mm long enter estuaries, where their

6

-. z

-. -.. . . .........................................

growth rate is about 1.2 mm per day Female white shrimp grow more(Williams 1965). Johnson and Fielding rapidly and reach larger sizes than(1956) estimated growth in captivity males (Etzold and Christmas 1977).after hatching to be 80 mm in 2 Anderson (1966) listed a large male atmonths. Early spring growth is nearly 182 mm and a female at 197 mm in theidentical to the previous summer's Carolinas, and Holthuis (1980) listedgrowth rate of 18 to 30 mm per month. 175 and 200 mm as maximum totalWinter growth of shrimp offshore pro- lengths for males and females respec-bably averages less than 0.5 mm per tively. On the basis of the growth ofday (Christmas and Etzold 1977). In marked and recaptured shrimp, KlimaMobile Ray, Alabama, Loesch (1965) (1974) estimated average maximumfound that shrimp length increased 18 length for white shrimp as 214 mm into 31 mm during the summer compared Galveston Ray, Texas, and 2._4 mm inwith 12 to 27 ni in winter. nearshore Louisiana.

White shrimp in Louisiana may Mortalityreach a length of 150 mm, growingabout 100 mm in 60 days (1.6 mm per The yearly abundance of whiteday) during summer before moving off- shrimp varies widely (Anderson 1966;shore (White and Boudreaux 1977). Christmas and Etzold 1977). GunterMarked white shrimp in Galveston Ray, (1956) considered 40% mortality perTexas, grew from a length of 9.8 mm in week or up to 60% mortality a month tomid-August to 146 mm in late Septeniber be a reasonable estimate for juveniles(6 weeks), or about 30% faster than in estuaries. Offshore mortality ofreported in lower temperature waters eggs and larvae is probably higher.along the Louisiana coast (Klima Christmas and Etzold (1q77) stated1974). In the Gulf of Mexico, lengths that information on mortality is in-

*A attained by white shrimp at different adequate to determine optimal lar-intervals after hatching were 80 mm in vest outside the nursery grounds.2 months, 110 mm in 3 months, 130 mm They reported that weekly fishing mor-in 4 nmonths, 145 mm in 5 months, and tality was 6V to 17%, natural mortal-155 mm in 6 months (November). Growth ity was 3% to 24%, and total weeklywas slow from November through March, mortality ranged from 14% to 24%.but resumed in spring; white shrimpwere 173 mm long in May and ready to Mortality rates of white shrimpspawn (Anderson 1966). probably decrease with an increase in .

size (Christmas anJ Etzold 1977). Aproblem in Louisiana has been the high

The length-weight formula W : catch of relatively small white shrimpaL where W is weight (g), L is total in inshore and estuarine waters (Whitelenqth (mm), and a and b are con- and Roudreaux 1977). Recommended is astants, for white shrimp differed closure of the inshore nursery groundslittle between sexes: male, Log W : (largely estuaries) to trawling to-5.694 + 3.261 Log L; female, Log decrease the mortality of the smallerW = -5.635 + 3.234 Log L; and coibined white shrimqp before they migrate off-sexes, Log W = -5.665 + 3.247 Log L shore. Estimated catches offshore are(Fontaine and Neal 1971). The slope closely related to the inshore abun-("b") was not significantly different dance of juveniles (St. Amnant andin the three formulas. Christmas et Linder 1966; Loesch 1976).al. (1976) calculated length-weightrelations for white shrimp 30 to 104 Because recruitment of shrimp in-mm lonq as YI: -4.8044 +2.8180 XTI and to the fishery in any one year isfor shrimp 105 to 199 ,mm long Y independent of the abundance of parent-5.73 + 3..33 X ; where Y was weight stocks the year before (environmental(g) and X was t4a length. conditions are the major factor),

7

• "'. . . . ..7 . -..

management should be aimed at maximiz- The cestole Prachistanellaing recruitment into the fishery 2enaei, which infects the hepatopan-(Christmas and Etzold 1977). Recause creas of adult shrimo, is of concernfew shri:np live longer than 1 year in the Mississippi Sound (Christn1as et(Anderson 1956; Klima et al. 1982), al. 1976), but microsporidian proto- . -

the bulk of the shrimp in the cooniner- zoans probably have more economiccial catch is less than 1 year old impact because they cause the muscula-(Etzold and Christmas 1977). ture of the shri;np to appear cottony.

Hurricdnes have been implicatedin major summer losses of white THE FISHERYshrimp. Kutkuhn (1962) showed thathurricanes striking the Louisiana The Gulf of Mexico shrimp fisherycoast in summer 1957 caijsed unexpect- is the most valuable coinmlercial fish-edly high mortalities because of ery in the United States. In 1930,higher salinities, destruction of the catch of 129 iillion pounds washabitat and food supplies, dispersal valued at over $302 million (Nationaland stranding, and excessive turbu- Marine Fisheries Service 1981). Blomolence. Barrett and Gillespie (1973) et al. (1978) reported that Gulf ofreported a 61% drop in the Louisiana Mexico shrin, landings in 1976 com-white shrimp catch in 1961 after posed 83% of the total value of theHurricane Carla and an 88% drop in the U.S. shrimp landings and 20.3% of theAugust 1969 production in Mississippi total value of all U.S. commercialafter Hurricane Camille. Sudden cold fisheries.fronts also have caused high mortalityof white shrimp in shallow estuaries Commercial production of whiteand coastal waters, shrimp has increased greatly over the

years. Before 1902, less than 12 mil-lion lb of shrimp were landed annually

Disease and Parasites in the northern Gulf of Mexico (Bar-rett and Gillespie 1975). From 1880

The extent of mortality frn through 1918, the annual white shrimpdisease and pollution is not well catch averaged 172,000 lb along theknown (Barrett and Gillespie 1973). A Texas coast and 5.9 million lb off the99% loss of eggs to a microsporidian Louisiana coast (Klima et al. 1982).parasite infection of the gonads was Cast nets and haul seines were thereported by Gunter (1956). 'iddle- principal gears until the otter trawl

" ditch et al. (1980) reported that a was introduced in 1917 (Gunter andVibrio infection of male white shrimp Edwards 1969). In 1927, the catch wasprevented fertilization under labora- 7.4 million lb in Texas and 26 milliontory conditions. Extensive reviews of lb in Louisiana. From 1927 to 1945,diseases and parasites of penaeid annual landings (primarily whiteshrimp have shown that viruses, bac- shrimp) averaged 7.8 million lb in 7teria, fungi, protozoa, helminths, and Texas and 40.5 million lb in Louisi-nematodes cause diseases (Lindner and ana. Brown and pink shrimp were notCook 170; Couch 1978; Overstreet marketed before about 1945 because the1978). Couch (1978) ranked disease public objected to their dark colora-after predation and periodic physical tion, but the stigma did not lastcatastrophes as a limiting factor in long.nature and after the meeting of nutri-tional and reproduction requirements In the late 1940's, large concen-in mariculture. Overstreet (1978) trations of brown and pink shrimp weresuggested that shrimp mortality attri- discovered in the gulf off the Texasbuted to low oxygen nay be caused by and Florida coasts. With publicbiosymbionts in shrimp. acceptance of these species in theaccepance pecie

• . .8

markets, intensive fishing began in average percentages of total whiteIthe 1950's. When the U.S. Bureau of shrimp catches in the Gulf of MexicoCommercial Fisheries began to record that were contributed 5y differentcatch statistics for the entire Gulf areas were as follows: inshore near

Vof Mexico in 1q56 (Klima et al. 1982), Golden Meadow waters, 10.6%; offshorethe pink and brown shrimp catch made waters near Vermilion Bay, 14.3%; theup only 8% of the total shrimp land- offshore waters south of Pecan Island,ings in Texas and 2% of the landings Louisiana, 9.5%; and offshore waterson the western Florida gulf coast. off Cameron, Louisiana, 8.7% (BarrettFrom 1965 to 1975, brown and pink and Ralph 1977).shrimp made up 71',1 of the Gulf ofMexico's average annual shrimp catch Inshore and offshore white shrimpof 127 million lb, but white shrimp landings for Louisiana show good di-made up only 27% of the landings (Bar- rect correlation (White and Boudreauxrett and Ralph 1977). 1977). Barrett and Gillespie (1975)

reported a high positive correlationTo facilitate the recording of between catch and rainfall in Texas

commerci al shrimp landings, Barrett but a negative correlation in Louisi-and Gillespie (1975) divided the Gulf ana. The differences were related toof Mexico coastline into five areas differing characteristics of fresh-(Figure 2): (1) Key West to Sanibel , water inflow into estuarine nurseryFlorida; (2) Sanibel to Pensacola, grounds in the two regions. ;-

Florida; (3) Pensacola to 11ississipoiRiver; (4) Mississippi River to Texas, Produc'ion of white shrimp ex-and (5) Texas coast. They reported ceeds that of brown shrimp in Louisi-tha t the average annual catch of white ana's estuaries near the Pearl , Miss-shrimp in 1958-72 was less than issippi , Atchafalaya , Calcasieu , and1 million lb in area 1, over 1 million Sabine Rivers (Barrett and Gillespie'lb in area 2, over 3 nillion lb) in 1973). If one uses the 91-rn depth asarea 3, over 19 million lb in area 4, Louisiana's offshore shrimping bound-

*and over 7 million lh in area 5. ary (Barrett and Gillespie 1973),there are 15.27 million surface acres

In 1965-76, white shrimp land- offshore and 3.43 million surface*ings as a percentage of total shrimp acres inshore. As judged by 1967-72

catches varied in five areas along shrimp landings, Louisiana's estuariesthe gulf coast -is follows: palachi- annually produced at least 20.2 lb ofcola, Florida, 0.7%; Pensacola to shrimp per acre, of w~hich 7.3 lb (36"')

SMississippi Sound, 1.6%; Louisiana, were white shrimp. Estimates of white23; Texas, Q.5%; and western Mexico, shrimp catch varied from 14.8 lb per0.. ii (Barrett and Ralph 1977). acre south of Golden Meadow, Louisi-Matthews (1982) reported that 18% of ana, to 0.04 lb per acre in Lake Pont-the white shrimp catch for 1981 in chartrain, Louisiana.

STexas was in offshore waters. TheLouisiana fishery consisted priarily The management of shrimp fisher-(h1) of small white shrimp (68 or ies in the Gulf of 'lexico Fishery Con-more per pound); the highest catch servation Zone was described in the(26") camie from inshore waters of Shrimp/Fishery Manageent Plan di-ple-Terrebonne 2nd Timbalier lays. Catches rented by the U.S. Secretary of Co-aof smal l white shrip were highest merce (Jones et al. 1982). The five(13.4" of gulf total) offshore from Gul f States establish regulations .

Vermilion Bay, Louisiana. W4hite shrimp governing the white shrimp fisheryrcauqht in this area may e migrants within their territorial waters. The

from inshore water in the Golden goal is to protect the resource andeadow area of Louisiana (Barrett and yet maximize catches by the various

Ralph 1977). From 1965 to 1975, the user groups (Etzold and Chris tma s

of.. .. . Mexico ..coastline into fiv area differing....acteristic of fres-.. .(Figure 2: (i) Ke West.................................i..nursery.

1977). Shrimp seasons are established interface, ingestinq the top layer ofon the basis of inshore shrimp surveys sediment containing detritus, algae,that indicate the expected sizes, and microorganisms (Lassuy 1983).locations, and abundances of shrimp Fecal pellets can be an important foodspecies using nurseries and moving of juvenile shrimp.between inshore and offshore shrimpinggrounds. Minimum sizes have beenestablished in some states to decrease Both juvenile and adult wqhitefishing pressure on juveniles. Bottom shrimp are omnivorous, and the priniarytrawls are the basic gear used by corn- differences in food selection are themercial, noncomercial or sport, and nature and location of the food se-bait shrimp fisheries (Christmas and lected. Lindner and Cook (1970) con-Etzold 1977). Juneau and Pollard cluded that white shrimp were selec-(1981) found that sport shrimners tive and particulate feeders. In sum-exerted 55Z of the total fishing ef- marizing three studies of gut con-fort and landed 44% of the white tents, Christmas and Etzold (1977) re-shrimp harvested froi Vermilion Bay, ported that major food iteoms includedLouisiana, from October 1977 through detritus, chitin, parts of annelidsSeptember 1979. and gastropods, fish parts, bryozoans,

sponges, corals, filaments )f algae,The hait shrimp fishery for and vas:ular plant stems and roots;

penaeid shrimp on the inshore nursery lipids supplied by annelids are be-grounds is an important industry lieved to be important for ovarian(Christmas et al. 1976): 22,200 lb matjration (Middleditch et al. 19B0);

* were sold in lahama in 1968; 60,317 cannihalism is common among juvenileslb were taken in 7 months in Missis- and adults (P~rez-Farfante 1969); andsippi in 1971; and 676,000 lb were shrimp body fatty acids are influencedtaken per year in Galveston Bay, by diet in the seasonal food chains -Texas. Live and dead shrimp were the (Bottino et al. 1980). Although Brown

major bait used by anglers at a warm- (1977) reported food conversion ratioswater discharge in Galveston Bay, of 1.3 and 1.9 for white shrimp fed in

* Texas (Landry and Strawn 1973). The two narine ponds at Marifarms, Inc.,market value of the bait shrimp taken Panama City, Florida, Bardach et al.in Mississippi was 3 times the value (1972) cited production of only 1 kgit woald have had if sold for human of cultured Japanese (Kuruma) shrimpfood. In 1955, an estimated 59 mil- per 10 to 15 kg of feed at optimum -

lion bait shrimp were taken by the 25°C temperature--leading to the sug-bait shrimp fishery along northeast gestion that the carnivorous nature ofFlorida (Christmas et al. 1976). shrimp and great energy loss in molt-

ing guarantee inefficient food conver-

sions. In a 204-day energy budgetECOLOGICAL ROLE calculated for brown shrimp grown fro-

12.5 to 127 mm, Erahim (1973) showedLarval penaeid shrimp feed on that about 26.4% of the energy was

zooplankton and phytoplankton. Dobkin used for egestion, 34.5% for respira-(1961) reported that Penaeus proto- tion, 20.5% for growth, and only 3.9%zoea fed on green algae, 'itoms, and for shedding exoskeleton. Browncopepods. Cook and Murphy (1969) shrimp were capable of using 441 ofused cultured algae to feed protozoea the organic carbon in test foods.

, and newly hatched brine shrimp to feedthe mysis stages. Christmas and White shrimp are an importantEtzold (1977) reported that early food for many marine and estuarinestages of Penaeus larvae fed on plank- fish (Gunter 1956; P~rez-Farfanteton and suspended detritus. Brown 1969; Lindner and Cook 1970; Bensonshrimp feed at the vegetation-water 1982). Carr and Adams (1973) reported '

10

larval and juvenile shrimp to be im- 200C. Zein-Eldin (1964) stated thatportant food for 13 of 21 juvenile temperature and food supply limitedfishes occupying seagrass beds in the growth of white shrimp postlarvae moreFlorida estuaries of the Gulf of than did salinities between 2 andMexico. 35 ppt.

White shrimp recycle basic nutri- White shrimp have been reportedents by feeding on organic matter and to be more tolerant of high tempera-microorganisms in sediments (Odtwi tures and less tolerant of low temper-1971; Carr and Adams 1973). When atures than either brown or pinkwater temperatures and salinities were shrimp (Etzold and Christmas 1977).favorable along the Louisiana coast, Mortality of white shrimp was reportedshrimp abundances were greatest in at water temperatures above 42*C andwaters where substrates had the high- below 8*C and was complete at 30C orest organic content (Barrett and less, regardless of salinities; sur-Gillespie 1973; Gaidry 1974). Inves- vival at low temperatures seeminglytigators have suggested that juve- depended on rate of temperature de-niles, which tolerate relatively low cline, the duration of low tempera-salinity, migrate up estuaries to re- ture, and salinity, as well as on the

*duce the effects of competition and actual temperature (Joyce 1965).predation, besides gaining access to Wiesepape (1975) found 24-hr 50%an abundant fo od supply (Hedgpeth mortality to be 360C and 370C for1963; Gunter 1967). white shrimp acclimated at 29*C and

34*C, respectively. Postlarval and30-mm juvenile white shrimp had some-

ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS what higher resistance times than did50-mm juveniles. Temperature toler-

Temperature ated by postlarvae were higher inbrown shrimp than white shrimp.

Water temperature helps regulatethe times and locations of white Salinity

* shrimp spawning, as well as rate ofgrowth, habitat selection, osmoregu- Adult white shrimp spawn offshorelation, movement, and mortality, where salinities are at least 27 ppt.Sudden water temperature increases in Larval shrimp are carried shoreward byspring trigger spawning, and rapid currents until they enter estuaries ontemperature declines in the fall are flood tides--usually when they are inassociated with the end of spawning the second postlarval stage. Juvenile(Lindner and Anderson 1956). The white shrimp move as far as 160 km upgrowth rate is highest in summer and tidal streams in Louisiana and up tobecomes slow or negligible in winter. 210 km into fresh water (0.26 ppt) inIncreased temperature may increase the northeast Florida (Pbrez-Farfanterate of molting, but not necessarily 1969). Juvenile shrimp were found

*the size at molting (P~rez-Farfante 160 km upstream from 1.0-ppt salinity1969). Turner (1977) showed good cor- waters in St. Johns River, Florida,relation between heating-degree-days from July through November in 1962 and

*and catch/effort ratio for penaeid 1963 (Joyce 1965). Joyce suggestedshrimp, which was similar to correla- that high calcium ion concentrationstions between yield-per-hectare and in this river may explain the relative

*latitude of penaeids. St. Dmant and ease with which marine species enterLindner (1966) reported that water and remain in low salinity waters.temperatures below 20*C greatly in- P~rez-Farfante (1969) reported 0.42

*hibited growth, which became practi- ppt as the lowest salinity in whichcally nil at 160C. Growth rates in- white shrimp were recorded in the

*creased rapidly at temperatures above northern Gulf of Mexico. Although

..................*...-**..

N. . . *e-.....*.*.*** •.. ..-.. . .

-.-,- . -' . r '' '- - _

field studies have shown that juvenile that a broken-back syndrome appearswhite shrimp seem to prefer relatively when sudden drops in salinity (fromlow salinities, laboratory studies re- 15-18 ppt to 3 ppt) combine with coldveal that they appear indifferent to water (80 C). Laney (1973) foundvarying salinities since they have critical thermal maxima for whitebeen reared successfully at 18 to 34 shrimp to be influenced largely byppt salinities (P~rez-Farfante 1969). acclimation temperatures, by the size

or life stage of the test animal, andSalinity is a contributory limit- to a lesser extent by salinity. Fresh-

ing factor to the distribution of water inflow may reduce coastal waterjuvenile white shrimp. Postlarval tenperatures, which in turn affectwhite shrimp were most abundant at growth rates of white shrimp (WhiteI to 5-ppt salinities in Mobile Bay, and 3oudreaux 1977). Barrett andAlabama, and at 5 to 10-npt salinities Gillespie (1975) stated that higherin Texas (Gunter 1967). Small shrimp rainfall and lower air temperature(15 - 66 mm long) did not fair well in in late spring and summer affect41-opt salinity in the Laguna Madre, distribution and reduce the size ofTexas (Gunter 1961). white shrimp harvest, although the

relation between white shrimp andJuvenile white shrimp in Louisi- water temperature is not well under-

ana overwinter in low salinity waters stood.influenced by the Atchafalaya River(Gaidry 1974). White and Boudreaux Substrate

" (1977) concl,'ded that high Freshwater- discharges during 1954 to 1974 signi- As previously mentioned, white

ficantly (P<0.01) reduced white shrimp shrimp prefer shallow, muddy-b)ttomproduction because larger juvenile substrate. Production and catchespopulations developed in nursery habi- along the Louisiana coast were high-tats with salinities of 1 to 2-ppt. est in areas with substrate contain-

inj high organic matter (Barrett andIn Texas coastal waters, a posi- Gillespie 1973; Gaidry 1974). Turner

tive relationship between white shrimp (177) found good linear correlationoroduction and increased rainfall has (R = 0.69) between intertidal landbeen attributed to a sharp increase in area and average annual shrimp catchlow salinity nursery areas. Annual along Louisiana's inshore waters.white shrimp catches in waters off Correlation between brown shrimpTexas from 1927 to 1964 showed i catches and percentage of salinestrong statistical correlation (r vegetation in ypuisiana was highly10.656) with raifFall of the one and significant (R = 0.92). Inshore

. two preceding years (Gunter and catches and numbers of hectares ofEdwards 1169). A hih significant vegetated estuaries in the northeast-correlation (r = 0.85) between May- ern Gulf of Mexico (Tampa Bay, FloridaJune freshwater inflow and white to -'obile 9ay and Perdido Bay, Aja-shrimp catches and commercial landings bama) showed strong correlation (R =

was demonstrated by Williamson (1977) 0.64). Lassuy (1983) suggested that* in 195q to 1975 in San Antonio Bay, temporal and spatial shifts by brown,

Texas. white, and nink shrimp reduced directcompetition for preferred substrate.

1Irature- Salinity Interactions White shrimp vere renorted to burrow -.

le3s deeply than brown or pink shrimpTnperature-salinity ranges for into muddy substrates, and to he more

white shrimp vary at different life active in daylight. Rulifson (1981)stages, but the interactions are more and Giles and Zamora (1973) foundpronounced at the extremes of the tol- that brown shrimp displaced whiteerance ranges. Couch (1978) reported shrimp fron sandy-muddy substrate and

12

• :..-..........-.......-....-.-... . . . . . .

7W 7_ °1- - "

qrass cover. Ienson 1192) in- that the increases in salinities have

dicate, I that postlarval juveniles caused shifts in dominance from whiteand adults tolerate relatively high shrimp to brown shrimp along theturbidities in estuaries. Kutkuhn central-northern gulf.(1966) repnrted higher concentrationsot young shrimp in bays with more The effects ,,f oesticides anddetritus in suspension. He suggested pollution on shri~ip populations along(Nutkuhn 1962) that excessive turbu- the gulf coast are .)lso of concernfence and related factors resulting (Biglane and LaFlejr 1968; Christmasfroi hurricane-induced high tides and Etzold 1977). Couch (197) re-c ddjsed excessive inshore losses of viewed toxicity and biological effectswhite shrimp in Louisiana in surwmer on shrimp for large numhers of pesti-197. cides, heavy metals, petroleum pro-

ducts, and cherotherapeitic ciemicals.:ther Environmental Requirements Orgariochloride, )rganophosphate, and

carbamate pesticides, as well as naph-The loss of nursery grounds has thalenes in petroleum, were toxic to

been considered the major threat to shrimp. Cadmiu- killed gill cel's,the Gulf of Mexico white shrimp fish- and accumulated nercury interferedery (Gunter 1q56). Christias and with :)smoregulation. Trent et al.Etzold (1977) cited coastal studies (1976) found that mean experiimentalin Florida, Louisiana, and Texas trawl catches of white shri,np droppedwhere -ajor alterations or losses of below seasonal averages when dissolvedestuarine shrimo nursery habitat re- oxygen was below 3.0 ,nl/l in altered,sJlted from dredging and spoil dis- eutrophic, .ipland canals assIciatedposal, or im poundmients. Riglane and with housing developrments near 4 estIaFleur (1963) reported that man-miade Bay, Texas. The raintenance or losscanals in Louisiana estuaries caused of nursery habitat will ultimately ar

increased salinities and adversely dete-mine the future of gulf coastaffected white shrimp nursery waters, shrimp resources (Chrisbnas and Etzold

hr isistrmas and Etzold (1977) suggested 1977).

13

......

*..%

LITERATURE CITED

Anderson, W.W. 1966. The shrimp and Biglane, K.E., and R.A. LaFleur.the shrimp fishery of the Southern 1968. Notes on estuarine pollutionUnited States. U.S. Fish Wildl. with emphasis on the Louisiana gulfServ. Bur. Commer. Fish. Fish. coast. Pages 690-692 in G.H. Lauff,Leafl. 589. 8 pp. ed. Estuaries. Am. Assoc. Adv.

Sci. 83.* Bardach, J.E., J.H. Rythes, and W.O.

ticLarney. 1972. Aquaculture-the Blomo, V., W.L. Griffin, and John P.farming and husbandry of freshwater Nichols. 1978. Catch-effort andand marine organisms. Wiley- price-cost trends in the Gulf ofInterscience, New York. 868 pp. Mexico shrimp fishery: implications

on Mexico's extended jurisdiction.Barrett, B.B., and M.C. Gillespie. Mar. Fish. Rev. 40(8): 24-28.

1973. Primary factors which influ-ence commercial shrimp production in Bottino, N.R., .. Gennity, I.A. Lilly,coastal Louisiana. La. Dep. Wildl. E. Simmons, and G. Fimme. 1980.Fish. Tech. Bull. 9. 29 pp. Seasonal and nutritional effects on

the fatty acids of three species ofBarrett, B.B., and M.C. Gillespie. shrimp, Penaeus setiferus, P.

1975. 1975 Environnental conditions aztecus, and . duorarum. quacuT-Frelative to shrimp production in ture 19:139-148.coastal Louisiana. La. flep. Wildl.Fish. Tech. Bull. 15. 22 pp. Brown, E.E. 1977. World fish

farming-cultivation and econon-3arrett, B.B., and E.J. Ralph. 1977. ics. The Avi Publ. Co. Westport,

1977 Environmental conditions rela- Conn. 397 pp.tive to shrimp proiuction in coastalLouisiana along with shrimp catch Burkenroad, M.D. 1939. Further ob-data for the Gulf of Mexico. l.a. servations on Penaeidae of the ..-Dep. Wildl. Fish. Tech. Bull. 26. northern Gulf of Mexico. Bull.16 pp. Bingham Oceanogr. Collect. Yale

Univ. 6. Art. 6. 62 pp.

* Baxter, K.N., and W.C. Renfro. 1967. Carr, W.E., and C.A. Adams. 1973.Seasonal occurrence and size distri- Food habits of juvenile marinebution of postlarval brown and white fishes occupying seagrass beds inshrimp near Galveston, Texas, with the estuarine zone near Crystalnotes on species identification. River, Florida. Trans. Am. Fish.II.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Fish. Bull. Soc. 102(3):511-540.66: 149-158.

Christmas, J.Y., and D.J. Etzold.Benson, N.G., ed. 1982. White shrimp 1977. The shrimp fishery of the

Penaeus setiferus. Pages 7-9 in Gulf of Mexico United States; aLTfe ist-y requirements of se- - regional management plan. Gulflected finfish and shellfish in Coast Res. Lab. Tech. Rep. Ser. No.

* Mississippi Sound and adjacent 2. 125 pp.areas. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv.,Biol. Serv. Program FWS/OBS-81/51. Christmas, J.Y., W. Langley, and T.97 pp. VanDevender. 1976. Investigations

... 15

.. - . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . :%

y.o

of commercially important penaeid Lab. Tech. Rep. Ser. No. 2, Part 2.shrimp in Mississippi. Gulf Coast 20 pp.Research Laboratory, Ocean Springs,Miss. 66 pp. Fontaine, C.T., and R.A. Neal. 1971.

Length-weight relations for threeClark, S.H., and C.W. Caillouet. commercial ly important penaeid

1975. Diel fluctuations in catches shrimp of the Gulf of Mexico.of juvenile brown and white shrimp Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 100(3):584-in a Texas estuarine canal. Con- 586.trib. Mar. Sci. 19: 119-122.

Gaidry, W.J., Il. 1974. Correla-Collier, A., R.M. Ingle, G. Gunter, tions between inshore spring white

and P. Viosca, Jr. 1959. The shrimp population densities and off-shrimp fishery of the Gulf of Mex- shore overwintering populations.ico. Gulf States lar. Fish. Comm. La. Wildl. Fish. Comm. Tech. Bull. "Inform. Ser. No. 2. 5 pp. 12. 16 pp.

Cook, H.L., and M.A. Murphy. 1969. Gaidry, W.J., III, and C.J. White.The culture of larval penaeid 1973. Investigations of commer-shrimp. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. cially important penaeid shrimp in98(4):751-754. Louisiana estuaries. La. Wildl.

Fish. Comm. Tech. Bull. 8:154 pp.Couch, J.A. 1978. Diseases, para-

sites, and toxic responses of com- Giles, J.H., and G. Zamora. 1973.mercial penaeid shrimps of the Gulf Cover as a factor in habitat selec-of Mexico and South Atlantic coasts tion by juvenile brown ( Penaeusof North America. U.S. Natl. Mar. aztecus) and white (P. setferusFish. Serv. Fish. Bull. 76(l):1-44. shrimp. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.

102(1): 144-145. ,- )obkin, S. 1961. Early develonmental

stages of pink shrimp, Penaeus duora- Gunter, G. 1956. Principles ofrun from Florida waters. U.S. Fish shrimp fishery management. Proc.Wildl. Serv. Fish. Bull. 61:321- Gulf Caribb. Fish. Inst. 8:99-106.349.

Gunter, G. 1961. Habitat of juvenileDuronslet, M.J., ,.M. Lyon, and F. shrimp (family Penaeidae). Ecology

M;arul lo. 1972. Vertical distribu- 42:593-600.tion of postlarval brown, Penaeusaztecus, and white, P. setiferus, Gunter, G. 1967. Some relationshipsshrimp during immigration through a of estuaries to the fisheries of thetidal pass. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. Gulf of Mexico. Pages 621-638 in101(4): 748-752. G.A. Lauff, ed. Estuaries. A .

Assoc. Adv. Sci. Publ. 83.Erahin, 4.A. 1973. The energetics of

growth, respiration, and egestion of Gunter, G., and J.C. Edwards. 1969.the brown shrimp Penaetis aztecus The relation of rainfall and fresh-aztecus Ives. Ph.D. Dissertation water drainage to the production ofT7-F ). fiss. Abstr. Univ. Mich. the penaeid shrimps (Penaeus fluvia-74-13, 074. tilis Say dnd Penaeus aztecus Ives)

3Txas and Lnu- iTana waters. FAOEtzold, D.J., ind J.Y. Christmas. Fish. Rep. 57(3):875-892.

1977. A comprehensive summary ofthe shrimp fishery if the Gulf of Hedgpeth, J.W. 1963. RiologicalMexico United States: a regional aspects, estuaries and lagoons.manaqement lan. ulf Coast Res. Chapter 23. Pages 6q3-729 in J.W. 4

16

II

Hedgpeth, ed. Treatise on marine perpetuation of commercial shrimpecology and paleoecology. Geol. resources. Pages 16-36 in R.F.

* Soc. Am. Mem. 67. Smith, A.H. Swartz, and W.H. Mass-man, eds. A symposium on estuarine

Holthuis, L.B. 1980. FAO species fisheries. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec.catalogue. Vol 1: Shrimp and prawns Publ. 3.of the world. An annotated cata-logue of species of interest to Landry, A.M., and K. Strawn. 1973.fisheries. FAO Fish. Synop. Annual cycle of sportfishing activ-271 pp. ity at a warmwater discharge into

Galveston Bay, Texas. Trans. Am.Johnson, M.C., and J.R. Fielding. Fish. Soc. 102(3):573-577.

1956. Propagation of the whiteshrimp, Penaeus setiferus (Linn.) in Laney, R.W. 1973. A comparison ofcaptivity. Tulane Stud. Zool. the critical thermal maxima of ju-4:175-190. venile brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus

aztecus Ives) and -1-Tte shrimpJones, A.C., E.F. Klima, and J.R. (Penaeus setiferus (Linnaeus)).

* Poffenberger. 1982. Effects of the M.S. Thesis. North Carolina State1991 closure on the Texas shrimp University, Raleigh. 63 pp.fishery. Mar. Fish. Rev. 44(9-10):1-4. Lassuy, 0.R. 1983. Species nrofiles:

life histories and environmentalJoyce, E.A., Jr. 1965. The commer- requirements (Gulf of Mexico).

cial shrimps of the northeast coast Brown shrimp. U.S. Fish Wildl.of Florida. Fla. Board Conserv. Serv. 9iol. Serv. Program. FWS/OBS-Mar. Lab. Prof. Pap. Ser. 6. 224 82/11.1. 15 pp.pp.

Lindner, 'I.J., and W. 14. Anderson.Juneau, C.L., ir., and J.F. Pollard. 1956. Growth, migrations, spawning

1981. A survey of the recreational and size distribution of shrimpshrimp and finfish harvests of the Penaeus setiferus. U.S. Fish Wildl.Vermilion Bay area and their impact Serv. Fish. Bull. 56:554-645.on commercial fishery resources.La. Fep. Wildl. Fish. Tech. Bull. Lindner, M.J., and H.L. Cook. 1970.33. 40 D. Synopsis of biological data on the

white shrimp Penaeus setiferusKlima, E.F. 1974. A white shrimp (Linnaeus) 1767. FAO Fish. Synop.m mark-recapture study. Trans. Am. 101. FAO Fish. Rep. 4:1439-1469.Fish. Soc. 103(l):107-113.

Klima, E.F., K.N. Baxter, and F.J. Loesch, H. 1965. Distribution andPatella, Jr. 1982. A review of the growth of penaeid shri-np in :lobile -offshore shrimp fishery and the 1981 Bay, Alabama. Publ. Inst. Mar. Sci.Texas closure. Mar. Fish. Rev. Univ. Tex. 10:41-58.44(2-10):16-30.

Loesch, H.C. 1976. Shrimp population* Kutkuhn, J.H. 1962. Gulf of Mexico densities within Mobile Bay. Gulf

commercial shrimp populations-trends Res. Rep. 5(2):11-16.and characteristics, 1956-59. U.S.Fish Wildl. Serv. Fish. Bull. 62: Matthews, G.A. 1982. Relative abun-

. 343-412. dance anJ size distribution of coin-mercially important shrimp during

" Kutkuhn, J.H. 1966. The role of the 1981 Texas closure. Mar. Fish.estuaries in the development and Rev. 44(9-10):5-15.

17

A

,..L .

.. . , - ._..-...-- . '. -.L , - , .~ - . -.. - . . . - -. ,- . .- - . , -. - • .

Middleditch, B.S., S.R. Missler, H.S. (Penaeus spp.) in the northwesternHines, J.P. rlcVey, A. Brown, O.G. Gulf of Mexico, 1961. U.S. Fish4a rd, and A.L. Lawrence. 1980. Wildl. Serv. Fish. Bull. 66:323-Metabol ic profiles of penaeid 334.shrimp: dietary lipids and ovariannaturation. J. Chromatogr. 195:359- Trent, L., E.J. Pullen, and R. Proc-368. tor. 1976. Abundance of macro-

crustaceans in a natural marsh and aNational Marine Fisheries Service. marsh altered by dredging, bulkhead-

1981. Fisheries oF the United ing, and filling. U.S. Natl. Mar.States, 1980. U.S. Natl. Mar. Fish. Fish. Serv. Fish. Bull. 74(1):195-Serv., Resour. Stat. Div., Curr. 200.Fish. Stat. 8100.

Turner, R.E. 1977. Intertidal vege-Odum, W.E. 1971. Pathways of energy tation and commercial yields of pen-flow in a south Florida estuary. aeid shrimp. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.Ph.1l. Dissertation. University of 106(5):411-416.Miami, Fla. fiss. Abstr. Univ.lich. 71-18, 156:1898B. 11hite, C.J., and C.J. Boudreaux.

1977. Development of an are3l man-Overstreet, R.1. 1978. Marine mala- agement concept for gulf penaeid

dies? Woms, gems, and other sym- shrimp. La. Wildl. Fish. Comm.bionts from the northern Gulf of Tech. Bull. 22. 77 pp.Mexico. Mississippi-Alabama GrantConsorti-ji-. "IASGP-78-021. 104 pp. Wickham, D.A., and F.C. inkler III.

1q75. Laboratory observations onP~rez-Farfante, 1. 1969. Western daily patterns of burrowing andAtlantic shrimps of the genus locomotor activity of pink shrimp, -.Penaeus. U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Penaeus dtorarum, brown shrimp,Fish. gull. 67(3):461-591. Penaeus aztecus, and white shrimp,

Pena-eu-s setiferus. Contrib. Mar.Pullen, E.J., and W.L. Trent. 1969. Sci. 19:29-35.White shrimp emigration in relationto size, sex, temperature and salin- Wiesepape, L.M. 1975. Thenal resis-ity. FAQ Fish. Rep. 3:1001-1019. tance and acclimation rate in young

white and brown shrimp, PenaeusRulifson, R.A. 1981. Substrate pre- setifer Linn. and Penaeus aztecusference of juvenile penaeid shrimp Ives. Texas A&M Univ. Sea Grantin estuarine habitats. Contrib. 76-202. 196 pp.Mar. Sci. 24:35-52.

St. Amant, L.S., and M. Lindner. Williams, A.B. 1958. Substrates as1966. The shrimp fishery of the a factor in shrimp distribution.Gulf of Mexico. Gulf States Fish. Limnol. Oceanogr. 3(3):283-290.Comm. Inform. Ser. No. 3. 9 pp.

Williams, A.B. 1965. Marine decapodSubrahmayam, C.B. 1971. The relative crustaceans of the Carolinas. U.S.abundance and distribution of Den- Fish Wildl. Serv. Fish. Bull.aeid shrimp larvae off the Missis- 65(l):1-298.sippi coast. Gulf Res. Rep. 3(2):291-345. Williamson, S.C. 1977. Penaeid

shrimp abundance and riverine flowTemple, R.F., and C.C. Fischer. 1967. in San Antonio 3ay, Texas. Proc.

Seasonal distribution and relative Annu. Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Fishabundance of planktonic-stage shrimp Wildl. Agencies 31:522-528.

. ~~18 . -

I:Iil .., .'

Zamora, G. , and L. Trent. 1968. Ilse Zein-Eldin, Z.P. 1964. Growth andof dorsal carinal spines to differ- ietabol ism. Pages 65-67 in Biologi-entiate between postlarvae of hrown cal Laboratory, Gal veston, Tex.,shrimp, Penaeus aztecus Ives, and fishery research for year ending

whteshimP. setiferus (Linna- June 30, 1953. U.S. Bur. Commer.eus). Contrib. Mar Sci.3:17-19. Fish. Circ. 183:65-67.

19

50272 101 # / liREPORT DOCUMENTATION IL REPORT NO. -I 3. Recip ent's Access,on No

PAGE FWS/OBS-82/11.20*4. Title and Subt~tle S. Report Date

Species Profiles: Life Histories and Environmental Requirements September 1984of Coastal Fishes and Invertebrates (Gulf of Mexico)--White Shrimp

7. Author(Si 9. Performing Organlraton Rep?. No

R.J. Muncy N Ae----Pe-1.o--rg Ogani-zation Name and Address 10. Project/Task Work Unit No

MS Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research UnitP.O. Drawer BX 11. Contract(C) or Grant(G) No

Mississippi State University (C)

Mississippi State, MS 39762-5603

12. SponsOrseirganrxat I am. and Address T 13. Type of Report & Perod CoveredNational o(asta COSsts ..Natona ~ast ~csytems Team U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Fish and Wildlife Service Waterways Experiment StationU.S. Department of Interior P.O. Box 631 1

Washington, DC 20240 Vicksburg, MS 39180

15. Supplementary Notes

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Report No. TR EL-82-4

16. Abstract (L-t 200 words)

Species profiles are literature summaries of the taxonomy, morphology, range, lifehistory, and environmental requirements of coastal aquatic species. They are preparedto assist in environmental impact assessment. The white shrimp,yPenaeus setiferus; isthe second most abundant species in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery, the most valuablefishery in the United States. It serves as food for many fishes and is sold in the bait - -

industry. Spawning occurs in at least 27 ppt salinity at water depths of 8 to 31 m, fromApril through September. Postlarvae move on flood tides into inshore estuarine nurseryareas; peak abundances are in June and September. Juvenile white shrimp move fartherinland than do brown shrimp and prefer shallow waterwith soft substrate. Growth of1.6 mm per day occurs at water temperatures above 200C before the shrimp move off-shore when inshore waters begin to cool in fall. Juveniles and adults return inshorewhen water temperatures increase in fall or the following spring. Survival at 8'-to30'C was related to temperature and salinities. Juvenile and adult white shrimp areomnivorous, selective-particulate, benthic feeders. Population abundance has beencorrelated with coastal marshes and freshwater inflows. Maintaining suitable nurserygrounds will decide the future of Gulf Coast white shrimp resources.

17. Document Anlyss a Descr ptors

Estuaries Fishes

Growth Feeding

b ldentte,/O1en Ended Terms

White Shrimp Life historyPenaeus setiferus SpawningTem prature requirements Habitat requirements

c COSATI F-eid/Groau

I 1&. Availab,hty Statement 19. Securty Cas, (Ths Report) 21. No .1 Pages

Unlimited Unclassified 1920. Security Class (Th,s Palte) 22. P,.ce

UIncla cifi k(See ANSI-Z34 18) OPTIONAL FORM 272 ,4-7

(Forme,ly NTIS i., -

Deptrient of C-m "r ce

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