IF. Margarita Tejada Reunión OESA 25/05/09. Proyecto FAIR CT97-3127 FAQUWEL - Proyecto UE FAIR CT97-3127 (FAQUWEL) DG XIV (Octubre 1997-Septiembre 2000)

IF. Margarita Tejada Reunión OESA 25/05/09.Proyecto FAIR CT97-3127 FAQUWEL -

Proyecto UE FAIR CT97-3127 (FAQUWEL)DG XIV

(Octubre 1997-Septiembre 2000)

Optimisation of harvest procedures of farmed fish with respect to quality and

welfare

--------------------

(Optimización de los procedimientos de sacrificio de peces cultivados en función de su bienestar y de la calidad final del

pescado)


EFECTO DE LOS MÉTODOS DE SACRIFICIO COMERCIALES EN LA CALIDAD DEL PESCADO.

IMPORTANCIA DEL “BIENESTAR”

Dra. Margarita TejadaInstituto del Frío (CSIC)

Ciudad Universitaria, s/n

28040 Madrid, España

Datos presentados en parte en el Workshop Aquaflow

Calidad y Procesado en Acuicultura mirando al futuroLas Palmas de Gran Canaria, 19-21 Mayo 1999

Reunión OESA, 25/05/09


FISIOLOGÍA ECOLOGÍA-ÉTICA

TECNOLOGÍACALIDAD -

VALORIZACIÓN

MAQUINARIA


CENTROS DE INVESTIGACIÓN PARTICIPANTES

• Coordinador : RIVO-DLO (Holanda)Dr. Hans van de Vis.

• Instituto del Frío (IF), CSIC (España)Dr. Margarita Tejada.

• Bundesforschungstalt für Fischerei (Alemania)Dr. Jörg Oehlenschläger.

• Institute of Marine Research (Noruega)Dr. Håkon Otterå.


CENTROS DE INVESTIGACIÓN PARTICIPANTES (cont.)

• Fiskeriforskning (Noruega)Dr. Nils Kristian Sörensen

• DFAS University of Bristol (Gran BretañaDr. Steve Kestin.

• Robert Gordon University (Gran Bretaña)Dr. Paul Nesvadba


EMPRESAS PARTICIPANTES

• CUPIMAR, S.A. (España)Dr. Alfonso Vidaurreta.

• Royaal B.V (Holanda)Ms. Caroline Vancoillie and Mr Jan van

Rijsingen


INSTITUTO DEL FRÍO (CSIC) (E)

RIVO-DLO (H)

B. FISCHEREI (A)

I. MARINE RESEARCH (N)

FISKERIFORSKNING (N)

Dorada

Anguila

Salmón

ROYAAL,B.V (H)

CUPIMAR,S.A (E)

Tecn

olo

gía

-V

alo

r iza

ción


MaquinariaFisiología

Dorada

Salmón

UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL (GB)

ROBERT GORDONUNIVERSITY (GB)

Anguila


DORADA

• FISIOLOGÍA - ÉTICA

– UB• Dr. Steve Kestin• Dr. David Robb

– RIVO-DLO• Dr. Hans Van de Vis

• TECNOLOGÍA - CALIDAD– IF

• Dra. Margarita Tejada• Dra Almudena Huidobro• Dr. Antonio Moral• Dª Ana Pastor

– Cupimar• Dr. Alfonso Vidaurreta


DefinitionsStunning (Sedación)

• Any process which, when applied to an animal, causes immediate loss of consciousness and sensibility, which last until death. (When consciousness and sensibility are not lost immediately the animals should be spared any avoidable excitement, pain or suffering)

Killing

• Any process which causes the death of an animal

Slaughter

• Killing an animal by bleeding. The killing of animals for human consumption (SPECIES-SPECIFIC WELFARE ASPECTS OF THE MAIN SYSTEMS OF

STUNNING AND KILLING OF FARMED SEABASS AND SEABREAM (2009)

Stress

• The control systems of an animal (including fish) are overtaxed with respect to physiology and/or emotions.

Evaluation of stunning and killing• Stunning: unconsciousness and insensibility can be assessed.

• Killing: the onset of death cannot be determined.


DefinitionsA general term of reference for humane

slaughter:• A fish should be rendered unconscious and insensible

until death without avoidable excitement, pain or suffering prior to killing.

Humane slaughter in industry is a four step process.1. Transport to a separate room or place2. Restraining (fixation) of a fish for a proper

applicatio of a stunning/killing method3. Induction of unconsciousness and insensibility,

which last until death, by stunning 4. Slaughter/killing of the fish


Three types of stunning/killing methods:

Electrical • A current is passed through the head or head and

heart.

Mechanical• The brain tissue is destroyed (e.g. by a blow on

the head or a bullet).

Chemical• Gasses, which are allowed, are used (carbon

dioxide).


Methods: welfare aspects Evaluation of the stunning and killing process

process step stage in the fish assessment of

transport self-initiated movements and responses to stimuli stress

restraining self-initiated movements and responses may be absent stress

stunning unconscious and insensible loss of consciousness and sensibility

death


Measurement of loss of unconsciousness and insensibility

• Electrical activity of the brainsVERsVERs: a VVisual isual EEvoked voked RResponseesponse (as result of flashes of lightflashes of light directed towards the eyes) in the EEG.

Absence of VERs indicate unconsciousness and insensibility or death.EEG and SERsSERs:: changes in the patterns on the EEG may indicate unconsciousness and SSomatosensory omatosensory EEvoked voked RResponsesesponses on the EEG (as result of pain pain stimulistimuli applied to the fish) indicate sensibility.

Methods: welfare aspects


Instrumental• Texture measurement• Torrymeter: change of dielectric properties as result of

post-mortem changes• Colour measurement: L, a and b values

Sensory• analysis of cooked fillets, using a 10 point scale• analysis of whole or gutted fish using the Quality

Index Method (QIM)• visual inspection: blood spots

Methods: Quality



METODOS DE SACRIFICIODORADA (Sparus aurata)

• COMERCIALES

– Asfixia en aire

– Agua-hielo

• EXPERIMENTALES– Percusión:

• Pistón plano– Superior: Músculo frontal– Lateral: Rotura cráneo

• Pistón hueco (Iki jime)

– Anestesia (Aqui-S)

– Electrocución• Cefálica

El efecto en la calidad se estudió en doradas conservadas en refrigeración y en congelación, enteras y evisceradas


Electrocución cefálica


Time to loss of consciousness by the two current commercial slaughter methods.

400

300

200

100

0

Death in Air Death on Ice

Tim

e to

loss

of

con

scio

usn

ess

(s)


Results:Time (minutes) to loss of responses and reflexes in Gilthead seabream

Stunning/killingMethod

Time to loss of self initiated behaviour

(min)

Average time to loss of VERs

(min)

Die in air (asphyxia)

4.0 5.5

Immersion inice slurry

5.0 5.0

Electricity (400mA for each fish)

0 0


Time (minutes) to loss of responses and reflexes in Gilthead seabream


Lot 1Ice+water

Lot 3AQUI-S


METODOS DE SACRIFICIOANGUILA (Anguilla anguilla)– Baño en sal– Salmuera fría– Corte de la cabeza– Percusión:

• Pistón hueco (Iki jime)• Pistón plano

– Anestesia • Aqui S

– Electrocución


METODOS DE SACRIFICIOSALMÓN (Salmo salar)

– Corte de agallas– Percusión:

• Pistón hueco (Iki jime)• Pistón plano

– Anestesia • CO2

• Aqui S

– Refrigeración controlada– Métodos mixtos


DORADA: CALIDAD

• REFRIGERACIÓN

– Entera– Eviscerada

• CONGELACIÓN

– Entera– Eviscerada

• REFRIGERACIÓN +CONGELACIÓN

– Eviscerada


Dorada: Parámetros calidad (Rrefrigerada)

• Extensión del Rigor mortis: – Instauración - finalización– pH

• Degradación de nucleótidos• Capacidad de retención de agua• Color• Textura (métodos instrumentales)• Evaluación sensorial (QIM)• Microbiología


Dorada: Parámetros calidad (Congelada)

• pH• Proteína:

– Solubilidad– Viscosidad– Actividad enzimática

• Capacidad de retención de agua• Textura (métodos

instrumentales)• Evaluación sensorial (QIM)


Dorada: Desarrollo de un índice de calidad sensorial (QIM)

• Importancia: – Etiquetado– Re-etiquetado


QIM para dorada

Apariencia general Piel Muy brillante 0

Brillante 1 Mate 2 Limo Claro- transparente 0 Ligeramente turbio/turbio 1

Músculo Elasticidad Elástico 0 Queda marca al presionar 1

Olor Fresco 0

Neutro 1 A pescado 2 A pescado pasado 3

Ojos Claridad Claros- translúcidos 0 Ligeramente opacos 1 Opacos/sanguinolentos 2 Forma Convexos 0 Planos 1 Cóncavos 2

Agallas Color Brillante/rojo oscuro 0 Rojo marrón/decolorado 1 Olor Fresco/a mar 0 Neutro 1 A pescado 2 A pescado pasado 3

Puntos deméritos totales (15)


Dorada: Desarrollo de un índice de calidad sensorial (QIM)

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 4 8 12 16 20

Days in ice

Qu

ali

ty s

co

re

0

3

6

9

12

15

Qu

ality ind

ex

15


GILTHEAD SEABREAM SLAUGHTER METHODS EVALUATION

FAQUWEL FAIR-CT 97-3127

CHILLED STORAGE

Muscle Fish

Welfare aspects

Commercial evaluation (Physicochemical

and biochemical) (Microbiology) (Sensory) (Inspection/QIM)

Immersion in an ice-slurry * ***/*** ***/*** ***/**3 **3/*** ***/***

Asphyxia in air * ***/*** ***/*** ***/**3 **3/*** ***/*** AQUI-S and blow on the head * *1/- ***/- ***/- **3/- ***/-

Top ** ***/- ***/- ***/- **3/- ***/- Blow on the head Side *** -/*2 -/*** -/**3 -/*** -/*** Pin bolting *** *2/- - - - -

Electrocution *** ***/- ***/- ***/- ***/- ***/- /: Whole/Gutted; *: bad; **: intermediate; ***: good; - not studied

*1 : bruises and petechiae *2 : hole in the head **3 : differences between batches not due to post-mortem treatment


Clinical reflexes

Eye roll Opercula movement

vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR)

rythmic opercular activity

in air in water

on lip with 6V DC, observe eye

movement when fish is rolled from

side to side through the

perpendicular

observe opercula for rhythmic

movement (similar to breathing in mammals and

birds)

7 4

Score

Table 1. Self initiated behaviours, responses to stimulation and reflexes examined.

Self initiated behaviour Response to Stimuli

Name Swimming Equilibrum Handling Pin prick 6V shock

Behaviour/ reflex swimming behaviour righting ability

response to handling

response to prick on lip

response to stimulation on lip

Observation place in water in water in water or air in air in air

Procedure observe spontaneous

swimming behaviour

invert fish, observe righting response

attempt to catch by tail and administer tail pinch, observe

response

prick lightly on lip with enough

pressure to cause pricking sensation to human, observe

response

stimulate carefully

observe response

Sequence of observation 1 2 3 5 6

0 no swimming unable to right no response no response no response eyes fixed relative to head

no opercula movement

1 slow or abnormal swimming e.g upside down

slow to right only slow or feeble response after tail

pinch(s)

slow and reduced response

slow and reduced response

partial VOR or one eye shows VOR

slow or irregular movement

2 normal swimming quickly rights immediate vigorous escape attempt on first

touch/pinch

head shake or escape attempt

head shake or escape attempt

eyes roll relative to the head whilst attempting to

remain upright when fish is rolled

regular opercula movement

General comments, possible artifacts some species show no response even when fish is fully conscious

1. direct stimulation of muscles. 2. some species

show no response when fish is fully

conscious

needs careful observation see in

some species

needs careful observation in some species

Documents

IF. Margarita Tejada Reunión OESA 25/05/09. Proyecto FAIR CT97-3127 FAQUWEL - Proyecto UE FAIR CT97-3127 (FAQUWEL) DG XIV (Octubre 1997-Septiembre 2000)