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and Richcerdson, 1997. P. 24) a % a - A' hmnnliiaii am?~n~inuv~ainnaiuwuiui~1d0zio~fi~1na1ufninmvu~in

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niclwfi ounsz& u ' i i ~ o a u o ~ ( n ~ a l d d d s ~ ~ ~ u n i s ~ ~ a ~ du'iazn~dlMi nm'ii?milu A Y

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nszu?unisllr n ~ ~ u X u a i n m ~ ~ ~ i i n i ~ ~ d ~ ~ i w s i z ~ n q l m ~ ~ a z o d i ~ l s ~ ~ n ~ ~ n ~ u l d a i ~

n.nunulaIu?t'innti ounsr6q a~m~8nlnIdiiin?iuina"ou1naidduu1~~a~1u~~~ 901 * d' ??au~ni.rhuuluw"~~Pddvoq(al~ &iuowiila:szliiuui~dijiuil4~w'o~i~%~aniuni~d

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iinvazd~mmiduvo~n(al?~nui~un~~assu 1990 (Robinson and Richcerdson, 1997. P. 37)

ni%Gapdnisarooaa~15a"n~i

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nfooialilun~udlri?#ifiun~33uuii1# ~innisiiiusausau#o~a~"nuan"uGn#nvi~

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us.rmuia.r 1iaz18oiwuimulocuinn~iouin?#~a~~nis~nvi ~iluc%iu uiwuau

d f q l ~ i d uiqnuaudiryqiTw Ilddi.riif3nliiudoq4oqn"ujinaiufiiiodduloi

dua#oc~u%~muoqwaflmu~au ( ~ e s s , 1991. P. 44)

hurnwiinvRiuaqnoil33uu Jiilfividiq q 6nouiiu1unm3#n~i sauifq

~duuunz~nouiiiinvazdifiu119lu~d~~uui~uan"u nfow'ubluariu i d i ~ n ' o l u

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SO 378 49

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dvjm 1ld8iiu'nndu"uwitd?u iaiu uui tllaun' ( M ~ W E ~ ~ s ) d~finisuou~uaa? 9 9

c2au aiullua~~uasdsou6iia~ofia~p7sizi

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~ l a : ~ l m n u m s i l d a u ~ a u ~ ~ ' o ~ ~ ~ a ? l u o ~ ~ n a i r ~ f d i Riodiqiiu ~nn~uidroun1.r d9 9 oiuiumulluunqu~oma~nsiz~ azQnuot iw iuhumz~~nd ia6~on is8 ia~~~~uu

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~ou1~il4illsz1u'11w"~iidozfii?# 1~u~inqu~Rou~aq~~in 'u~Poquoq~ma?~u

(aibjectively) ~mr iaq ib (objectivity) doz145zliluu?~nis8nuiA~tfindiqoin~d " A l l~~ ik .~ 7 (non - traditional methods) sauf l~ ivouIu~~~in"unisns~~in i~d~nu (social

aAa 4 w action) az& nisfinn~~4ilotw"~~1iuisil4~~~~~unai~~u40u o-aut~iludsrliu

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~unqu~~m?u'aunknpl"ulwoi (post-modernist) ~~~lnnm?~uunaiunu~~u$i

dil8uh~u@nnul#ila 1lnzi?uriu1unirl#naiu~~iu~don~iu~C'i1~~15~n'u1u~~4

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muiiniunolhlald 6 r z ~ i i ~ d s z ~ ~ ~ u ~ 3 ~ = i v i n i ~ d ~ z d o n 1 t d ~ i o n ' u l ~ n ~ i ~ u ~ i ~

dold uonaindu nirdiuulun'a66w q rnqnquid (reconceptualising o f theory)

5?lJ%5%lfl~u%n1~30'~ (research methodologies) # i~ f lm?u '~~6 l#d~ :T~%w"d?~~~~ ainuu?laluy na~~uo~nm?u'uu~o~

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iwqtdupra B&hn?iuw uiu iu~~z~ i l~nm~u'uuda"nu~~uo~na~u~~ua 'mq~#u

(objectivity) iinsounquitea:daonainon? 1 d o u h n i r ~ m n ~ a i 5 6 ? ' i ~ f l ~ 3 v i n i ~ i

k!rinuyrd r i ~ ~ ~ p r a ~ i u ~ f l ~ ~ u u ~ u ~ ~ u t ~ c s n ~ ~ u d u ~ i u v o ~ ~~anidulfioi (Dale p r d e

Spender) n.H. 1981 !#$lninunq~oflu0qa"numznaiu14uS~m=i#u (subjectivity) da 1~a:!fiaisdn'nuazuo~3'~~3#u (objectivity) w ~ n n 0 n i ~ 3 0 i ~ ~ ~ l u ~ ~ ~ d ! # u i ~ i n

f~1ulo.r- . . . m n i n?~ufifviun~iq#uuiotuiuliiuan'EIfn{q ($4

d 9 !h io in~o y a i ~ d u ~ ~ u u ~ i u n ~ ~ z ~ w u ~ t ~ a z ~ m ~ w u i w ~ ~ n a i u w u i u ~ ~ f n + a i 19unrju 4'

nudo jlau 7 !Jrhciu) rinaza'~ojlu&umz?"mq3gu umadn?iafdfndqnf~quuui

~doohiu~nircy~#~un'u~oq (~~hnu~oinunuinuo~ni~bdauiauuinn~ior~du~~u~

) &~:Cojlu8n'ovmzs'mm3flu" (Spender, 1981. P. 5) ~ l f l n ' ~ ~ % ~ 4 f l O ' l ? f l : f s i ~ 0 1 l # a da s a s w da

l$uiilulanuoqa?iuf13q3%in15 nm'iu'uukn~~nuo~i~wqu~n~ =izQuu?r?ounfi

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d pr B objectivity) l 6 ~ ~ ~ m z ~ u ? i * n ~ ~ n ? l ~ d 1 $ 1 ' ~ n " ~ a ' n ~ ~ z s ' ~ m ~ # u ~ 1 1 ~ ~ d ? ~ ~ ~ 9 ~ ~ 9

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~fl#niu~#dou'lvnniwi~amd~u~!oinu~sdol"n Gnirnniruimi~u8iir"uiinm4#nvi

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pr Ada ~ f i~ iwuinnmaiu imnr~ i i~~~ iu 1muiuirvi~u:liiuiinm"sinvi~o~8i~!oi!~~duia~ B diniuriniaimrndu'uu luo~ainliiuiiw&votna"slwa'iUdnarezi~4au~wa"o{w~~

mulu~a~auuionii d A K oiiqlr8miu ns:~inn?~uijm~wuou q d~in~vunainnniuodiqlsiu

d s 4 d e I~FI~~IUU ithl (Virginia ~ o o l t ) rinnmiu'urd?du n.n. 1938 1nun~gdnsrnlla:

4 4 K iltywin~nmvuainnis~Qiuievo~~aiulufi~nu r?u&nni~uniriinvidnauquIln:

AiwumCniqTmu{aiu nioodiq lanlmoi 'lo~rualmu' (Hester Eisenstein)

n.R. 1984. d u i i Tnstmrnm"si(nvildu~~u~~o~fp1i~aeina~uuaiu~4~Iw~uinniie:

o'ol9u%uau:~sioi~o~lunisdo~vo~arm? mrizbli4irnnisuh iiu?n'muo~n~?ilnw 4 0 , s B pr kn~o~muldins:llnu3u~n"faiu~i uoneinuir a~unasiniradiiiu?unuqlw

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l ~ ~ s i i i n v i l # ~ r z ~ o a ' n n " ~ B m ~ ~ ~ a i u v o ~ ~ a ' n n i s l u n i u i u o ~ ~ u o t l i ~ r i o ~ i err iau l f l ~iimn.nu~ula~arn~uquo'mni~i~n:ar4~~wn'ngms Qwiqnainrlia:ninuinroii~i

a U B d l o r ~ r r ~ n ~ m n d o n ~ i u ~ i a n ~ ' i ~ ~ n : n - i r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i n ~ i u i i u n ~ o i u i u r~ntninuidunir

k&aai~unirinwlAonm?$ulo.j Gn5ninnirnRi8nn j a u o a i ~ ~ i i nirlminsii 9, d ilnlnlur:bgmuin~iibioU'~~~d~naiuds~nir ~~a:wuiuiunmciuln@nua#o~li;u

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&iu8miaJ A d bioldi~~&diQSnotliqnuq lou?iiun~~hvin'urzuunis#nvi~oduun'u~iu

d.=. 4 miunnuij~lluunr:~~nwn'n (nr:llnnaiun'~Xiuiainir~n~a1nri:N"1aruo~qv~I~u

tj~iu~dudaulwoj) !#imuiuiauiidniuwa355't~ 1970 im:nn?ssv 1980 Ifi~l?fi

b1niuiiwknqslmdanp1in35~du5ai5: nfon?rPi!duu?ol#in'u1~u3?fi~i~nfl?~uu A A

1~o:.r:l~uui auoqna?3uu 11RI?1~i!dq~~1ini'1~#iiiunivi?~ini5ou~wou"i!ddni5

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ninu1n.r ~la:'livhlflnoiuniwvo~na?anp~iafiaq (d~!lildu!dociw~n~un~un~u d l#na?anviystuini5fiunivi8u~n5~iia:~n"vu) lleinisllunnaianp1i1#1duSn5:n"o

, ~ i l d ~ g f i d i $ 1 " ~ V ~ ~ ~ l 5 d ~ 5 ~ 9 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ 1 5 l u " ~ ~ ~ ~ : ~ : ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 1 ~ ~ # ~ l l ~ 9 ! ~ ! 6 l d ~ # ~ 6 ~ ~

~ia:!dliamnrn.~lgu~iuvou (marginality) 1d~iwindi!dq'ltuin]50:fli~#1n"fini5

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- 1~~ninni~ i in~ iu~o~ni~da~~"9aruin~iu1du~$1s:vo~na"~1nwi i~arllu?~clnaiCuu

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h o q a ~ 4 i o ~ w i n c l ~ ~ u u ~ n ' f i ~ 4 f i ~ a u u i ~ ~ u l u n i ~ ~ n v i ~ ~ n : n ~ i ~ $ i i ~ 9 " u i u ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ ! 6

duf ns:nloy30nms Rdil#noli#nm.~~i~!ddoodinwl~~iu:nivi3~11~n4oainw5"A~

~ 4 h T I l l f (Sheridan, 1990. P. 49)

n k o i n i l d d i u ~ o ~ k i h d i ~ q nfi'i8milduhql4idnaiui8uniui?~i$d J n~iunui~:im:nfli~n~:~~nnaiu~uI~~~invu i~64iluui~iliyu&~ioe~w'~i~aiiinfi?

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nui ia iadf lmi 1mrijqlmm.rui~nno~i(e(i~~iinfi?~n~i~8'oz! (Davies and

Holloway, 1995) nr:iuirbiu n f i ~ ~ n l n i i ~ ~ ~ u m r u o u ~ u o i n a ~ ~ " ~ ~ i n i ~ ~ u p ~ u :

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nziu ir~lun~nrsu 1980 n~iiinpIiti~a(iD~~i~d~zt~u~qniia~~q#u IUYIR~~IY

1990 n~ ~ # n l n 6 ~ # a 5 i ~ w ~ n g m s d ~ : ~ o u ~ d d ~ t w ~ i U ' n n ~ ~ t g u o i ~ ~ u u ~ u o t n ~ 5 n i ~ ~ 1 0 1 9 6 nqu$ndu'uu rnsnf1'lrtuowiluwfi'nqm5 n1~0~annou~mzn~5~il~~n#np~ittnz

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gnuinna?win~oirm"%uN'o~8uuYfn"ufiu 11~iK1uotludn~uwUdc nir1floni~1f~iu

1(u'?uiiau3uu w~o~#iuiiauasu%u ni~rinfi3i?nnri derifiunirhh Ji1ddnlrQnirik

mr8nv11du-~iiu~~~anp11 (Men Studies) d~~:~~~dr:~u~~donirnfi~naiu~$i~o~u a d o unlnnvo~aiuuarwty~neriuuioino~miiidui~ur amnaarrv 1980 - 1990 mr

~ i ~ d ~ ~ l ~ $ ~ ~ l 6 ~ 8 9 ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ 1 9 I W ~ (Gender Studies) 8 WiMalu$nY l i ~ U ~ ~ u ~ Q n ~ p J

~iazawJ~oiu?ni

T~un/d~~hnii?l#i i lunaarrp~ 1990 n~38mil#i~uJiwifiu~o~'IddnlrQnaiu pl s n u l o l u ~ ~ o ~ n ~ i u u ~ n d i ~ r : w i i ~ n ~ ~ ~ g w t y ~ # ~ u i i ~ &rSu?iini.r~iinnuwuiuodi~~~

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ndilnvilu ynnmrrv 1990