h

i " w

Economic and EnvironmentalAspects of Public Health uring the third in aseriesof

D PIDS Resource Speakers' Fo.The Public Health Situation in the Philippines _, thistimefocusedon thesubject of"Economics of Public Health,"

he country faces a lot of'difficul- could afford to pay for Medicare and other Dr. MetodioPalaypay, SeniorClinicPhy-

T ties in its promotion of public health care plans, sician at the University of the Philip,health, foremost of which are bet- At the Philippine General Hospital pines' Health Services and a Consultativetlenecks in the supply of health services (PGH), for instance, those who benefit Volunteer on matters of health to theand excessive demand for such, due to from free medicines ate people who Chairman of the Committee on Health atpopulation growth, poverty and the effects have connections with the hospital staff, the Congress of the Philippines, made in.of environmental deterioration. Therefore, when a poor man needs free cisive assessments and workable propos-

The nation's ability to provide health medicine, the hospital has already run out als to improve the country's healthservices is severely constrained by its of supply. One study shows that for every delivery system.

scarce budget which contributes greatly 20 patients, only one will be subsidized Speaking on various aspects of issuestothelackofmedicines, insufficiencyand for thecostofthedrugs. Therestwillhave related to public health. Dr. Palaypayinefficiency of medical personnel and the to buy their own medicine, analyzed the health situation in the coun-lack of medical supplies and facilities. Concentration of health and medical try, describing each issue in detail, sup-Competent doctors and nurses numbering sevices in Metro Manila has not necessar- ported by statistics. Given the scarce

about 100,000 are "brain-drained" annu- ily benefitted its population signifi- health budget, he presented various op-ally. In fact, the country ranks second in candy, however. The bias towards super- tions which the government may con-the worldin exporting doctors andnurses, specialization in the medical profession sider, such as the alternative and adapt.•'*t its people is wanting in medical atten- is visible in institutions like the Heart able health technology which makes use

in. In addition, the development and Center, Kidney Center and Lung Center of indigenous and economical materials..___)tivation for the mobilization of the which cater to the very few class A-B In addition, Dr. Palaypay proposed a

67,000 employees of the Department of citizenry. This super-specialization ne- sanitary_ efficient and income-generatingHe',dthis notthefieldofspecializationof (To Page 2) way of waste disposal which is a very

doctors who compriseThesethedoctorsmajoritYof_Of-lV_ J a_J:._o important factor in promoting publichospital managers, are _P'-'_lll_lll_[_'_l_/ll__ health. His proposals, contained in thisten not goodmanagers, although they may issue's main article may prove valuable,be good in the medic',d profession, not only to the country's decisionmakers

About 90 percent of the total taxes Economicand on health but also to the generalpublic as

paid by both urban and rural population Environmental Aspects well.are circulating in Metro Manila, while of Public Health ................ 1 Also in this issue is the Sixth in a

the remaining 10 percenl_are subdivided Update (Seminars) .............. 7 series of the Clearinghouse Projectamong the 73 provinces of the country. In where completed, ongoing and future re.effect, the bulk of medical personnel and search projects on economic develop-facilities is in Manila and other urban Supplement ment are listed. Under the Update

centem, while the rural areas are far behind A, Clearinghouse Project Section, we continue to report the latestin medical attention. Also, the benefits B, Bills on Economic Affairs events and seminars conducted by PIDS.of government health programs, suppos- This issue also features the first in aedly aimed to help the poorest sector of series of Senate andHouse Bills on Eco.the society, accrue instead to people who List of PIDS publications ..... 8 nomic Affairs which will serve to monitor

are GSIS and SSS members -- those who bills relating to the economy. •I I IIIIIIIIIIII IIII I _ IIIII I IIIIIIIII

2, Development Research News

glects the larger majority of the populace with many children tend to belong to thewho cannot even avail of a simple health poorest sector with very little means tocare system. Moreover, it requires sophis- afford even the basic health services.ticated technology and imported equip- Bearing and nurturing a child is a wastedment. The acquisition of this technology investment if the child will die after hisand exluipment is a further drain m the flrstbinhdaydne to lack ofantibiotics andcountry's already fight budget, immunization. Even in military reports,

The Philippines is ranked the lowest the list of casualties in one year is almost

I m the world in terms of protein-deficient similar to the number of children under

t t t is a mistake for countries, yet one ofits provinces, lloilo, six years old who die within ten daysafterexports the best quality protein-richprawns birth due to lack of medical attention.

•... I; ,,i,ioOllcymarker s to to Japan. Ironically, there are a lot of The military reports in fact show that outmalnourished children in Iloflo. of three soldiers who died, only one

prescribe only one set ,. the countryside, the distribution of actuaUy died in a clash, the other two diedsocial services is highly influenced by of diseases.

of health " ':"'loo,,cy for all poli.calfactors such as politicians' The crowded small houses, espe-

the regions in the requests to have at least onehospital in cially in the slum areas,provide littletheir own districts. The granting of these room for ventilation. The lack of fresh air,

COU ntry without con- requests neglects the areas which are in plusthe smoking habits ofsome membersdire need of more medical facilities, of the households contribute to the hioh

"sidering the socio- ,. addition, unstable political situ- incidence of bronchitis, pneumoniaation prevents medical personnel from cancer in these areas, especially among

cultural norms, tra- reachingouttothefax-flungareas.One children under six years of age.study shows that in areas where cases of The unsanitary environment contrib-

ditions and needs of insurgency are high, the delivery ofbasic utes significantly to the degtaded health

each region " socialservices, especially health services, situation. It has been found out that 90• isat its lowest. It is therefore amistake for tmrcentof diseases come from filth. People

policymakers to prescribe only one set of are unaware that improper garbage/wastehealth policy for all the regions in the disposal system which clogs canals andcountry, without considering the consis- breeds flies, endangers their lives whentency of such policies with the socio- they inhale the polluted air and eat thecultural norms, traditions and needs of foodwhereamosquitooraflyhadlandedeach region. (Figure 1).

The health problem is also aggra- Because of the unsanitary environ-vated by the large population. Families ment, the country is losing in terms of

opportunities in theconsumer business.Dirty public markets which are 1percent Filipino-owned,tum away ma.,y

_.= -__ /' SUMMERDIARRHEA consumerstowards cleaner groceries_ which axe mostly owned by foreigners.

s,_ TY_Ht_D} [. TUBERCULOSIS Likewise, the more pressing prob-

EGGS ?It ,,_ ANTHRAX lemsof alcoholism, drug addiction andcigarette (tobacco)smoking ate not yet

cause the country is still preoccupied,with resolving the basic health care prob-

--" * "_""_b_HOLERA_TESTINAL WORMS lem. Televisioncommercialsonbeersand

,cigarettes are._till allowed The govem-

LA"=nva ___\ POLIOMYELITIS ment has no incentive to stop these be-

/._/'_/_! causeitalsog-,-__ b_onand1'9\_ HOUSEFLY b_on income, in the form of taxes, fromDYSENTERY

e--_//_///ll"i_-__ ""/' "_d_°e_!l • alcohol and nicotine, respectively. These

sca (a are called productivity hazard incomes, which do not all go to the Bureau of

PUP_ -¢'_' '_ --_!!_i-'''- Internal Revenuebut to casesof graft andFIGUREI, FILTH-BORNEDISEASES corruption.

iii i i i i uml i nllll ii

I Recommendations I forthetaxespaidbythebeerandcigaretteindustries. Surely, there are other worth-while and health-conducive forms of in-

The management of the country's vestments.health problems thus neccesitate ira- Since it has been found out that 90

provements in the supply of health and percent of diseases are filth-borne, themedical services, aswell as addressing the government should help develop afactors affecting demand for such. The sanitary, efficient and income-generat-following are recommended: ing way of waste/garbage disposal

system. The potential for this is large,

Decentralize the country's health and the substantial points axe as follows:

care system to improve the existing _ _--_ReCeverySyst E 1healthddiverysystem.Thisirnpliesthat eMateridi emandthe" co-aides'the management of funds will also be de- : : : _, .... :

centralized. In turn, this would help rm-,daere is a need to lookat the foci of for final pre-sorting at the center. The

minimize graft andcorruption among offi- rllthis health problem which is the en- two-way receptacle in every householdcials since funds shall no longer be heldin _-for thiswe employ N/r/a/y- shall be enforced, properly guided by ahuge amounts, sis (or analysis of Nidal, a Russian). For pre-sorting handbill, andby continuing in-

With deeenl_alization, the govern- instance, the Russians did not have epi- formation, education dissemination ofment could simultaneously establish an demics in their wars, as in the Bolshevik refuse recovery and recycling technology.

temative situational health technology Revolution,despite the freezing cold be-hich is consistent with speficic socio- cause they used Nidalysis. Another ex- Community Material Recovery

cultural norms, traditions and religious ample is Dr. Jose Rizal's solution to a System (MRS). The morgamc wastebeliefs in each region, health problem in Dapitan. As a physi- could be bought and recycled by glass,

This set up could provide the oppor- cian, Rizal acted with an ecological dis- plastic and paper factories. Thetunity to use indigenous resources such as patch by analyzing the situational needs government may also consider estab-herbal medicine which is more economi- ofDapitan - management of ainoebiasis lishing a fine. arts center in eachcal and affordable especially to the and cholera -- in terms of putting up a vocational school, encouraging the use ofpeople in the rural areas. For example, potable water system and a sanitary old newspapers in making papierdiarrhea can be cured by taking soda and sewerage disposal system in the area. He mr?chris. These could be an additionaldrinking buco juice. Further, this set up also installed an efficient and income- source of income since the country still

would be biased for the poor and disad- generating way of waste disposal, could not adequately supply the demandvantaged, the prime target group of from abroad for papier m3chds The

government health services. Reduce waste at generation point livelihood thrust of this community MRSas the ultimate goal ofsofid waste man. would mean providing the initial revolv-

Adopt the "baranganic" approach, agement. This willinvolve the household ing trust fund, tools like weighing scale,I_Sa starter, the people in the community members who will have to sort out or redemption-storage center, handcart, and

w,,,aldbe educated and trained not only in segregate the dry inorganic component of ecology aide training sessions. Properthe curative but also in the preventive waste such as paper, cartons, plastics, fin composting technology should be intro-ways ofhealth care such as environmental cans in another receptacle while setting duced as well as establishing contract

sanitation, aside the wet organic component of waste with factories engaged in buying andTapping the manpowerresoureepool in another container (Figure 2). Public selling raw materials that are recyclable.

in the communities is necessary in order markets must likewise have appropriate In fact, some 50 percent of our inor-

to augment the inadequate number of receptacles for each type of waste (such garlic wastes could be recycled byhealth personnel, especially in the rural as drums for liquids and food leftovers), factories. According to a World Bankareas. Given the situation wherein many study, if recycling is removed in the

ofthemedicalgraduatesinthePhilippines Establish StoragoRedemption Cen- Philippines, the underground economyprefer to work abroad, the govermnent ter in each community. The govern- would suffer because their survival de-must exert all efforts to be able to utilize ment could establish a Material Recovery pends on recyclable items, and worse,what the country has on hand, i.e., the System (like a junk shop) in each comer consumers will end up buying a plasticmembers of the local community, of a barangay where households' and basin or a pail for 300 instead of 50

because factories will be using virginmarkets' waste, retrieved by ecology-A ¢ost-and-lmaefit analysis is in order aide collectors using handcart for acces- plastics.

with regard to alcoholism and smoking, sibility, couldbe stored. A storage center Moreover, 20 percent of our wastes

There is a need for the government to ana- with appropriate tools and handcarts can could be used as animal feeds and anotherlyze how much it stands to lose in the designate regular time for the ecology 20 percent for fertilizers. Fertilizers could

be obtained from compost-making. Theform of diseases and crimes in exchange aide to retrieve the pre-segregated waste (To page 4)

IIII I I I I I I I II Illll II III Ill

remaining 10percent of our sewerage could

be used as fillers for macadamized roads I ibefore putting asphalt, or fuel for the bio- 1 I[ 2 3 I 4 I 5

gas tank.For example,RepublicFlour GENERATIONII COLLECTION RECYCLING iI uTILIZATIONII DISPOSALMills (RFM) Corp..has already completed _ t ' ' " ' I '_I .

its bio-gas tank; it only needs replication. I COMPOSTING] _i ,_] [To remember these recyclableitems, 1. PITwe employ the wordREFUSE, which HOUSEHOLDi

• ,; i=:1The letter F stands for feeds, fertilizer, iIfuel, fillers, fme arts crafts and factory

returns, as indicatedin Figure 3. Here, we f |show ways of waste reduction using the

,ipi oo, 'recovery that will lead towards practi- I ,HOUSEHOLDS

benefits derived by the community such

as cleanliness, livelihood, ecological green- I- REJECTS

ing - edible and functional landscaping I

and maximizing the use of raw materials PRE-SORTINGII li , I•FILL'G MAT

aside f_om reducing harborages for pest DELIVERY PROCESSING IUSES/MARKETING]IND,FUEL

and ir_ects, hence disease transmission is I I I I

controlled Other forms of garbage calledrejects or fillers which cannot be recycledwill be picked up at least once a week by FIGURE 2. A MATERIAL RECOVERY SYSTEMgovernment dump trucks (compactor l

type) for disposal at new filling (landfill) Health's statistics show that for the past MRS, garbage disposalwhich has alwayssites, fifty years, the top ten diseases in the been a problem since the time of Presi-

We need waste reduction manage- country are brought about by these food- dent Magsaysay could now be solved.ment for every dense urban communities, borne orpest-borne diseases.These in- The people would now have apoUution-In every community, effective waste chide typhoid, parasitism, gastroenteri- free environment like Singapore wheremanagement lies in the proper collection tis, cholera, tetanus, infectious hepa- sewerage is stored and transformed intoof waste. The collection of garbage andits titis, tuberculosis, malaria, H-Fever, po- 90 megawatts of electricity. Their systemdisposal has always been a problem of liomyelitis, amoebiasis, and others, is a modem facility which is air-condi-many fast growing urban communities. In Since yearly we spend-P900million tioned, with a push-button system andMetro Manila alone, about 3,500 metric for the removal of garbage that clogs our monitored by white-gowned engineers.

tons of solid wastes are being generated Metro Manila drainage, we might as well There ate, however, also some projleveryday. About 46percent of the total minimize such expenditure by setting up lemswhich could make the MRS difficilMetro Manila revenue goes to garbage in every strategic area a waste redemption to set up.collection and disposal. The problem of center to buy the factory returnables and

wastes disposal has long been besetting the compost.the urbanresidents and have even caused Garbage recycling will certainly

various health and sanitation problems. Solve one half of the problem of sanita-

Much has been said and done, and elabo- tion-linked diseases, apart from provid- R£ USE "rate plans to abate the problem have been ing additional income for the barangay

put forward but these ouly 1ooked good and itspeople beeause the Bureau of , %___--_._,_.on paper or were either shelved or not Internal Revenue (BIR) could now tax the '_fully implemented due to limited funds, barangays. An experiment was conducted

The traditional and outmodedprac- in San Andres Market where an MRS was

tice of wastes disposal involved garbage set up, accepting all recyclable inorganic

collection which ends up in a dump site. itemslike tetra-bricpacks, cullets (pieces _ " _- :_r_ _'e_e_/::: . ,_ , • •

The dump • site, wherever it be, is an of broken boules) and plastics, in ,,'%_

eyesore and a veritable breeding ground, exchange for. cheez curls, a snack variety, c_._for cockroaches, flies, rats and pest, which When .rainy season came, there were noin turn cause the transmission and prolif- floods nor clogging because canals were

erafion of many pest-borne diseases and flee of garbage.food-borne diseases. Our Department of •With the effective implementation of

:llf_commendat_onsi,foran The government must also reconsider

ARernative _rag e certain priorities in its policies, such as.... giving priority to the provision of housing

"In planning for an facilities when what people need at theeffective public health moment is to have three square meals a

"In planning for an effective public day.policy, priority must be health policy, priority must be taken sotaken so that the waste - that the waste reduction concept is under- The Role of the Bureau of Internal

reductionconceptisun- stood and implemented at every house- Revenue (BIR).The BIR must operation-hold level or at the waste generation alize the existing pollution rebate tax

derstood and imple- level." Thekeytoitssuccessistheforma- which serves as incentive to manufactur-

mented at every house- tion of a joint multi-agency board for ers and factory owners. It should alsowaste policy-support consisting of the come up with an incentive to motivate the

hold level or at the waste- local police, Board of Investments (BOI), concerned factories to buy materials such

generation level," Deparment of Education, Culture and as papers, plastics, tin cans, bottleslSports (DECS), BIR, Department of cardboard, etc. from the community-

Agriculture (DA), National Economic based waste-redemption/storage centerand Development Authority (NEDA) to for their recycling purposes. These

lPr, !_1_ 1 monitor for the Cabinet, Depamnent of factories can apply the pollution taxJ_JlslIlI|. tile jlRerJlll.J_lt_¥My Tourism (DOT), and the media, under the rebate as an incentive. The receipts

leadership umbrella of the Department ofissued by the waste-redemtion/storage

Health. center will be honored upon accreditationColonial mentality. In one case, the by the BOI or the Department of Local

plastics which clogged canals were trans- For a starter, the government could Government (DLG) as legitimate memberformed into "eslon pipes" by certain put up an action brigade for sanitation in of the Waste Reduction Management

engineers. Unfortunately, consumers pre- every barangay which could be a forum Program. This wiil encourage all the scrapfer to buy imported "asbestos pipes" for sanitary healtheducationincludingthe buyers and factory owners to buy the re-from Australia. As a result, the squatters, introduction of the MRS in the commu- cycled papers, tins, cardboard, brokenseeing no buyers for their pipes from nity. The NEDA could spearhead this bottles collected by the barangay as partrecycled materials, did not bother to re- brigade together with several government of the livelihood scheme of the commu-

trieve the plastics from canals anymore, agencies, nity.Penalties should be imposed o_ people

Lack of political will. There axe Support for the Implementation of who throw unsorted waste/garbage insome, if not all, local officials who may the Material Recovery System (MRS). their MRS. Therefore, a monitoring sys-not fmd the concept acceptable becanse it The various government agencies must temshouldalsobesetupineachbarangay.means putting a stop to the bribes from spearhead in motivating everyone to

Orters which they often avail of contribute to the success of waste The Role of the Board of Invest-ng the use of imported fillers in reduction, merits (BOI). The BOI must encourage

macadamized roads, all the factories to utilize the relevant

materials among the recycled waste thatFIGURE 3. SIX "F" SCHEME FOR RECYCLING DOMESTIC WASTES are retrieved from the residential areas.

The BaT can link-up the investment of

] various factories with that of the liveli-

hood program on waste recycling.They

NON-COMPOSTIBLESFACTORYRETURNABL_ Can even come up with something like

50 % [ m_- ARtscRAfts , "adopt a barangay" scheme.

1COMBUSrlBLE COMPONENt5

HOUSEHOLDSWASTE: __ The Role of the Department of Ag-

1_20./.[rEEOSMarER,ALSfl "11 riculture (DA). The role of the DA is to

assure the barangay livelihood project

" zo*/.lFERr,L,ZE COMPOS..L_S thattheyarewillingtosupporttheusersof• MATeRIaLS the compost materials derived from the

organic waste, They can send techni-

10% j A.F_aEwooo_rE_SALS cians tOassist the barangayon theproperB.FLAMMARL[GAS way of organic composting. They can

ALMOST 0% FILLING MATERIALS, ) II ) COMPOSTIBLEm WET producepamphlets on various ways ofcomposting wet orgamc waste. This

will include proper collection of feeds UPDATE... frompage'7' _ ployment, wages and productivity 'onsuch as kitchen slops, pigswill and food future developments.left-overs through an effective retrieval Economics, Tariff Commission and PIDS Deputy Executive Director Carl-

system, participated in the training, dad Dequiros of the National Wages5. RdB (Relational Database) Council of the Department of Labor

The Role of the City/Municipal This training was held on December 12- and Employment (DOLE) commented onAuthorities, City and municipal officials 14, 1988 at the Decision Systems Train- the paper.will have to designate proper areas for re- ing Center in Singapore Airlines Build- The second part of the seminar fo-demption-storage center as well as the ing along Horacio dela Costa, S.J. cused on the paper by Dr. Rosario G.proper site for composting/nursery-seed- Street in Makati, Metro Manila. The Manasan, also a Research Fellow at PIDS,ling area. EDP unit together with other PIDS staff on "Employment Effects of Selected

attended the three-day seminar. •" Structural Adjustment Policies in theThe Role of the Department of Philippines@" The paper tackles the em-

_lucafion, Culture and Sports(DECS). Employment Impacting ploymentimpactsof certainstructuralad-The DECS must institutionalize the Policy Issues Discussed jnstment policies like the tariff reformteaching of the environmental-ecologi- in Seminar. and import liberalization programs, in-

dustrial promotion incentives, wage pol-cal recycling concept among the students A two-part seminar on "Employ- icy and other related reforms. Economicas well as the parents through the Parents ment impacting Policy Issues" wasTeachers Association (PTA). They can Development Analyst Vioente K. Fabellainvite the DA's technician, an agticultur- held on November 28, 1988 at PIDS,ist, to conduct composting technology NEDA sa Makati Building. The first of the Trade, Industry and Utilities Sta_

part was conducted by Dr. Edna A. of the NEDA commented on the secoqsession or organic nature farming/ Reyes, Research Fellow at PIDS, who paper.gardening. ThePTAcouldprovideincen- An earlier seminar on the sametire prizes for the cleanest community discussed on "Employment, Wages and

Productivity in the Philippine Labor topic was held last November 15, alsowiththemostefficientwaste management Market: An Analysis of Trends and Poli- at PIDS, in order to generate commentsprogram as well as conduct slogan c'ompe- cies," which is also a paper by Dr. Reyes and suggestions from the PIDS staff.tition and posters on this topic, in collaboration with Edwin Milan and Representatives from the National

Ma. Theresa Sanchez, Research Associ- Wages Council (NWC) of the Depart-The Role ef the Depm-lmem of Loeal ates at PIDS ® merit of Labor and Employment (DOLE),

Government (DLG). The DLG can allow The paper provides a compreben- United States Agency for Internationaleven only the percent ofthe realty tax to be sive historical account of policies and Development (USAID), NEDA, Tradeutilized for the waste reduction manage- policy changes directly or indirectly Union Congress of the PMlippims CIUCP),ment to operationalize the community related to employment, wages and la- University of the Philippines, PhilippineMRS livelihood component. They may bor productivity. It also analyzes the News and Features (PNF-Media) andeven sendtrainorsto conduct seminars on PIDS, participated in the November 28proper composting; how to set-up the trends in those areas while assessing the• seminar. •storage-redemption center and to design impact of present policies on em-

the handcart, including the proper tools The Role of Law and Law Enforce- community is to develop a three-pron_ufor seedling nursery. They can also assist merit Agencies. There is a need for some approach in every barangayor society thatin locating the proper site forthe organic legal reforms to formalize some of the is:(1)prioritythrustinwastemanagementcomposting area as well as the redemption informal activities related to the MRS. and sanitation to control pest and poilu-center. An initial step would be to legalize the tion; (2) good child care program; and (3)

junk shop which will be renamed Mate- a good maternal health program. Budg-The Role of the Technology Re- rial Recovery System. Subsequently, there etary, institutional and legal support are

source Center (TRC). The TRC can should be moves to legalize the scaven- necessaryforthematerialrecoverysystemproduce trainors who will conduct the live- gers who will be called eco-aides. The to become operational. Since the healthlihoed component such as composting tech- government should give them an accred- authorities have relegated their functionnology, nursery-seedling use of organic ited area where they could buy recy- into advisory and technical support to wastecomposL conversion of dry inorganic waste clable items, and they should be provided management in every municipality, thematerials into paper-mache craft; bones an initial capital of, say, in500, problem of waste and diseases will con-into bonecraft; plastics into plastic crafts; Encouragement and protection to all tinue to be a perenial problem. Thewoods into woodcrafts, tin cans into metal accredited MRS handcart should be pro- neglect by the health authorities on this

crafts, and others. They can also invest vided, aspect will result to more importation ofsome amount for the conversion of some Finally, as cited by the World Health drugs due to increased sanitation-llnked

of the collected waste into feeds for ani- Organization (WHO), on environmental diseases, and importation of pesticidesmals, factory returnable/re-use or fine art sanitation in a technical series bulletin, due to increasing harborage of pest. •craft materials, the fastest way to improve the health of the

.It I III I I I I ,...==. ,,. , ,

, NOvember'-December, 1988 7

Bautista on Computable mgSeminars in November at the NEDASa Makati Building. These ate as fol-

General Equilibrium Model lows:An in-house staff seminar on the

"Computable G-eneralEquilibrium Model'' UPDATE l. EDPFundamentals. Thissemi-was held on November 4, 1988 at the " nar aimed to provide basic and frequently

PIDS, NEDA sa Makafi Building. Dr. used concepts on data processing in

Romeo Bautista of the International SEMINARS computers. The training was held onFood Policy Research Institute in Wash- November 16, 1988 by Glenn L. Sipin,Research Associate at PIDS.

ington D.C., U.S.A. discussed his study ......... 2. Basic Principles in Program-entitled "Macroeconomic Models for plained the appropriate roles of govern- ruing with Application in SAS (StatisticalEast Asian Developing Countries." merit and private sector in the production Analysis System) Language Held

This study reviews theMacroecon- and distribution of services. Hispaper on November l7,1988, this seminar taughtomic Model (MEM) and Computable also analyzed the policy choices avail- participants the basics of programming

General Equilibrium (CGE) on develop- able so as to generate from internal with SAS language as an example. Theing economies in East Asia. The study sources the health resources needed forcourse outline includes procedure de-

also addresses data-related problems in the next decade. Representatives from scription, basic structure of a language,bothtypesofmodelanddiscusseshow nu- the University of the Philippines' Col- and data declaration. The latterpart ofmerical values of model parameters are lege of Public Health (UPCPH) and the training also introduced basic SASdetermined. Ways by which the MEM School of Economics (UPSE), De La

language and other SAS software. This

lid CGE models are solved and validated Salle University (DLSU), Ateneo de training was conducted by Crescencio'l_ere further discussed while the applica- Manila University (AdMU) and the PIDS R. Jovellanos, EDP Specialist of the In-tion of these models to East Asian attended the forum. []developing countries for economic stitute.projection and policy analysis were de- 3. Introduction to SAS in VMSscribecL Emergency Funding Through (Virtual Memory System) Environment

The seminar was attended by repre- Cooperative Credit Unions The training aimed to effectively andsentatives from the NEDA and the PIDS How does one obtain a short-term efficiently use the SAS package in the

staff. • loan in case of emergency? This was VMS environment.the topic of the PIDS Resource Included in the training are runningSpeaker's Forum: Fifth of a Series, held SAS jobs in VMS environment, SASAn Economist's View on on November 16, 1988 at PIDS, NEDA output files and the WORK Library, SAS

Health Care sa Makati Building. Dr. Mario B. files and options in the VMS environ-The fourth of the PIDS Resource Lambette, Vice-President of PIDS, served merit and access to extemal files.

Speaker's Forum Series was held on as the discussion leader during the fo- This and the earlier two otherNovember 10, 1988 at the PIDS, NEDA rum. trainings accomodated participants from

_ Makati Building, on the topic "The Dr. Lamberte, together with Joven other agencies such as the Tariff Com-momics of Primary Health Care". Z. Balboza of the University of the mission, among others.

The discussion leader was Dr. Ralph Philippines' School of Economics, ear- 4. SAS Training - The four-dayAndreano, Professor of Economics at the Tier conducted a reseaxch study on the traimng held from November 21-24,University of Wisconsin and regarded "Informal Savings and Credit Institu- 1988 was conducted by Alvin Au,as one of the world's best health econo- tions With Focus on Cooperative Credit Technical Support Manager of the SASmists. Dr. Andreano presented the high- Unions" which is at present being cir- Institute in Hongkong. The traininglights of his paper entitled "The Chal- culated as Working Paper Series No. covered a wide area of concerns,lenges to HFA (Health For All) by the 88-06 and is available for sale at the from creating SAS data sets from dif-Year 2000 and PHC (Primary Health PIDS office. This seminar was conducted ferent types of file, computing de-

Care) : An Economist's Perspective. Dr. in connection with certain proposals to scriptive statistics, merging SAS dataAndreano pointed out certain contradic- look into various schemes which the PIDS sets, writing reports and an introduc-

tions in the concepts of I-IFA and staff could avail for emergency purposes, don to full-screen data entry and re-PHC and showed how the policy It was the concensus that a PIDS Coop- trieval, to actual hands-on at the PIDSprescriptions given to countries could be erative Credit Union could be the answerJl computer room.distorted. His paper discussed the Representatives from the Central

issues involved and the trade-offs be- Bank, National Economic and Develop-tween equity and efficiency. He sug- EDP Training Program for mere Authority (NEDA), Department of

gested that new resources for health Staff Development Finance - Planning, Agricultural Creditwill have to come from internally- The EDP Unit of PIDS conducted a Policy Council (ACPC), U.P. School of

generated sources. Dr. Andrea_no ex- series of basic and advance EDP Tram- Turn to page 6

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