HIV/AIDS, Food and Nutrition Security:

The RENEWAL Initiative in Sub-Saharan Africa

www.ifpri.org/renewal

Stuart Gillespie and Bruce Frayne

13 August 2006, International AIDS Conference, Toronto, Canada

HIV and AIDSHIV and AIDS

Food and nutrition insecurityFood and nutrition insecurity - chronic- chronic

- acute- acute

Vulnerability of Livelihood Systems

Vulnerable Groups - Orphans, Elderly, Female and Youth Headed Households,

Effect on InstitutionsCommunity-based, Civil society, Market, State, Global

OutcomesNutrition, Food Security, Education, Community Cohesion, Income

Effect on AssetsHuman, Financial, Social, Natural, Physical, Political

ResponsesIndividual, Household, Community

Susceptibility

HIV

Stigma and Discrimination

Strengthening resistance to HIV and resilience to AIDS

The Regional Network on HIV/AIDS, Rural

Livelihoods, and Food Security (RENEWAL)

Facilitated by IFPRI, RENEWAL brings together national networks of researchers, policymakers, public & private

organizations, and NGOs to focus on the interactions between HIV/AIDS and food and nutrition security.

History of RENEWAL

2000 Exploratory IFPRI work on AIDS and food security2001-2 RENEWAL launched in Malawi and Uganda2003 Network-building, think tanks, workshops

Zambia and South Africa join RENEWAL2004 RENEWAL 1 (unraveling interactions)

Case studies and synthesis on OVCs2005-2006 National advisory panels formed

Regional coordinator recruitedIFPRI Food Policy Review (>150 studies reviewed)Durban Conference, and bookKenya joins RENEWAL, Ethiopia start-up activitiesRENEWAL 2 (improving policy and programs)

2007-2010 RENEWAL 3 (toward sustainable livelihoods)

Goal of RENEWAL

To ensure food and nutrition security in the context of AIDS epidemics, and to maximize the food and nutrition sector’s contribution to a comprehensive global response to AIDS

Core pillars/processes of RENEWAL

Action research

CommunicationsCapacity

RENEWAL Core Countries:Kenya, Uganda, Malawi, South Africa, Zambia

NATIONAL COORDINATOR

IFPRI contract

RENEWAL PROJECTS

Action Research

Capacity Strengthening

Communications

Implemented by RENEWAL Partners

RENEWALDIRECTOR

IFPRI - Geneva

RENEWAL NETWORK FACILITATORInternational Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)

FUNDING

International and country level

donors & agencies

PROPOSALS

Developed jointly by RENEWAL Partners and

IFPRI

International Peer ReviewREGIONAL

COORDINATOR

IFPRI - Addis

NATIONAL ADVISORY PANEL (NAP)

Guides, prioritizes & endorses proposals

RENEWAL NATIONAL NETWORKNational Focal Institution

RENEWAL network of networks

IFPRI

Common principles

South Africa network

Kenya

Uganda network

Zambia network

Ethiopia

Malawi network

The Effects of HIV/AIDS on Agricultural Production Systems in Zambia: A Restudy

CARE International ZambiaInternational HIV/AIDS Alliance, FAO

HIV/AIDS and Community Resilience in Zambia: Understanding the Implications for Food and Nutrition Policies

Farming Systems Association of ZambiaMinistry of AgricultureMichigan State UniversityIFPRI Washington DC

HIV/AIDS, Food and Nutrition Security in South Africa: Understanding and Responding

University of Western Cape, South AfricaIFPRI, Washington DC

Promoting agricultural innovation in AIDS affected rural households in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Farmer Support Group, KwaZulu-NatalVrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

HIV/AIDS, land reform and land-based livelihoods in 3 provinces in South Africa

Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa

Impact of HIV/AIDS on inter- and intra-generational information flows among smallholder farmers, Malawi

Chancellor College, MalawiICRISAT-Malawi

HIV/AIDS, rural livelihoods and depeasantisation in Malawi: finding pathways to social recovery

CARE International MalawiCenter of Social Research, MalawiUniversity of Leiden, Netherlands

Farming Systems and Resilience to HIV/AIDS in Malawi

Institute for Policy Research and Analysis for Dialogue, Blantyre, Chancellor College

RENEWAL 1 Studies (2004-2006)

Title Partners

Dealing with vulnerability: parents efforts to secure the future of their children

Regional University of Cape Town, University of KwaZulu Natal, IFPRI, Southern Africa Vulnerability Initiative (SAVI)

Tuberculosis: An Additional Tipping Stress to Poor Households in South Africa and Zambia

Stellenbosch University, S.Africa; University Teaching Hospital, Zambia

HIV/AIDS, Food and Nutrition Security and Urban-Rural Linkages in Southern Africa

IFPRI, RENEWAL, Southern African Migration Project

Impact of a Nutrition Intervention for People Living with HIV and its role in their Support Systems

Kenya Moi University, AMPATH, IFPRI, Columbia University, USA, World Bank

HIV/AIDS Mortality and the Role of Woodland Resources in the Maintenance of Household Food Security in Rural Limpopo Province.

South Africa

SUNRAE Program; University of Witwatersrand, University of Colorado at Boulder, USA

Gender Issues in HIV/AIDS and Food/Nutrition security among Internally Displaced People’s Camps in Uganda

Uganda Makerere University

Land Ownership and Food Security in Uganda: A Study of the Use and Control of Land Among Households of Women Affected by HIV/AIDS in Four Districts

Makerere University and National Community of Women Living with HIV/AIDS

The Effects on Rural Livelihoods of Increasing Rates of HIV/AIDS-related Illness and Death in Zomba South, Malawi

Malawi Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Bunda College of Agriculture, Zomba

Stigma/Discrimination within the HIV/AIDS, Food Security and Gender Context in Ethiopia

Ethiopia Family Health InternationalRENEWAL

RENEWAL 2 Studies (2006-2008)

RENEWAL 3

Protecting Livelihoods and Ensuring Food Security in the Time of AIDS

2007-2010

RENEWAL 3:

• Research in three major thematic areas:

1. AIDS, agriculture and livelihood security

2. AIDS, community resilience and social protection

3. AIDS and nutrition security

• Capacity strengthening

• Communications

• Five core countries, but now also linking with others (e.g. Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Ethiopia, DRC, Mozambique)

• By 2010, networks become self-governing and self-reliant.

Theme 1: AIDS, Agriculture and Livelihood Security

• Does food insecurity increase risk of exposure to HIV?• How does HIV/AIDS interact with other stresses?• Why are some households vulnerable? Why are some households

resistant and/or resilient? What are the implications of multiple vulnerabilities for approaches to addressing HIV/AIDS and food and nutrition insecurity?

• How is agriculture affected by HIV/AIDS? How does AIDS erode agricultural assets or investment incentives? How important are these effects relative to others? How do these impacts play out over time? How do they influence agricultural sector performance?

• Internally, what modifications are needed so that the agricultural sector can contribute to poverty reduction in the context of AIDS?

• Externally, what measures should the agricultural development community employ in concert with other sectors to maximize attainment of common development goals (e.g. the MDGs)?

• How does the mobility of people and urban-rural linkages affect the spread of HIV and the impacts of AIDS on food and nutrition security?

Theme 1 activities

• Tracking dynamics of interactions– Longitudinal panel data, surveillance– INDEPTH network (APHRC, Agincourt)

• AIDS, fishing and livelihoods in the Great Lakes region– Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania

• Monitoring and evaluation of innovations/interventions– e.g. GART, KKCAF, Junior Farmer Field & Life Schools

Theme 2: AIDS, Community Resilience and Social Protection

• What characterizes a resistant and resilient community? • How to strengthen and extend effective community responses?• What is the appropriate balance between government-led and

community-led responses?• How can national policy learn from, and scale up, local responses?• How well do broader social protection programs target and respond

to changing constraints and needs of HIV-positive individuals and AIDS-affected groups and communities?

• What does social protection “through an AIDS lens” look like?• What works (principles, processes, interventions) in protecting

children affected by AIDS?

Theme 2 activities

• State and community in promoting resilience– Phase I: Southern Africa (Malawi, Zambia, South Africa)– Phase II: Eastern Africa (Kenya and Uganda) and India

• Collaborations– Joint Learning Initiative on AIDS and Children– UN & Partners Alliance on OVCs and Livelihoods– Others e.g. Oxfam Australia on resilience

Theme 3: AIDS and Nutrition Security

• How to link nutritional support, where needed, to ARV therapy effectively and sustainably?

• How to ensure sustainable nutrition security of affected households and communities?

• What does nutrition “through an HIV lens” look like, and what are the operational implications of rethinking nutrition from this perspective?

• What role does nutrition play in new approaches to AIDS-sensitive social protection?

Theme 3 activities

• Linking nutrition support with ARV treatment– GFATM, PEPFAR, WHO, UN SCN

• From short-term support to sustainable nutrition security– AMPATH (Kenya) follow-up– TASO (Uganda) linkage

Capacity strengthening• New strategy to be implemented• Strengthening RENEWAL’s physical network• Regional capacity development workshops, and proposal

development support (mentoring)• Maintaining and extending research partnerships, with

South-South and North-South links.• Strengthening IFPRI’s capacity through mainstreaming• Capacity progressively strengthened as communications

increases access to relevant information• Specific training and orientation in:

– Thematic knowledge, research methods, data analysis skills, project management, proposal writing, writing for publication, communication skills

Communications and knowledge management

• “Inreach” and outreach• New outreach strategy to be implemented

– Messages, stakeholders, tools– Who, what, how

• Revamped RENEWAL website• Updating living evidence base on web• Tool pool (concepts, principles, methods, processes)• Bibliography of key documents (links to other sites)• Building on RENEWAL and Durban conference networks

(links to UNAIDS, SADC, NEPAD, SARPN etc)• Briefs, papers, CDs, journal articles, books

Lessons and Challenges• Beware AIDS exceptionalism

– Use an HIV lens, not a filter• Think livelihoods, not agriculture• Beware “either/or” mentality

– ARVs are not the (single) answer• Being comprehensive, but also focused• Diversity, context-specificity…but need for scale-up• Use/adapt tools to move from understanding to responding• Evidence-based action (but don’t wait for last 5%!)• Learn by doing (action research), by monitoring, evaluating

and by communicating• Innovate, document and disseminate• Balancing quality, speed, and capacity• Link research with action, both ways