History of Ancient India Upto 1000 A · 2017. 7. 13. · (Units) (CONTENTS) (Page No.) 1. Ákphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds Lkzksr (Evidences of Ancient Indian History) 1 2. ÁkxSfrgkfld dky

History of Ancient India Upto 1000 A.DDHIS101

Edited by: Dr. Manu SharmaDr. Santosh Kumar

HISTORY OF ANCIENT INDIAEdited By

Dr Manu Sharma and Dr Santosh Kumar

Printed byLAXMI PUBLICATIONS (P) LTD.

113, Golden House, Daryaganj,New Delhi-110002

forLovely Professional University

Phagwara

DLP-7762-143-PRACHIN BHARAT KA ITIHAAS C—4706/012/02Typeset at : Excellent Graphics, Delhi Printed at : Sares Graphics (P) Ltd., Delhi

(SYLLABUS) (History of Ancient India)

• Ákphu Hkkjrh; lH;rk esa fla/kq vkSj oSfnd lH;rk dks le> iznku djus esaA

• Ákphu dky esa Hkkjrh; /keZ vkSj lekt esa fodkl ,oa ,sfrgkfld fodkl dks le>us esaA • Ákphu Hkkjr esa jktuhfrd fodkl] lkezkT;okn vkSj jktdh; jktuhfr le>us esaA

• fofHkUu izfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksa esa Nk=ksa dks enn djus esaA(Objectives)

• To provide an understanding to Ancient Indian Civilization such as Indus and Vedic. • To understand the historical developments and changes in the Indian religion and society during

Ancient times. • To understand the political developments, imperialism and monarchial polity of ancient India. • To help the students to prepare for various competitive exams.

Sr. No. Topics

1. Evidences of Ancient Indian History: Literature, archaeology, Epigraphy, Numismatics,

foreign travellers account.

Physical Features: Physical features of India and their influence on the Indian history

2. The Pre-Historic Cultures: Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Chalcolithic.

3. Indus Valley Civilization: Extent, Chronology, Origin, Society, Religion and Causes of decline.

4. The Vedic Age: Original homelands, The Aryans, Political, Social, Religious and Economic Life,

Difference and similarities between Indus Civilization and Vedic culture.

5. The Later-Vedic Age: Political, Social, Religious and Economic Life.

6. The Mauryas: ChandraGupta, Bindusara, Ashoka (Ashoka dhamm: its nature and

propagation), Successors of Ashoka

7. The Golden period: Guptas and their successors( to c.750 A.D.):Changes in political

organization of empire, Economy and Society, Literature and Sciences, Arts.

Samuragupta 'The Indian Napoleon': Extent of the empire, battles and Administration,

Disintegration of the Gupta Empire.

8. Religious movements: Jainism and Buddhism, Vardhamana Mahavira’s and Gautama

Buddha’s contribution. Causes of decline of Jainism, Factors for the spread of Buddhism,

Stupa architecture, Buddhist customs and manners.

9. Bhagvatism, Shaivism and Brahmanism: Main Characteristics, important leaders, extent in

India.

10. State Formation and Urbanization: Urbanization, Society, political history, Mahajanapadas,

Monarchies and Republics, Administration in Monarchies, Maps:- Important Historical places of Indus Valley Civilization, Ashoka’s Empire, Empire of Samundragupta, Extent of Gupta’s Empire

mís';

(Units) (CONTENTS) (Page No.)

1. Ákphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds Lkzksr (Evidences of Ancient Indian History) 1

2. ÁkxSfrgkfld dky ¼ik"kk.k dky½ [The Pre-Historic Age (Stone Age)] 20

3- flU/kq ?kkVh dh lH;rk ¼3250 bZñ iwñ ls 1750 bZñ iwñ rd½ (Indus Valley Civilization) 33

4. oSfnd dky (The Vedic Age) 60

5. mÙkjoSfnd dky (The Later-Vedic Age) 79

6. ekS;Zdky % pUnzxqIr] fcUnqlkj] v’kksd (Mauryas Period : Chandragupta, Bindusara, Ashoka) 96

7. v’kksd % lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa /kkfeZd lq/kkj (The Ashoka : Social, Economic and Religious Reforms) 143

8. xqIr lkezkT; (The Gupta’s Empire) 155

9. xqIrdkyhu Hkkjr (India in Gupta’s Age) 190

10. /kkfeZd vkUnksyu (Religious Movement) 212

11. tSu /keZ vkSj ckS) /keZ (Jainism and Buddhism) 218

12. Hkkxorokn] ’kSookn ,oa czkã.kokn (Bhagvatism, Shaivism and Brahmanism) 251

13. jkT;ksa dk laxBu ,oa uxjhdj.k (State Formation and Urbanization) 272

14. ekufp= (Maps) 307

Manu Sharma, Lovely Professional UniversityAmandeep Singh, Lovely Professional University


Santosh Kumar, Lovely Professional UniversityAmandeep Singh, Lovely Professional University



Manu Sharma, Lovely Professional UniversityVijay Kumar, Lovely Professional University

Santosh Kumar, Lovely Professional UniversityVijay Kumar, Lovely Professional University


Santosh Kumar, Lovely Professional UniversityVijay Kumar, Lovely Professional University


Santosh Kumar, Lovely Professional UniversityManu Sharma, Lovely Professional University

Manu Sharma, Lovely Professional University

Santosh Kumar, Lovely Professional University

Manu Sharma, Lovely Professional UniversityRipudaman Singh, Lovely Professional University

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bdkbZ—1% izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ Ïksr

bdkbZµ1: izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ Ïksr(Evidences of Ancient Indian History)

vuqØef.kdk (Contents)

mís'; (Objectives)

izLrkouk (Introduction)

1.1 izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ Ïksr (Sources of Ancient Indian History)

1.2 HkkSxksfyd ifjos'k (Geographical Setting)

1.3 Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ij Hkwxksy dk izHkko (Effects of Physical Features on Indian History)

1.4 izkphu tkrh;&Hkk"kk;h lewg (Ancient Ethnos-Linguistic Groups)

1.5 lkjka'k (Summary)

1.6 'kCndks'k (Keywords)

1.7 vH;kl&iz'u (Review Questions)

1.8 lUnHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)

mís'; (Objectives)

bl vè;k; osQ vè;;u osQ i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZ ;ksX; gksaxsµ

• izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ Ïksrksa dks tkuus esaA• Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ HkkSxksfyd ifjos'k dks le>us esaA


izR;sd ns'k dk bfrgkl mldh Hkkoh lUrfr osQ fy, ekxZn'kZd èkjksgj gksrk gSA vius iwoZtksa osQ egku dk;ks± ls

Hkkoh ihf

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2 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

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izkphu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl

rd Hkkjr us vR;Ur mUur laLÑfr dk fodkl dj fy;k FkkA nwljs] Hkkjr gh lalkj dk ,dek=k ,slk ns'k gS

ftldh lkaLÑfrd thouèkkjk vR;Ur izkphu dky ls fujUrj cgrh pyh vkbZ gSA lalkj osQ vusd ns'kksa esa ftu

fof'k"V izkphu laLÑfr;ksa dk fodkl gqvk os lc dky osQ izokg esa foyhu gks xb± vkSj mudk vfLrRo lekIr

gks x;kA vkt os bfrgkl dh oLrq cu dj jg xbZ gSaA mnwZ osQ izfl¼ dfo eksgEen bdcky us dgk Hkh gS fd

^;wuku] felz] jkseka lc feV x, tgka ls*] dqN ckr gS fd gLrh feVrh ugha gekjhA* vFkkZr ;wuku] felz o jkse

vkfn ns'kksa esa ftu egku izkphu laLÑfr;ksa dk fodkl gqvk os laLÑfr;ka u"V gks xb±] mudk vfLrRo lekIr gks

x;k vkSj muosQ LFkku ij ,slh ubZ laLÑfr;ka LFkkfir gks xb± ftudk izkphu laLÑfr;ksa ls dksbZ lEcUèk ugha gSA

fdUrq lalkj esa ek=k Hkkjr gh ,slk ns'k gS ftldh izkphu laLÑfr u"V ugha gqbZ vkSj og vkt Hkh vius Js"B ewY;ksa

osQ lkFk thfor gSA bdcky egksn; dk dguk gS fd Hkkjr dh gLrh o igpku u"V u gks ikus osQ ewy esa vo';

dqN Js"B rRo fo|eku gSaA bfrgkl osQ fo|kFkhZ osQ fy, bu Js"B ewY;ksa o rRoksa dk vè;;u furkUr vko';d

gS vU;Fkk Hkkjr dk Hkkjr osQ :i esa vè;;u ugha fd;k tk ldrk vkSj ;g vè;;u izkphu Hkkjr osQ bfrgkl

ls gh lEHko gSA rhljs] ;g osQoy izkphu Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dh gh fo'ks"krk gS fd ;g euq"; dks HkkSfrd o

vkè;kfRed nksuksa izdkj osQ lq[k nsus dh {kerk j[krh gS vFkkZr og euq"; dk lok±xh.k fodkl djus dh {kerk

j[krh gSA blh dh N=kNk;k esa Hkkjr ,d vksj ^lksus dh fpfM+;k* dgyk;k vkSj nwljs vksj bls fo'o xq: dk in

izkIr gqvkA pkSFks] Hkkjr dh izkphu laLÑfr fo'o esa 'kkafr LFkkfir djus dh {kerk j[krh gS D;ksafd blh us lEiw.kZ

fo'o lekt dks ,d ifjokj osQ :i esa ns[kk gS vkSj Hkkjrokfl;ksa dks bl o`gn ifjokj dh lq[k&le`f¼ osQ fodkl

osQ fy, iz;kl djus dh izsj.kk nh gSA bl dkj.k ;gk¡ osQ yksxksa us fo'o osQ yksxksa dks Js"B cukus dk egku miØe

fd;kA

Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)

fjDr LFkkuksa dh iw£r djsa (Fill in the blanks)%

1- lalkj dk ,dek=k ,slk izkphu ns'k ftlus ekuo dks lcls igys lH; o lqlaLÑr cuk;k ---------

2- ;wuku] feÏ jkseka lc feV x, tgka ls] oqQN ckr gS fd gLrh feVrh ugha gekjh] --------- dk dFku gS

3- --------- dks bfrgkl dk firk dgk tkrk gSA

mijksDr xq.kksa ls ;qDr Hkkjr dh egku izkphu laLÑfr osQ lanHkZ esa ge izkphu Hkkjr osQ bfrgkl osQ vè;;u osQ

egÙo dk vkdyu dj ldrs gSaA bl vè;;u osQ vHkko esa Hkkjr dk fo|kFkhZ ;g tku gh ugha ldrk fd mls

fdl egku laLÑfr dh fojklr izkIr gSA bl vè;;u ls fo|kFkhZ esa Hkkjr dh xkSjo'kkyh Js"B laLÑfr o ijEijk

osQ izfr LokfHkeku tkx`r gksxkA vaxzstksa }kjk Hkkjr osQ bfrgkl dks ;kstukiwoZd rksM+&ejksM+ dj bl izdkj j[kk x;k

gS ftlls Hkkjrh; fo|kFkhZ esa ghurk osQ Hkko mRiUu gksa vkSj mldk ikS#"k u"V gks tk,A Hkkjr osQ xkSjoiw.kZ izkphu

bfrgkl osQ vè;;u ls Hkkjrh; fo|kFkhZ esa egku dk;Z djus dh izsj.kk dh tk ldrh gS vkSj Hkkjr osQ izkphu

xkSjo dks iquZizfrf"Br djus dh vkdka{kk txkbZ tk ldrh gSA

1-1 izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ Ïksr(The Sources of Ancient Indian History)

Hkkjr ,d izkphu ns'k gSA vusd Hkkjrh; fo}kuksa osQ vuqlkj Hkkjr dh lH;rk lalkj dh izkphure lH;rk gSA

Hkkjrokfl;ksa us thou osQ izR;sd igyw ij fopkj fd;k vkSj ys[ku&dyk esa ikjaxr gksus osQ dkj.k mUgksaus dkO;]

n'kZu] dyk] foKku o vU; fo"k;ksa ij Js"B xzaFkksa dh jpuk dhA fons'kh fo}kuksa osQ erkuqlkj Hkh Hkkjrh; lH;rk

felz] eslksiksVkfe;k o phu vkfn izkphu lH;rkvksa osQ bfrgkl ls vfèkd izkphu gSA Hkkjr tSls izkphu lH; ns'k

esa fofHkUu fo"k;ksa osQ iz[kj fo}kuksa osQ jgrs gq, Hkh ;gk¡ dk Øec¼ izkekf.kd bfrgkl ugha fy[kk x;k] ;g

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lkekU;r;k vk'p;Zpfdr djus okyh ckr Kkr gksrh gSA dqN fons'kh bfrgkldkjksa us rks ;gk¡ rd dg fn;k gS

fd izkphu Hkkjrokfl;ksa esa ,sfrgkfld psruk (Historical Sense) dk vHkko FkkA blls ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyuk

Hkh loZFkk vuqfpr gS fd izkphu Hkkjr esa ,sfrgkfld lkfgR; dk l`tu bl dkj.k ugha gqvk fd ml dky esa

dksbZ ,slh egÙoiw.kZ ?kVuk gh ?kfVr ugha gqbZ] ftldk o.kZu fd;k tkrkA okLro esa lR;k¡'k bl n`f"Vdks.k esa gS

fd Hkkjr osQ yksx bl dky esa jktuhfr o bfrgkl osQ izfr mnklhu jgs gksaxs vkSj os bu fo"k;ksa dk vè;;u lekt

osQ vU; vuq'kkluksa osQ vUrxZr gh djrs FksA MkW- vkj- lh- etwenkj dk dFku gS fd ¶Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk

,d xEHkhj nks"k bfrgkl ys[ku osQ izfr Hkkjrokfl;ksa dh foeq[krk gSA Hkkjrh;ksa us lkfgR; dh lHkh

'kk[kkvksa ls lEcUèk LFkkfir fd;k vkSj vusdkusdksa esa Js"Brk Hkh izkIr dh] fdUrq mUgksaus dHkh Hkh

xEHkhjrkiwoZd bfrgkl ys[ku dk dk;Z ugha fd;kA¸ (One of the greatest defect of Indian culture isthe aversion of Indian to writing history. They applied themselves to all conceivable branchesof literature and excelled in many of them, but they never seriously took to the writing of

history.—Dr. R.C. Majumdar) bl lEcUèk esa vyc:uh dk dFku gS fd ¶fgUnw yksx ?kVukvksa osQ

,sfrgkfld Øe dh vksj fo'ks"k è;ku ugha nsrs gSaA¸ (The Hindus do not pay much attention to the

historical order of things.—Alberuni)

tgk¡ rd Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ Ïksrksa (Sources) dk iz'u gS bZ- iw- NBh 'krkCnh (600 B.C.) ls igys osQ bfrgkl

dks tkuus osQ lkèku lhfer gSa ckn osQ Ïksr i;kZIr ek=kk esa fo|eku gSaA vc rd gksus okys 'kksèk iz;klksa us izkphu

Hkkjr osQ ,sfrgkfld Ïksrksa dks i;kZIr ek=kk esa [kkst fudkyk gSA bruk gksrs gq, Hkh Hkkjrh; izkphu bfrgkl dk

Øec¼ o.kZu ml izdkj lEHko ugha gS ftl izdkj lalkj osQ vU; izkphu ns'kksa esa lEHko gSA bldk eq[; dkj.k

;g gS fd Hkkjr esa ;wuku osQ gsjksMksVl (Herodotus), ftls bfrgkl dk firk dgk tkrk gSA jkse osQ fyoh

(Livy) ;k rqdhZ osQ vyc:uh (Alberuni) tSls bfrgkl ys[kd ugha gq,A

bfrgkl osQ izfr Hkkjrh;ksa dh mnklhurk osQ dkj.kµizkphu Hkkjr osQ lkfgR; esa Øec¼rk osQ vHkko esa

,sfrgkfld psruk osQ vHkko dks ns[kuk mfpr izrhr ugha gksrkA okLro esa bfrgkl dh Øec¼rk osQ vHkko osQ

vusd dkj.k gks ldrs gSaA uhps la{ksi esa mudk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSµ

(1) bfrgkl osQ ys[kd czkã.k FksµHkkjr esa lEiw.kZ lkfgR; osQ jpf;rk czkã.k Fks tks jktuhfr osQ izfr

mnklhu FksA mudh #fp dkO;] n'kZu] foKku o dyk vkfn esa vfèkd FkhA lekt dk ;g oxZ

vfèkdka'kr;k vkè;kfRed fpUru esa layXu jgrk Fkk vkSj lkekftd thou osQ ewY;ksa dh izLFkkiuk djus

esa yxk jgrk FkkA HkkSfrd thou esa budh lkèkkj.kr% v#fp FkhA bUgksaus jktkvksa o lezkVksa osQ fØ;k

dykiksa dk o.kZu djus osQ LFkku ij muosQ jkT;ksa esa clus okys lekt dk ekxZ n'kZu djus osQ fy,

fofHkUu vuq'kkluksa dk vè;;u fd;kA ;gh dkj.k gS fd mudh n`f"V ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa osQ Øec¼

o.kZu dh vksj ugha xbZA

(2) bfrgkldkjksa us ?kVukvksa osQ LFkku ij fopkjèkkjkvksa dks egÙo fn;kµizkphudky dh jpukvksa dk

vè;;u djus ls Li"V gksrk gS fd ml dky osQ fo}kuksa dh n`f"V esa fof'k"V fopkjèkkjkvksa dk izfriknu

vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ FkkA os lekt esa ?kfVr gksus okyh ?kVukvksa dks egÙo ugha nsrs FksA mudk fopkj Fkk

fd fofHkUu ?kVukvksa osQ ?kfVr gksus osQ ihNs tks 'kfDr dk;Z djrh gS] mldk vè;;u vko';d gSA

?kVuk,¡ Lo;a esa egÙoiw.kZ ugha gksrhaA vr% ?kVukvksa dh mis{kk osQ dkj.k Øec¼ bfrgkl dh mis{kk gks

xbZA

(3) fo}kuksa dk fo'kky n`f"Vdks.kµ;g eku ysuk fd izkphu dky esa Hkkjr osQ yksx bfrgkl osQ izfr iw.kZr%

mnklhu Fks] mfpr izrhr ugha gksrk D;ksafd fofHkUu xzUFkksa osQ vè;;u ls ml dky osQ bfrgkl dh lkexzh

geas izkI; gSA okLro esa izkphu Hkkjrh;ksa dk bfrgkl osQ izfr fo'kky n`f"Vdks.k Fkk vkSj mUgksaus mls foLr`r

Kku dk ,d vax ekukA os bfrgkl dks èkeZ] uSfrdrk] jktuhfr] vFkZ'kkL=k o lkfgR; dk vax ekurs FksA

vr% Øec¼ bfrgkl ys[ku dh vko';drk gh izrhr ugh gqbZA

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(4) bfrgkl ys[ku osQ izfr mnklhurkµbruk gksrs gq, Hkh izkphu Hkkjrh; fo}kuksa dh bfrgkl ys[ku osQ izfr

mnklhurk ls bUdkj ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ;|fi lalkj dh fdlh Hkh tkfr us ml izdkj bfrgkl dh

jpuk ugha fd ftl izdkj orZeku dky esa dh tkrh gS fiQj Hkh Hkkjrokfl;ksa dh rqyuk esa bfrgkl dks

i`Fkd 'kk[kk osQ :i esa Lohdkj djus dh izo`fÙk fonsf'k;ksa esa vfèkd fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA

1-1-1 izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dh [kkst (Search of Ancient Indian History)

;g loZfofnr gS fd fo"k; osQ vè;;u osQ fy, bfrgkl iw.kZr% Ïksrksa ij vkfJr gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd fons'kh

o Hkkjrh; fo}kuksa us dfBu ifjJe o riL;k ls izkphu Hkkjr osQ bfrgkl dh fc[kjh dfM+;ksa dks tksM+us dk liQy

iz;kl fd;k gSA izkphu Hkkjr osQ bfrgkl dks tkuus osQ lzksrksa dks [kkst fudkyus dk dk;Z vaxzsth fo}kuksa osQ }kjk

izkjEHk gqvkA mUgksaus viuh #fp osQ vuqlkj mudh O;k[;k dhA ifj.kkeLo:i Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ ckjs esa vusd

HkzkfUr;k¡ mRiUu gks xb±A ckn esa] Hkkjrh; fo}kuksa us tc&tc ;g dk;Z vius gkFk esa fy;k rks vusd HkzkfUr;ksa dk

fujkdj.k lEHko gks x;k vkSj Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dks mldk mfpr LFkku izkIr gqvkA

izkphu Hkkjr osQ bfrgkl dh [kkst dk dk;Z vBkjgoha 'krkCnh osQ mÙkjk¼Z esa izkjEHk gqvkA eSDlewyj us osnksa dk

vaxzsth esa vuqokn fd;k] ftlls Hkkjrh; lH;rk dh Js"Brk lEiw.kZ ik'pkR; txr ij LFkkfir gqbZA blosQ i'pkr

vusd vaxzst fo}kuksa us ^Hkxon~xhrk*] ^fgrksins'k* o ^'kdqUryk* tSls mRÑ"V jpuk dk vaxzsth esa vuqokn fd;kA

vBkjgoha 'krkCnh esa gh ̂ caxky dh ,f'k;kfVd lkslkbVh* us ,f'k;k esa 'kksèk dk;Z izkjEHk fd;kA blls Hkkjrh;

fo}kuksa esa Hkh Hkkjr osQ bfrgkl dh [kkst osQ izfr #fp mRiUu gqbZA 1862 esa Hkkjr esa ^Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo esa ykW

foHkkx* dh LFkkiuk gqbZA ykMZ dtZu us blls #fp fn[kkbZ vkSj izkphu Lekjdksa dh [kkst o lqj{kk osQ dk;Z dks

c

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lgk;rk u djrh rks ge Hkkjr osQ izkxSfrgkfld dky osQ fo"k; esa dqN Hkh u tku ikrsA izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl

osQ lanHkZ esa iqjkrRo lEcUèkh lkexzh dks pkj Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSµ

1- [kqnkbZ (Excavation) ls izkIr lkexzh 2- vfHkys[k (Epigraphs or inscriptions)

3- Lekjd (Monuments) 4- eqnzk,¡ (Coins)

(1) [kqnkbZ (Excavation) ls izkIr lkexzhµHkkjr osQ fofHkUu {ks=kksa ij [kqnkbZ dh xbZ gS vkSj izkphu dkyhu

uxjksa] Hkouksa] efUnjksa rFkk vU; vusd fdyksa vkfn osQ [k.Mgj izpqj ek=kk esa izkIr gq, gSaA buls Hkkjr osQ izkphu

bfrgkl dh egÙoiw.kZ tkudkjh izkIr gqbZ gSA gekjs bfrgkl osQ vusd èkq¡èkys i`"B Li"V gksdj lkeus vk, gSa]

frfFk;k¡ Li"V gqbZ gSa vkSj vusd fc[kjs rF;ksa dks Øec¼ fd;k tk ldk gSA eksgutksnM+ks o gM+Iik dh [kqnkbZ

esa uxj] Hkou] euq"; 'kjhj] i'kqvksa osQ

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nsoukxjh o mÙkj Hkkjr dh vU; fyfi;ksa dh tuuh gSA blosQ lkFk gh vusd vfHkys[k [kjks"Bh fyfi esa Hkh feys

gSa tks nkfguh vksj ls ckb± vksj fy[kh tkrh Fkh vkSj Hkkjr osQ mÙkj&if'pe {ks=k esa izpfyr FkhA

çkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ Ïksr

1- iqjkrRo lEcU/h

1-[kqnkbZ ls

çkIr lkexzh

2-vfHkys[k

3-Lekjd

4-eqæk,¡

2- lkfgfR;d 3- fons'kh;kf=k;ksa

osQ o`rkUr

(1)/k£edlkfgR;

(2)ykSfddlkfgR;

(d)oSfnd lkfgR;

([k)ckS¼ lkfgR;

(x)tSu lkfgR;

(1) osnµÍXosn] lkeosn];tqosZn] vFkoZosn

(2) czkÞe.k(,srjs;] 'kriFk vkfn)

(3) vj.;d(4) mifu"kn~(5) lw=k (dYi] xqgk] /eZ vkfn)(6) osnkax

(f'k{kk] dYi] fu#Dr O;kdj.k vkfn)(7) jkek;.k] egkHkkjr

(1) tkrd(2) f=kfiVdµlqÙkfiVd]

vfHk/Ee fiVd]fou; iVd

(3) fefyUniUgksa

(1) dYi lw=k(2) vkpjkax lw=k(3) Hkæckgq pfj=k(4) ifjf'k"VoÙkZu(5) vkxe xzaFk

(d)lkfgfR;d

xzaFk

([k),sfrgkfld

xzaFk

(x)thoupfj=k

(d)bZjkuh ;k=kh

([k);wukuh ;k=kh

(x)phuh ;k=kh

(?k)eqlyeku ;k=kh

(1) gsjksMksV~l(2) esxLFkuht(3) ,fj;u(4) Vkyeh

(1) LdkbZ yksDl (1) iQkfg;ku(2) Þosulkax(3) bfRlax(4) ykekrkjk

(frCcrh)

(1) lqySeku(2) vyelwnh(3) vcqt+bn(4) vYc:uh

Hkkjr osQ fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa izkIr gksus okys vfHkys[kksa dks xqgkys[k] f'kykys[k] LrEHkys[k rFkk rkezi=kys[k osQ

:i esa pkj Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA vfèkdrj ys[k nkui=kksa] egÙoiw.kZ ?kVukvksa osQ Lekjdksa osQ :i

esa rFkk jktkvksa o fotsrkvksa dh iz'kfLr;ksa osQ :i esa gSaA buosQ ekè;e ls rRdkyhu Hkkjr dh lkekftd] vk£Fkd]

jktuhfrd] lkaLÑfrd o èkk£ed voLFkkvksa dh tkudkjh gksrh gSA

^vfHkys[kksa esa loZizFke LFkku v'kksd dk gSA* mlosQ vfHkys[k u osQoy cM+h la[;k esa fo|eku gSa cfYd

fofoèkrkiw.kZ gSaA okLro esa ;s mldh vkRedFkk vkSj mlosQ dky dh ifjfLFkfr dk ltho fp=k.k izLrqr djrs gSaA

;s ys[k mlosQ lkjs jkT; {ks=k esa fc[kjs iM+s gSa vkSj eq[;r% jktkKkvksa o ?kks"k.kkvksa osQ :i esa dqN vfHkys[kksa ij

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ckS¼ èkeZ osQ fl¼kUr ij] oqQN ij v'kksd osQ thou osQ vkn'kZ vafdr gSaA ;s eq[;r% czkÞeh o [kjks"Bh fyfi

esa fy[ks x, FksA

v'kksd osQ dky osQ i'pkr~ osQ tks vfHkys[k feyrs gaS os jktdh; o vjktdh; nksuksa izdkj osQ gSaA jktdh; ys[kksa

esa jktdfo;ksa }kjk jktkvksa o lezkVksa dh iz'kalk dh xbZ gSA leqnzxqIr dh ,slh gh iz'kfLr bykgkckn osQ fdys

esa fo|eku gS] xqIrdkyhu bfrgkl dh tkudkjh Hkh eq[;r% blh lzksr ij vkèkkfjr gSA ,d vksj caxky esa lsuoa'k

osQ foØelsu dh iz'kfLr vkSj nwljh vksj Hkkst dh Xokfy;j iz'kfLr izfrgkjksa osQ bfrgkl osQ izeq[k lzksr gSaA pkyqD;

oa'kh; jktk iqyosQf'ku f}rh; dh iz'kfLr Hkh vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ ,sfrgkfld èkjksgj gSA vjktdh; ys[kksa dh la[;k

cgqr vfèkd gSA vfèkdk¡'k vjktdh; ys[k nsorkvksa dh ew£r;ksa o efUnjksa vkfn ij vafdr gSaA buosQ ekè;e ls

,d vksj rRdkyhu èkk£ed thou o dyk dk Kku izkIr gksrk gS vkSj nwljh vksj ml le; dh Hkk"kk 'kSyh o

lkfgR; ij izdk'k iM+rk gSA fons'kksa esa Hkh vusd ,sls vfHkys[k feys gSa] tks Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ij izdk'k Mkyrs

gSaA tkok] lqek=kk] phu] tkiku] frCcr o Jhyadk esa feyus okys ys[k Hkkjr osQ fons'kksa ls lEcUèkksa ij izdk'k

Mkyrs gSaA

bl izdkj ;s vfHkys[k lezkVksa dh oa'kkoyh] 'kkludky o muosQ lkezkT; foLrkj dh tkudkjh nsrs gSa] lkFk gh

ns'k o dky dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls Hkh voxr djkrs gSaA bu vfHkys[kksa osQ vHkko esa izkphu Hkkjr osQ vusd i`"B

vèkwjs gh jg tkrsA

(3) Lekjd (Monuments)—ftl izdkj vfHkys[kksa osQ ekè;e ls izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ jktuhfrd i{k

dh tkudkjh esa lgk;rk feyh gS] mlh izdkj Lekjdksa osQ }kjk izkphu Hkkjr osQ lkaLÑfrd o èkk£ed thou dk

Kku izkIr gksrk gSA bu Lekjdksa esa Hkou] ew£r;k¡] dykÑfr;k¡] Lrwi] eB] fogkj] pSR;] efUnj rFkk fp=kdkjh vkfn

dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA vè;;u dh n`f"V ls bUgsa ns'kh Lekjdksa o fons'kh Lekjdksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk

ldrk gSA

ns'kh Lekjdksa esa izeq[k Lekjd r{kf'kyk] eFkqjk] dksle] lkjukFk] ikVfyiq=k] jktfxjh] >k¡lh] ukyUnk vkfn LFkkuksa

ij gM+Iik o eksgutksnM+ks esa fo|eku gSaA r{kf'kyk {ks=k dh [kqnkbZ esa izkIr Lekjdksa ls dq"kk.kdkyhu frfFk Hkze

dk fuokj.k lEHko gqvk gSA blh izdkj gM+Iik o eksgutksnM+ks esa [kqnkbZ ls flUèkq&?kkVh dh ik¡p gtkj o"kZ iqjkuh

lH;rk dh tkudkjh izkIr gqbZ gSA lkjukFk dh [kqnkbZ ls vR;Ur mRÑ"V uDdk'kh izdk'k esa vkbZ gS ftldh lerk

lalkj esa vU;=k lEHko ugha gSA buosQ vfrfjDr vtUrk dh xqiQkvksa dh fp=kdkjh] >kalh ftys osQ nsox

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us Hkh ;wukuh jktkvksa dk vuqlj.k fd;kA 'kd jktkvksa vkSj ekyo o ;kSèks; x.kjkT;ksa ij rRdkyhu eqnzk,¡ i;kZIr

izdk'k Mkyrh gSaA bu eqnzkvksa ij nsoh&nsorkvksa osQ fp=kksa ls rRdkyhu èkk£ed fLFkfr dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA

fof'k"V ?kVukvksa ij tkjh fd, tkus okys flDdksa ij tks fp=k vafdr gSa muesa mu ?kVukvksa dh foLr`r tkudkjh

izkIr gksrh gSA jktkvksa osQ lhek foLrkj dk Kku Hkh eqnzkvksa ls lEHko gqvk gSA tSls leqnzxqIr osQ flDdksa ij

v'oes?k ijkØe 'kCn vafdr gSa tks fl¼ djrk gS fd mlus v'oes?k ;K djok;k FkkA oa'k fo'ks"k osQ 'kkldksa

dh la[;k dh tkudkjh Hkh eqnzkvksa ls izkIr gksrh gSA Hkkjr esa jkseu eqnzk,¡ Hkh i;kZIr ek=kk esa izkIr gqbZ gSa] ftuls

Kkr gksrk gS fd fdlh le; Hkkjr dk jkseu lkezkT; ls i;kZIr O;kikfjd lEcUèk FkkA

vfèkdk¡'k eqnzk,¡ lksus] pk¡nh o rk¡cs ;k nks èkkrqvksa osQ feykus ls cuh gSaA lksus ;k lksus esa rk¡csa dh feyh ek=kk ls

rRdkyhu vk£Fkd&fLFkfr dk vuqeku yxkuk ljy gSA iw.kZr% lksus ;k lksus esa FkksM+k va'k rk¡csa dk feyh gqbZ eqnzk,¡

vk£Fkd le`f¼ dh ifjpk;d gSa tcfd eqnzkvksa esa rk¡cs dk vfèkd Hkkx vk£Fkd ladV dks izdV djrk gSA

#nz?kks"k] v'ofe=k o ;ksxlsu bZ- iwoZ osQ rhu ikapky jktkvksa dh rk¡csa dh eqnzk,¡ izkIr gqbZ gSaA mÙkj izns'k osQ

vktex

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gSA osnksa osQ ckn czkã.k xzUFk vkrs gSa tks oSfnd eU=kksa dk foLrkj ls o.kZu djrs gSa bruk gh ugha] ;s rRdkyhu

vk£Fkd] jktuSfrd o lkekftd thou dk Hkh mYys[k djrs gSaA czkã.k xzUFkksa esa ,srjs;] 'kriFk] xksiFk o iapfn'k

vkfn egÙoiw.kZ gSa] tks ,sfrgkfld lkexzh osQ :i esa egÙoiw.kZ vkj.;d vkSj mifu"kn~ czkã.k xzaFkksa osQ vfUre

Hkkx gSa ftuesa nk'kZfud iz'uksa ij fopkj fd;k x;k gSA ;s vkjfEHkd fgUnqvksa osQ èkk£ed o lkaLÑfrd thou ij

Hkh izdk'k Mkyrs gSaA

mijksDr lkfgR; osQ i'pkr lw=k vkrs gSa tks rhu HkkxksaµdYi lw=k] x`Þ; lw=k rFkk èkeZ lw=kµesa foHkDr gSaA oSfnd

dkyhu ;Kksa dk 'kkL=kh; oxhZdj.k vkSj foLr`r o.kZu dYi lw=k dh fo"k; lkexzh gSA x`gLFk ls lEcfUèkr fofHkUu

laLdkjksa vkSj fofHkUu ;Kksa dk o.kZu x`Þ; lw=k esa gSA blesa rRdkyhu lkekftd thou dk o.kZu Hkh feyrk gSA

èkeZ lw=k esa jktuhfrd] lkekftd o oSèkkfud O;oLFkkvksa dk mYys[k gSA lw=k lkfgR; osQ lkFk&lkFk N%

osnkaxksaµf'k{kk dYi] fu#Dr] O;kdj.k rFkk T;ksfr"kµdk Hkh i;kZIr ,sfrgkfld egÙo gSA

egkdkO; dky esa Hkh egÙoiw.kZ lkfgR; dh jpuk gqbZA blesa jkek;.k o egkHkkjr nks egkdkO; izeq[k gSaA bu

nksuksa egkdkO;ksa dh frfFk Øe ij fookn gS D;ksafd os Li"V ugha gSaA ;s vk;ks± osQ lkekftd] jktuhfrd o èkk£ed

thou ij foLr`r izdk'k Mkyrs gSaA jkek;.k esa voèk osQ dkS'kyksa vkSj fogkj osQ fonsgksa dk fp=k.k gS tcfd

egkHkkjr esa Hkkjr osQ dksus&dksus ls vk, jktkvksa osQ dq#{ks=k esa ,df=kr gksdj dkSjoksa o ikaMoksa osQ eè; gq,

egk;q¼ dk o.kZu gSA egkdkO;ksa osQ vfrfjDr iqjk.k o le`fr;k¡ Hkh oSfnd lkfgR; osQ vax gSa vkSj buesa Hkh i;kZIr

,sfrgkfld tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA iqjk.kksa dh la[;k vBkjg gS tSls fo".kq iqjk.k] eRL; iqjk.k o ok;q iqjk.k vkfnA

iqjk.kksa esa vusd ,sls jktoa'kksa dk foLrkj ls o.kZu gS tks vU;=k izkI; ugha gSa] fo".kq iqjk.k eas ekS;Z oa'k vkSj eRL;

iqjk.k esa nf{k.k osQ vkUèkzoa'k ls lEcfUèkr ,sfrgkfld lkexzh miyCèk gSA Lèfr;k¡ Hkh vk;ks± osQ lkfgR; dk

fof'k"V vax gSa] fofHkUu Íf"k;ksa osQ uke ls izpfyr ;s Le`fr;k¡ Hkh ,sfrgkfld egÙo dh tkudkjh nsrh gSaA

euq&Le`fr] ukjn Le`fr o c`gLifr Le`fr vkfn izeq[k Le`fr;k¡ gSaA

([k) ckS¼ lkfgR;µvk;ks± }kjk jfpr fofHkUu lkfgR; osQ leku gh ckS¼ lkfgR; Hkh ,sfrgkfld egÙo dk gSA

tkrd egkRek cq¼ osQ iwoZ thou dh vfr'k;ksfDriw.kZ ?kVukvksa dk ltho fp=k mifLFkr djrs gSaA ;|fi blesa

dYiuk dk lgkjk Hkh fy;k x;k ekywe iM+rk gS fdUrq fiQj Hkh ;s cq¼ osQ iwoZ dh lkekftd fLFkfr dks tkuus

dk mÙke Ïksr gSaA

ckS¼ksa osQ èkeZ xzaFk f=kfiVd osQ uke ls izfl¼ gSa] ftuesa ckS¼ èkeZ fl¼kUrksa dk lfoLrkj o.kZu feyrk gSA izR;sd

fiVd esa i`Fkd&i`Fkd fo"k; dk foospu gSA lqrfiVd esa egkRek cq¼ osQ fl¼kUrksa dk laxzg gS tks ik¡p fudk;ksa

(laxzgksa) ij vkèkkfjr gSA nwljs vfHkèkEe fiVd esa osnkfUrd fl¼kUrksa dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA rhljk fou; fiVd

ckS¼ eBksa osQ laxBu o vuq'kklu dk o.kZu djrk gSA

ckS¼ lkfgR; esa ikyh o laLÑr Hkk"kk esa vU; Hkh cgqr&lk lkfgR; feyrk gSA ikyh Hkk"kk osQ fefyUn iUgksa esa

;wukuh jktk fefyUn o ckS¼fHk{kq ukxlsu dk okrkZyki gS] blosQ vfrfjDr nhioa'k vkSj egkoa'k esa Hkh ,sfrgkfld

o.kZu gS] tks eq[;r% yadk ls lEcfUèkr gS fdUrq blls Hkkjr osQ bfrgkl ij Hkh izdk'k iM+rk gSA pUnzxqIr ekS;Z

osQ lEcUèk esa cgqr ls rF; bUgha ckS¼ xzUFkksa ls izkIr gq, gSaA ckS¼ lkfgR; laLÑr Hkk"kk esa Hkh feyrk gS] tks

ghu;ku o egk;ku lEiznk;ksa ls lEcfUèkr gSA egkoLrq] yfyr foLrkj] cq¼ pfj=k] eatw Jh ewydYi vkfn laLÑr

osQ vax gSaA

(x) tSu lkfgR;µizkphu Hkkjr osQ bfrgkl osQ vè;;u esa tSu lkfgR; dk Hkh egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gSA tSu lkfgR;

blfy, Hkh egÙoiw.kZ gSa D;ksafd blesa gesa bfrgkl osQ dqN ,sls i{kksa dh tkudkjh Hkh feyrh gS] tks oSfnd rFkk

ckS¼ lkfgR; esa izkI; ugha gSA bZ- iwoZ ik¡poha o NBh 'krkCnh esa fy[ks x, tSu xzaFkksa esa dYilw=k] vkpkjk¡xlw=k

vkSj Hknzckgq pfj=k egÙoiw.kZ gSa tSu xzUFkksa dh fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd bueas dFkkvksa dks bl

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tSu lezkVkas dk foLr`r o.kZu bl xazFk esa feyrk gSA v'kksd dk ikS=k lEizfr (pUnzxqIr f}rh;) tSu Fkk] ftldk

o.kZu bl xzaFk esa rFkk vU; tSu xzaFkksa esa feyrk gSA Hknzckgq pfj=k esa lezkV lEizfr osQ xq# vkpk;Z enzckgq dk

pfj=k gSA tSu vkxe xzUFkksa esa ckjg vaxksa dk izeq[k LFkku gSA

(2) ykSfdd lkfgR; (Secular Literature)—izkphu Hkkjr osQ bfrgkl osQ lzksrksa esa ykSfdd ;k èkesZÙkj lkfgR;

dk Hkh viuk LFkku gSA bl lEiw.kZ lkfgR; dks rhu Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k tk ldrk gSµ

(d) lkfgfR;d xzaFk] ([k) ,sfrgkfld xzaFk rFkk (x) thou pfj=kA

(d) lkfgfR;d xzUFk (Literary Works)—izkphu Hkkjrh; lkfgR; ,sls xzaFkksa dk Hk.Mkj gS tks bfrgkl dh

n`f"V ls cM+s egÙoiw.kZ gSaA ikratfy dk egkHkk"; 'kqax oa'k osQ izkjfEHkd dky dh tkudkjh nsrk gSA

ekS;Zoa'k dk fooj.k ikf.kfu osQ v"Vkè;k;h ls feyrk gSA blh izdkj pkyqD; oa'kh; lezkV foØek¡d

nso dh iz'kalk esa jfpr foYg.k dk foØek¡d nso pfj=k ml dky dh izeq[k ?kVukvksa dk fooj.k

izLrqr djrk gSA 'kaqx dkyhu Hkkjr dh jktuhfrd n'kk dk o.kZu dkyhnkl o sQ ekyfodkfXufe=k ls

Hkh izkIr gksrk gSA uUn oa'k osQ vfUre dky vkSj ekS;Z oa'k osQ izkjfEHkd dky dh jktuhfrd n'kk dk

fp=k fo'kk[knÙk osQ eqnzkjk{kl ukVd ls feyrk gSA n.Mh dh n'kdqekj pfjre~ osQ ekè;e ls lkroha

'krkCnh esa ckS¼ èkeZ dh voufr dk fp=k izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA blh lanHkZ esa jkts'oj dk izcUèk dks"k]

lkses'oj dh dh£rdkSeqnh o vfjflag dh lqÑr ladhrZu egÙoiw.kZ gSaA

([k) ,sfrgkfld xzUFkµ,sfrgkfld xzaFkksa esa lokZfèkd egÙoiw.kZ o fo'oluh; dkSfVY; dk vFkZ'kkL=k gSA

blesa lezkV pUnzxqIr osQ egkeU=kh pk.kD; us ml dky dh jktuhfrd fLFkfr] 'kklu i¼fr vkSj

lkekftd] vk£Fkd o èkk£ed thou dk foLr`r fooj.k izLrqr fd;k gSA nwljk egÙoiw.kZ xzaFk d'ehjh

if.Mr dYg.k dh jktrjafx.kh gSA blesa d'ehj osQ ckjgoha 'krkCnh osQ eè; osQ bfrgkl ij leqfpr

izdk'k iM+rk gSA ck.kHkV~V jfpr g"kZ pfj=k dk Hkh cgqr ,sfrgkfld egÙo gS] blesa lkroha 'krkCnh

osQ bfrgkl dks fpf=kr fd;k x;k gSA nf{k.k Hkkjr osQ jkT;ksa dk o.kZu rfey vkSj izkÑr Hkk"kkvksa esa

fyf[kr xzaFkksa ls feyrk gSA izkÑr Hkk"kk osQ okd~ifr }kjk jfpr xzUFk xkSMogks esa dUukSt ujs'k ;'kksoekZ

osQ 'kkludky dk o.kZu gSA

(x) thou pfj=kµck.k osQ g"kZ pfj=k esa g"kZdkyhu Hkkjr] lUè;kdj uUnh osQ jkepfjr esa ikyoa'k dk

o.kZu] vkuUn Hkêð osQ cYyky pfj=k esa lsuoa'k dk o.kZu o t;ukn dh i`Fohjkt fot; rFkk pUncjnkbZ

dk i`Fohjkt jklks rRdkyhu Hkkjr dh jktuhfrd fLFkfr osQ o.kZu osQ fy, egÙoiw.kZ gSaA blh izdkj

foØek¡d nso pfj=k esa pkyqD; oa'k dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA uolkglkad pfj=k esa ijekj oa'k dk

bfrgkl feyrk gSA

III. fons'kh ;kf=k;ksa osQ o`rkUr (Accounts of Foreign Travellers)

izkphu Hkkjr osQ bfrgkl dh tkudkjh osQ fy, Hkkjr esa vk, fons'kh ;kf=k;ksa dk o.kZu Hkh fo'ks"k egÙoiw.kZ gSA

bu fonsf'k;ksa ls Hkkjr dh vfr'k;ksfDriw.kZ iz'kalk ugha dh tk ldrhA muosQ o.kZu vfèkdka'kr% fu"i{k fn[kkbZ nsrs

gSa] fdUrq Hkkjrh; lekt o mldh Hkk"kk dh tkudkjh u gksus osQ dkj.k mUgksaus dqN LFkkuksa ij dfYir ckrsa Hkh

fy[kh gSaA dqy feykdj ;s o`ÙkkUr Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ fy, egÙoiw.kZ gSaA bu ;kf=k;ksa esa (d) bZjkuh

([k) ;wukuh (x) phuh o (?k) eqlyeku ;kf=k;ksa osQ o`rkUr feyrs gSa] tks ml dky dh Hkkjr dh ifjfLFkfr

dk ltho fp=k mifLFkr djrs gSaA

(d) bZjkuh ;k=khµtc Hkkjr dh le`f¼ dh ppkZ if'peh ns'kksa esa tksj&'kksj ls gksus yxh rks bZjku osQ jktk

us bZ- iwoZ NBh 'krkCnh osQ izkjEHk esa LdkbZySDl uked fo}ku dks Hkkjr Hkstk] mlus lsuk lfgr Hkkjr

vkdj ;gk¡ dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr dk vè;;u fd;kA mldk Hkkjr o`ÙkkUr cM+k jkspd gSA bruk gh ugha

bZjku osQ lezkV Msfj;e us Hkh Hkkjr osQ ckjs esa ys[k fy[ks gSaA bu ys[kksa ls Hkkjr rFkk bZjku osQ lEcUèkksa

ij izdk'k iM+rk gSA Hkkjrokfl;ksa dh ;q¼ dyk dk o ;gk¡ dh [ksrh dk Hkh o.kZu mlosQ ys[kksa esa fo|eku

gSA bZjku osQ jktoS| Vsf'k;l us Hkh Hkkjr dk o.kZu fd;k gS fdUrq og vfèkd fo'oluh; ugha gSA

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([k) ;wukuh ;k=khµfldUnj osQ lkFk vk, fo}kuksa osQ Hkkjr o.kZu vfèkd fo'oluh; o mi;ksxh gSaA buesa

fu;kdZl (Nearckus) uked ,d tu lsukifr Fkk] nwljk fo}ku lg&ukfod ,fjLVkscqyl (Aristobulus)

Fkk] ftlus viuh o`¼koLFkk esa viuh ;k=kk dk o.kZu fy[kk gS fdUrq muosQ o`rkUr vc miyCèk ugha gSaA

fldUnj dh e`R;q osQ i'pkr~ mlosQ lsukifr lsY;qdl us mlosQ iwohZ lkezkT; ij vfèkdkj dj fy;k FkkA

mlus Hkkjr esa ekS;Z lezkVksa osQ njckj esa vius jktnwr HkstsA pUnzxqIr ekS;Z ls ijkftr gksdj mlus lfUèk

dj yh vkSj esxLFkuht (Megasthenes) dks jktnwr cukdj Hkstk x;kA og yEcs le; rd Hkkjr esa

jgk vkSj vius xzUFk ̂ bf.Mdk* esa Hkkjr osQ 'kklu izcUèk rFkk Hkkjrh; lkekftd thou ij izdk'k Mkyk]

;|fi vc ;g iqLrd miyCèk ugha gSA fdUrq ckn osQ ys[kdksaµ,fj;u] vfIi;u (Appian), LVSªcks o

tfLVu vkfn us esxLFkuht dh iqLrd ls vusd m¼j.k fy, gaSA ,fj;u osQ xzUFkksa dk ,sfrgkfld egÙo

vfèkd gSA VkWyeh (Ptolomy) us Hkkjr osQ Hkwxksy rFkk fIyuh us i'kqvksa o ouLifr dk o.kZu fd;k gSA

(x) phuh ;k=khµv'kksd us ckS¼ èkeZ osQ izpkj osQ fy, vusd èkeZ izpkjd eè; ,f'k;k esa Hksts] dgk¡ ls

Hkkjrh; laLÑfr o ckS¼ èkeZ dk izpkj lEiw.kZ phu esa gks x;k vkSj phuh yksx Hkkjr dks cM+s vknj ls

èkeZ Hkwfe le>us yxsA viuh èkk£ed ftKklk dks 'kkUr djus osQ fy, rFkk ckS¼ èkeZ osQ lkfgR; dk

vè;;u djus osQ fy, vusd phuh ;k=kh Hkkjr vk, vkSj og yEcs le; rd ;gha jgsA ;|fi muosQ

o`rkUr vfèkdka'kr% èkk£ed gSa fdUrq muesa rRdkyhu lkekftd o jktuhfrd fLFkfr dk Hkh Kku gksrk gSA

phuh ;kf=k;ksa esa lokZfèkd egÙo iQkfg;ku] Þosulkax rFkk bfRlax dk gSA iQkfg;ku osQ }kjk pUnzxqIr

f}rh; osQ dky osQ Hkkjr dk o.kZu feyrk gSA og ewyr% èkk£ed o.kZu rd vius dks lhfer j[krk gS

fiQj Hkh mlosQ o`rkUr dk i;kZIr ,sfrgkfld egÙo gSA Þosulkax lezkV g"kZ osQ dky esa Hkkjr vk;k] yEcs

le; rd Hkkjr esa jgkA mlus èkk£ed o.kZu osQ lkFk&lkFk rRdkyhu Hkkjr dh lkekftd] vk£Fkd o

jktuhfrd fLFkfr dk Hkh o.kZu fd;k gSA bfRlax lkroha 'krkCnh esa Hkkjr vk;k vkSj cgqr le; rd

foØef'kyk o ukyUnk fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa vè;;u djrk jgkA mlus Hkh ml le; dh lkekftd vkSj

èkk£ed ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk o.kZu fd;k gSA ,d vU; phuh ys[kd gqbyh dk uke Hkh mYys[kuh; gS] mlus

Þosulkax dh thouh fy[kh gSA bl thouh ls Hkh Hkkjr dh fLFkfr ij izdk'k iM+rk gSA frCcrh ys[kdksa

esa ykekrkjk uke izfl¼ gSA muosQ xzUFkksa ^daX;qj* rFkk ^raX;qj* esa Hkkjr dk o.kZu feyrk gSA

(?k) eqlyeku ;k=khµuoha 'krkCnh osQ eè; esa ,d vjc ;k=kh lqyseku Hkkjr vk;k] mlosQ o`rkUr esa iky

o izfrgkj jkT;ksa dh tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA nwljk] vyelwnh nloha 'krkCnh osQ eè; esa Hkkjr esa jgk

vkSj mlus jk"VªdwV jktkvksa dk o.kZu fd;k gSA vcqtbn us Hkkjr o iwohZ ns'kksa osQ chp gksus okys O;kikj

osQ ckjs esa fy[kk gSA Hkkjr osQ fo"k; esa fy[kus okys vjch fo}kuksa esa lcls Å¡pk LFkku vyc:uh dk

gS tks egewn xtuoh osQ lkFk Hkkjr esa vk;k FkkA tc egewn ns'k dh ywVikV esa O;Lr Fkk rc vyc:uh

laLÑr osQ vè;;u esa layXu FkkA laLÑr osQ vè;;u osQ ckn mlus fofoèk fo"k;ksa ls laLÑr xzaFkksa dk

vè;;u fd;k vkSj ;gk¡ dh laLÑfr o lH;rk dk ifjp; izkIr fd;kA blh vè;;u osQ ckn mlus

^rgdhosQ fgUn* uked xzaFk fy[kkA ;g Hkkjr osQ fo"k; dk egÙoiw.kZ xzUFk gSA ;|fi bl xzaFk esa Hkkjr

dh jktuhfrd n'kk dk o.kZu cgqr de gS fiQj Hkh {ks=kh; fooj.k dh n`f"V ls ;g vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ gSA

iwoksZDr fooj.k ls fl¼ gksrk gS fd ;|fi izkphu Hkkjrh; fo}kuksa us bfrgkl dks vyx vuq'kklu osQ :i esa ugha

fy;k fdUrq mUgksaus bfrgkl dh mis{kk ugha dhA orZeku dky osQ bfrgkldkj dks izkphu Hkkjr osQ bfrgkl osQ

vè;;u osQ fy, tks Ïksr izkIr gSa] os egÙoiw.kZ tkudkjh nsrs gSa vkSj mls izkphu Hkkjr dk Øec¼ vè;;u djus

esa dfBukbZ vuqHko ugha gksrhA

D;k vki tkurs gSa frCcrh ys[kdksa esa ykekrkjk uke izfl¼ gSA muosQ xzUFkksa ^oaQX;wj* rFkk ^raX;wj* esa Hkkjrdk o.kZu feyrk gSA

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1-2 HkkSxksfyd ifjos'k (Geographical Setting)

euq"; lekt rFkk okrkoj.kµfdlh ns'k dh izkÑfrd fLFkfr vFkkZr~ ogk¡ dh tyok;q] [kfut inkFkZ] ufn;k¡]

ioZr Ükà[kyk,¡ rFkk fofHkUu izdkj dh Hkwfe ml ns'k osQ Hkwxksy dh vè;;u lkexzh gksrh gSA tcfd ml ns'k esa

fuokl djus okys ekuo lekt osQ jktuSfrd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd] èkkfeZd o vkè;kfRed vkfn igyqvksa dk

nk'kZfud o oSKkfud o.kZu bfrgkl esa gksrk gSA bl n`f"V ls nksuksa fo"k; fHkUu&fHkUu izrhr gksrs gSa] ftudk ijLij

dksbZ lEcUèk ugha gS fdUrq ,slk ugha gSA okLrfodrk rks ;g gS fd fdlh ns'k osQ bfrgkl ij ml ns'k dh

HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk i;kZIr izHkko iM+rk gSA euq"; rFkk mlosQ okrkoj.k esa cgqr xgjk lEcUèk gSA ekuo

osQ okrkoj.k dk mldh 'kkjhfjd vkÑfr ij] mlosQ ekufld fodkl ij rFkk mlosQ dk;ks± ij fo'ks"k izHkko

fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ;g izHkko bruk lw{e gksrk gS fd euq"; dk è;ku Hkh bl vksj ugha tk ikrk fdUrq dbZ ckj euq";

viuh bPNk 'kfDr osQ cy ij izÑfr dks vuqdwy Hkh cuk ysrk gSA bruk gksrs gq, Hkh HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk

fuekZ.k dj ikuk euq"; dh 'kfDr osQ ckgj gSA

bl izdkj fdlh fuf'pr Hkw&[k.M esa clus okys ekuo osQ thou dks ml Hkw&[k.M dh HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;k¡

fu;fU=kr djrh gSa vkSj mlosQ jktuSfrd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd o vkè;kfRed fodkl dh uhao esa ml {ks=k dh

HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk izHkko iM+rk gSA ekuo thou osQ bu fofHkUu igyqvksa dk nk'kZfud o oSKkfud o.kZu

bfrgkl dh fo"k;&lkexzh gSA vr% fdlh lekt osQ bfrgkl osQ vè;;u ls iwoZ ml ns'k dh HkkSxksfyd

ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk vè;;u djuk vko';d gksrk gSA Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ vè;;u ls iwoZ ;g vko';d izrhr gksrk

gS fd ge ogk¡ dh mu HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk vè;;u djsa] ftUgksaus bl ns'k dks lalkj esa ,d fo'ks"k LFkku

fn;k gSA

VkLd bfrgkl osQ izfr Hkkjrh;ksa dh mnklhurk osQ dkj.kksa ij vius fopkj O;Dr djsaA

1-2-1 ns'k dk uke (Nomenclature)

vfr izkphu dky ls bl ns'k dks Hkkjro"kZ osQ uke ls iqdkjk tkrk jgk gSA dgk tkrk gS fd jktk nq";Ur osQ iq=k

lezkV Hkjr osQ uke ij gekjs ns'k dk uke ̂ Hkkjr* iM+kA tc fons'kh vkØe.kdkjh Hkkjr esa vk;s rks mUgksaus ̂ flUèkq*

unh dks ikj fd;k vkSj flUèkq unh osQ uke ij bl ns'k dks flUèkqLFkku] fgUnqLFkku ;k fgUnqLrku dguk izkjEHk

fd;kA okLro esa iQkjlh Hkk"kk esa ^l* dk mPpkj.k ^g* gksrk gS vr% fons'k vkØe.kdkjh flUèkq unh ij clus

okys yksxksa dks fgUnq rFkk flUèkqLFkku osQ LFkku ij Hkkjr dks fgUnqLFkku iqdkjus yxsA fgUnqLFkku 'kCn Hkh Hkkjr esa

cgqr izpfyr gqvk vkSj vkt Hkh Hkkjr fgUnqLFkku uke ls lalkj Hkj esa igpkuk tkrk gSA ;wukfu;ksa us bl ns'k dks

bfUMdk ;k bf.M;k osQ uke ls iqdkjk] D;ksafd os flUèkq unh dks ^bUMl* dgrs FksA ckn esa ;wjksi dh fofHkUu

tkfr;ksa us Hkh blh ^bf.M;k* uke dks viuk;kA fdUrq bf.M;k Hkkjr osQ vaxzsth i

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izkphu Hkkjr dks ftlesa foHkktu ls iwoZ dk Hkkjr vFkkZr~ vkt dk Hkkjr] ikfdLrku o caxyk ns'k rFkk oekZ

lfEefyr gSa] miegk}hi osQ uke ls Hkh iqdkjk tkrk gSA bl izkphu Hkkjr dh mÙkjh lhek ij fgeky; ioZr dh

Jsf.k;k¡ fLFkr gSa tks bls if'peh ,f'k;k osQ vU; ns'kksa ls i`Fkd~ djrh gSaA [kScj o cksyu vkfn vusd njsZ bu

ioZr Jsf.k;ksa osQ eè; fLFkr gSaA bu njks± dk Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ij fo'ks"k izHkko iM+k gS D;ksafd bUgha njks± osQ ekè;e

ls Hkkjrokfl;ksa us izkphu dky esa viuh lH;rk o laLÑfr dk izpkj fons'kksa esa fd;k Fkk rFkk bUgha njks± esa ls

gksdj fons'kh vkØe.kdkfj;ksa dk rk¡rk yxk jgkA fgeky; dh iwohZ ioZr Ükà[kykvksa us Hkkjr dks fgUn phu] eyk;k

o ';ke vkfn ns'kksa ls i`Fkd~ fd;k gSA nf{k.k esa Hkkjr rhu vksj leqnz ls f?kjk gqvk gSA

tula[;k dh n`f"V ls Hkkjr lalkj dk phu osQ ckn lokZfèkd tula[;k okyk ns'k gSA 2011 dh tux.kuk osQ

vuqlkj Hkkjr dh tula[;k 121 djksM+ gks xbZ gSA

1-2-2 Hkkjr osQ izkÑfrd foHkkx (Physical Division)

Hkkjr HkkSxksfyd n`f"V ls ,d iw.kZ bdkbZ gSA ;gk¡ fofHkUu izdkj dh tyok;q] fofHkUu izdkj dh Hkwfe rFkk fofHkUu

izdkj osQ [kfut inkFkZ izkIr gaSA dgha lalkj dh lcls Å¡ph pksfV;ksa okyk fo'kky ioZr gS rks nwljh vksj ,d

foLr`r iBkjh izns'k gSA dgha ufn;ksa dh ykbZ gqbZ feêðh ls cuk fo'kky moZjk eSnku gS rks dgha nwj&nwj rd iQSyk

gqvk jsfxLrku gSA bu lHkh izns'kksa us Hkkjr osQ jgus okys yksxksa osQ thou dks izHkkfor fd;k gSA Hkkjrh; turk osQ

thou ij iM+us okys bl izHkko osQ vè;;u osQ lkFk&lkFk uhps Hkkjr osQ izkÑfrd foHkkxksa dk la{ksi esa o.kZu

fd;k x;k gSA

Hkkjr dks izkÑfrd n`f"V ls pkj Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSµ(d) fgeky; ioZr dh Ükà[kyk,¡ ([k)

mÙkj dk fo'kky eSnku (x) nf{k.k dk iBkj (?k) nf{k.k osQ eSnkuA

(d) fgeky; ioZr dh Ükà[kyk,¡µHkkjr osQ mÙkj esa fgeky; ioZr gS] ftldh fofHkUu Jsf.k;k¡ iwoZ ls if'pe

rd iQSyh gqbZ gSaA vle ls ysdj d'ehj rd yxHkx 1500 ehy yEch ;s ioZr Jsf.k;k¡ yxHkx 150 ls ysdj

200 ehy rd pkSM+h gSaA fgeky; ioZr Hkkjr dks frCcr ls i`Fko~Q djrk gSA bl ioZr dh vusd Å¡ph&m¡Qph

pksfV;k¡ gSa ftuesa xkSjh 'kadj ;k ,ojsLV lalkj esa lcls Å¡ph ioZr Js.kh gS] bldh Å¡pkbZ 29 gtkj iQqV ls vfèkd

gSA fgeky; osQ if'peh Hkkx esa vusd izfl¼ njsZ gSa ftUgksaus Hkkjr osQ bfrgkl dks cgqr izHkkfor fd;k gSA buesa

[kScj] cksyu o dqjZe vkfn izfl¼ gSaA

fgUnqoqQ'k ioZr bldh if'peh lhek gSA if'pe dh vU; 'kk[kk,¡ liQsn dksg] lqyseku o fdjFkj vkfn gSaA buosQ

if'pe esa viQxkfuLrku vkSj cywfpLrku osQ jkT; gSa tks izkphu dky esa Hkkjr dh lhekvksa esa gh fxus tkrs FksA

1947 osQ Hkkjr foHkktu osQ i'pkr~ ;s ioZr Jsf.k;k¡ ikfdLrku dk vax cu xbZ gSaA iwoZ esa bldh Ükà[kyk,¡ cekZ

ls vyx djrh gSaA

1-2-3 fgeky; ioZr dk izHkko (Effect of the Himalayas)

(1) if'pe ls fons'kh tkfr;ksa osQ vkØe.kµHkkjr osQ mÙkj if'pe esa fgeky; ioZr dh Å¡ph ÜÜÜkà[kykvksa

esa vusd njsZ gSa ftuesa [kScj] cksyu] xksey] Vksph o dqjZe vkfn ls vusd fons'kh tkfr;ksaµ;ou] gw.k] 'kd] rqdZ

o eqxy vkfnµus Hkkjr ij vkØe.k fd;sA dHkh ;s tkfr;k¡ ijkftr gqb± vkSj dHkh bUgksaus Hkkjr dh 'kkfUr dks

Hkax fd;kA Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ij bu tkfr;ksa dh lH;rk dh Nki iM+hA bl izdkj Hkkjr lnk viuh bl

mÙkj&if'peh lhek dh vksj ltx jgk vkSj tc dHkh osQUnzh; 'kfDr nqcZy gqbZ rks fonsf'k;ksa us vkØe.k djosQ

lEiw.kZ mÙkj Hkkjr esa v'kkfUr mRiUu dj nhA

(2) Hkkjr dh lqj{kkµfgeky; ioZr us Hkkjr osQ izgjh osQ :i esa bldh mÙkjh lhek dks lqj{kk iznku dh gSA

fgeky; dh if'peh o iwohZ ioZr Jsf.k;k¡ uhph gSa] fdUrq mÙkj esa fgeky; vHks| nhokj osQ :i esa [kM+k gSA phu

o frCcr tkus osQ fy, fgeky; ioZr dh Jsf.k;ksa osQ njsZ cgqr l¡djsa gSa vkSj vfèkdka'k fge ls

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viuh bl lhek dh lqj{kk osQ fy, Hkh ltx dj fn;kA fgeky; dh xksn esa cls usiky] HkwVku rFkk flfDde

vkfn ns'k fgeky; dh N=k&Nk;k esa lnk ls iQy&iQwy jgs gSa vkSj Hkkjrh; lH;rk osQ izHkko ls vksr&izksr gSaA

(3) B.Mh gokvksa ls j{kkµfgeky; ioZr us u osQoy mÙkjh lhek dh lqj{kk dk dk;Z fd;k gS cfYd mÙkj

ls vkus okyh B.Mh gokvksa dks jksd dj Hkkjr dh j{kk dh gSA ;fn fgeky; u gksrk rks B.Mh gok,¡ lEiw.kZ Hkkjr

dks B.Mk cuk nsrhaA

(4) Hkkjr dh le`f¼ esa ;ksxµbruk gh ugha] fgeky; ioZr ty;qDr gokvksa dks jksddj eSnkuksa esa o"kkZ dh

O;oLFkk Hkh djrk gSA fgeky; ls fudy dj o"kZ Hkj cgus okyh vusd cM+h ufn;k¡ bl lEiw.kZ izns'k dks moZjk

cukrh gSaA bu ufn;ksa osQ ekè;e ls ,d vksj flapkbZ gksrh gS vkSj nwljh vksj budh ykbZ gqbZ feV~Vh ls Hkwfe dh

moZjk 'kfDr c

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(1) mitkÅ eSnkuµmÙkj dk ;g fo'kky eSnku vusd cM+h ufn;ksa rFkk mudh lgk;d ufn;ksa }kjk ykbZ gqbZ

feV~Vh ls mitkÅ cuk gSA okLro esa bl eSnku esa ufn;ksa dk tky&lk fcNk gqvk gSA bl eSnku dh mitkÅ feV~Vh

osQ dkj.k ;gk¡ osQ yksxksa dk eq[; èkUèkk Ñf"k gS vkSj ;g Hkkjr osQ lokZfèkd le`¼ {ks=kksa esa fxuk tkrk gSA

(2) Hkkjrh; lH;rk dk osQUnzµbl eSnku dh ,d fo'ks"krk ;g jgh gS fd ;g Hkkjrh; lH;rk o laLÑfr dk

osQUnz cuk jgk gSA bu ufn;ksa osQ fdukjs vusd lH;rkvksa us tUe fy;k vkSj bu lH;rkvkas dh Nki u osQoy Hkkjr

cfYd lalkj osQ fofHkUu {ks=kksa ij iM+hA fnYyh] cukjl] y[kuÅ] eFkqjk] ikVfyiq=k vkfn LFkku viuh&viuh

fof'k"Vrkvksa osQ fy, izfl¼ gSaA ukyUnk] r{kf'kyk o lkjukFk tSls fo'ofo|ky; Hkh ;gha LFkkfir gq,A

(3) fons'kh vkØe.kdkfj;ksa dk vkd"kZ.kµbl {ks=k dh le`f¼ osQ dkj.k gh fons'kksa esa Hkkjr ^lksus dh

fpfM+;k* osQ uke ls izfl¼ gqvkA ;gk¡ dh le`f¼ us vusd fons'kh tkfr;ksa dks vkØe.k djus osQ fy, izsfjr fd;kA

bl izdkj bl {ks=k osQ yksx lnk la?k"kZe; thou fcrkus osQ fy, etcwj gq,A

(4) vusd lkezkT;ksa dh LFkkiukµHkkjr dk bfrgkl okLro esa vfèkdka'kr% mÙkjh Hkkjr esa gksus okyh

mFky&iqFky dk gh nwljk uke gS D;ksafd ;gk¡ dh jktuhfrd ?kVukvksa us lEiw.kZ ns'k dks izHkkfor fd;k gSA bl

{ks=k esa ns'k osQ vfr 'kfDr'kkyh lkezkT;ksa dh LFkkiuk gqbZA ftlesa ekS;Z] xqIr] f[kyth o eqxy lkezkT; lalkj

izfl¼ gSaA bu lkezkT;ksa dh jktèkkfu;k¡ blh eSnku esa fLFkr FkhaA

(5) egku~ foHkwfr;ksa dh tUe&Hkwfeµbl {ks=k dks vusd egku~ foHkwfr;ksa dks tUe nsus dk xkSjo izkIr gSA

Hkxoku jke] Ñ".k] cq¼] ukud o ijegal tSlh foHkwfr;ksa us ;gha tUe fy;k vkSj blosQ dkj.k ;g ns'k lnk osQ

fy, vej gks x;kA

(x) nf{k.k dk iBkjµmÙkj osQ fo'kky eSnku osQ nf{k.k esa foaè;kpy ioZr gSA bl foaè;kpy ioZr rFkk lriqM+k

dh Ükà[kykvksa dks ysdj nf{k.k esa dU;kdqekjh rd iQSyk gqvk frdksuk {ks=k nf{k.k dk iBkj dgykrk gSA nf{k.k

osQ iBkj rFkk mÙkj osQ fo'kky eSnku dks foaè;kpy ioZr nks Hkkxkssa esa foHkkftr djrk gSA ;g iBkj if'pe ls

iwoZ dh vksj

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(3) ^xqfjYyk* ;q¼ iz.kkyhµ;g {ks=k eq[;r% iFkjhyk gS rFkk ioZr Jsf.k;ksa o taxyksa ls f?kjk gqvk gS vkSj ;gk¡

[kqys eSnku esa fo'kky lsukvksa dk vkeus&lkeus ;q¼ gks ikuk dfBu Fkk vr% ;gk¡ osQ ;ks¼kvksa us ^xqfjYyk ;q¼

iz.kkyh* dks viuk;kA ;g iz.kkyh bl {ks=k osQ fy;s cgqr mi;ksxh fl¼ gqbZA mÙkj dh fo'kky lsuk,¡ ;gk¡ osQ

Nkikekj ;q¼ ls cgqr vkrafdr FkhaA ejkBksa us bl ;q¼ iz.kkyh esa fo'ks"k izoh.krk izkIr dh vkSj eqxyksa dks vkrafdr

djus esa liQyrk izkIr dhA mudh ;q¼fiz;rk o LorU=kfiz;rk us Hkkjr esa ,d fo'kky ejkBk lkezkT; LFkkfir djus

esa liQyrk izkIr dhA

(4) 'kfDr'kkyh lkezkT;ksa dh LFkkiukµnf{k.k esa fofHkUu dkyksa esa vusd 'kfDr'kkyh lkezkT;ksa dh LFkkiuk gqbZ

gSA dHkh dfyax] vkaèkz] pksy] pkyqD; o iYyo jkT; LFkkfir gq, rks dHkh fot; uxj dk lkezkT; LFkkfir gqvkA

,d le; esa cgeuh jkT; dh 'kfDr dk lEiw.kZ nf{k.k esa yksgk ekuk tkrk Fkk rks dHkh ejkBs u osQoy nf{k.k

rd lhfer jgs cfYd mÙkj esa mUgksaus cgqr nwj rd èkkos cksys vkSj ,d fo'kky ejkBk la?k dh LFkkiuk dhA

(5) dyk osQ mRÑ"V uewusµnf{k.k esa mÙkj dh vis{kk vfèkd 'kkfUr LFkkfir jghA ftu vkØe.kdkfj;ksa us mÙkj

ij vkØe.k fd;k os nf{k.k dh vksj u vk losQ vkSj nf{k.k esa LFkkfir jkT;ksa us dyk o lkfgR; osQ {ks=k esa cgqr

izxfr dhA vkt Hkh dyk osQ ;s mRÑ"V uewus ;gk¡ dh lH;rk osQ lk{kh osQ :i esa fo|eku gSaA

(?k) nf{k.k osQ eSnkuµnf{k.k osQ iBkj osQ iwoZ o if'pe esa leqnz osQ fdukjs&fdukjs yEcs o ladjs eSnku gSa]

bu eSnkuksa dks iwohZ o if'peh ?kkV dh ioZr Ükà[kyk,¡ nf{k.k osQ iBkj ls vyx djrh gSaA ;s eSnku mitkÅ o

le&tyok;q okys gSa] vr% ?kus vkckn gSaA leqnz osQ dkj.k ;gk¡ osQ yksx ifjJeh o fuMj cu x, gSaA

nf{k.k osQ eSnkuksa dk izHkko (Effect of Deccan Plains)

(1) mitkÅ Hkwfeµnf{k.k osQ bu eSnkuksa dh Hkwfe mitkÅ gSA leqnz osQ fdukjs fLFkr gksus osQ dkj.k ;gk¡ dh

tyok;q le gSA o"kkZ Hkh i;kZIr gksrh gSA leqnz dk fdukjk gksus osQ dkj.k O;olk; osQ lkèku Hkh i;kZIr gSa] vr%

;g ?kuh tula[;k okys izns'k gSa vkSj ;gk¡ osQ yksx le`¼ gSaA

(2) dq'ky ukfodµleqnz osQ fdukjs jgus osQ dkj.k ;gk¡ osQ yksx dq'ky ukfod gSa vkSj blh dkj.k bu yksxksa

us leqnzh ekxZ ls lalkj osQ fofHkUu ns'kksa ls O;kikj lEcUèk LFkkfir fd;sA izkphu dky ls gh Hkkjr dk O;kikj

ty ;krk;kr }kjk if'peh o iwohZ ns'kksa ls gksrk jgk gSA

(3) Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk izlkjµleqnzh ekxZ osQ }kjk Hkkjrokfl;ksa us u osQoy fons'kksa ls O;kikfjd lEcUèk

LFkkfir fd;s cfYd Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk izlkj Hkh fd;kA iwoZ osQ vusd ns'k tSls tkok] lqek=kk] L;ke o fgUn

phu vkfn ns'kksa esa Hkkjrh; lH;rk dh Nki vkt Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA

(4) fons'kh vkØe.kdkfj;ksa ls j{kkµleqnz osQ fdukjs osQ bu {ks=kksa esa fons'kh vkØe.kdkfj;ksa dk Hk; ;wjksih;

tkfr;ksa osQ vkxeu ls iwoZ rd ugha Fkk] vr% ;gk¡ Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk fodkl v{kq.; cuk jgkA

1-3 Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ij Hkwxksy dk izHkko(Effects of Physical Features on Indian History)

Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ij Hkwxksy dk tks fo'ks"k izHkko iM+k gS mldk FkksM+k&lk vH;kl xr i`"Bksa esa fd, o.kZu ls ikBdksa

dks gks x;k gksxkA Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dk o.kZu T;ksa&T;ksa foLrkj ls fd;k tk,xk] Hkwxksy dk ;g izHkko vfèkd Li"V

gksrk tk,xkA ikBdksa dh lqfoèkk osQ fy, Hkwxksy osQ dqN izeq[k izHkkoksa dks uhps fn;k tk jgk gSµ

(1) fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa foHkktu dk izHkkoµHkkjr HkkSxksfyd n`f"V ls vusd {ks=kksa esa foHkkftr gS bldk dkj.k

bldh fo'kkyrk gSA ;s HkkSxksfyd {ks=k ,d&nwljs ls fHkUu gSaA bl izdkj HkkSxksfyd n`f"V ls fHkUu {ks=kksa us jktuSfrd

o lkekftd n`f"V ls Hkh fHkUurk LFkkfir djus esa lgk;rk nh gSA fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa jktuSfrd lÙkk,¡ LFkkfir gqbZ

gSa vkSj Hkkjr jktuSfrd n`f"V ls foHkkftr fn[kkbZ nsrk jgk gS fdUrq Hkkjr dh lhek,¡ cM+h n`

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mYVk izHkko Hkkjr osQ thou ij ugha iM+k vkSj u gh Hkkjrh; turk osQ eu ij] pkgs ;g fdlh Hkh {ks=k esa fuokl

djrh gSA Hkkjr dh ,drk dk izHkko lnk vafdr jgk gS vkSj lEiw.kZ Hkkjrh; izns'k esa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk izlkj

gqvk gSA

(2) lkaLÑfrd ,drkµHkkjr tSls fo'kky ns'k esa tks HkkSxksfyd n`f"V ls fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa c¡Vk gqvk gS]

lkaLÑfrd ,drk dh LFkkiuk ;gk¡ dh viuh fo'ks"krk gSA ;gk¡ dh turk vkè;kReoknh gSA èkeZ osQ {ks=k esa lHkh

dks LorU=krk izkIr gksuk] dqN lukru lR; fl¼kUrksa esa fo'okl djuk rFkk euq"; dks i'kqRo ls Åij mBkdj

lPpk ekuo cukuk] ;gk¡ dh laLÑfr dh fo'ks"krk gS vkSj ;g fo'ks"krk lkjs ns'k esa ,d leku ikbZ tkrh gSA bl

izdkj Hkkjr izkÑfrd n`f"V ls ,d lEiw.kZ Hkw&[k.M gSA bl lkaLÑfrd ,drk us Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dks lnk izHkkfor

fd;k gSSA

(3) izkÑfrd foHkkxksa dk fo'ks"k izHkkoµHkkjr osQ izR;sd izkÑfrd foHkkx us bl {ks=k osQ lkFk&lkFk lEiw.kZ

Hkkjr osQ bfrgkl dks izHkkfor fd;k gSA tSls jktLFkku dk e#LFkyµxaxk o flUèk osQ eSnkuksa dks i`Fko~Q djrk gSA

bl e#LFky osQ dkj.k fons'kh vkØe.kdkjh ,d eSnku ls nwljs esa u tk losQ vkSj os lnk mÙkj dh vksj gh c

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(1) mÙkjh Hkkjrµfgeky; o foUè;kpy osQ eè; Hkkx dks mÙkjh Hkkjr dgk tkrk gS] izkphu dky esa blh dks

vk;kZorZ dgrs FksA bl Hkw[k.M osQ ,d vksj if'pe esa flUèkq unh rFkk mldh lgk;d ufn;k¡ gSa rks nwljh vksj

iwoZ esa xaxk vkSj mldh lgk;d ufn;k¡ gSaA bl izdkj ,d vksj d'ehj] if'peksÙkj lhekizkUr] iatkc rFkk flUèk

gSa rks nwljh vksj mÙkj izns'k] fcgkj o caxky izkUr gSaA Hkkjr dh iwohZ lhek cukus okyk vle izns'k rFkk Hkkjr

dk e#LFky jktLFkku Hkh blh {ks=k dk Hkkx gSA 1947 osQ i'pkr ls flUèk o if'peksÙkj lhek izkUr Hkkjr ls

i`Fko~Q gks x, gSa vkSj iatkc rFkk caxky dk foHkktu gksdj u, izHkqRolEiUu jkT;ksa dk fuekZ.k gks x;k gSA

mÙkj Hkkjr tks vk;kZorZ osQ uke ls iz[;kr Fkk] vk;ks± dh Hkwfe ekuk tkrk gSA ;gk¡ vc Hkh vk;Z tks vfHktkr oxZ

osQ Fks mudh lH;rk dk lkezkT; gSA ;|fi izkphu dky esa lcls igys nzfoM+ yksxksa dk gh mÙkj Hkkjr esa izHkqRo

Fkk fdUrq vk;ks± osQ izlkj us nzfoM+ yksxksa osQ izHkko dks ;gk¡ ls lekIr dj fn;kA vk;ks± osQ ckn Hkh mÙkj Hkkjr

esa vusd fons'kh tkfr;ksa us vkØe.k fd, vkSj ;gk¡ vkdj cl xb±A 'kd] gw.k] ;ou o dq"kk.k vkfn tkfr;k¡ ;gk¡

vkb± fdUrq os ;gk¡ dh laLÑfr esa foyhu gks xb± vkSj mudk dksbZ mYys[kuh; izHkko fn[kkbZ ugha nsrkA fdUrq blosQ

foijhr eqlyeku vkØe.kdkfj;ksa us Hkkjr dks vR;fèkd izHkkfor fd;k vkSj cM+h la[;k esa Hkkjrokfl;ksa dks

eqlyeku cuk;kA blls ubZ lH;rk dk fodkl gqvkA

vkt Hkh iatkc] d'ehj rFkk jktLFkku osQ yksxksa esa vk;ks± dk jax&:i feyrk gSA dn yEck] jax xksjk] cky dkys

o ?kus] vk¡[ksa dkyh] iryh o mBh gqbZ ukd rFkk yEck lj vk;ks± osQ oa'ktksa osQ izrhd gSaA ftruk iwoZ esa tkrs

gSa mruk gh vk;ks± osQ jax&:i esa deh gksrh tkrh gSA mÙkj izns'k rFkk fcgkj esa fefJr tkfr;k¡ fo|eku gSaA caxky]

vle o mM+hlk esa nzfoM+ o eaxksy tkfr;ksa dk feJ.k gSA ;|fi ;gk¡ Hkh mPp tkfr;k¡ mÙkj izns'k o fcgkj osQ

leku lkèkkj.kr% vk;ks± ls lEcfUèkr fn[kkbZ nsrh gaSA

mÙkj Hkkjr esa Hkk"kk,¡ Hkh vk;Z Hkk"kk,¡ gSa ftuesa eq[;r% fgUnh] caxkyh] xqtjkrh] vlfe;k] iatkch o d'ehjh gSaA

;s laLÑr ls lEcfUèkr gSa vkSj dqN rks ml ij vkfJr gSaA fgUnh mÙkj Hkkjr osQ ,d fo'kky izns'k dh Hkk"kk gS

ftlesa vusd cksfy;k¡ gSa tSls czt] voèkh] ekjokM+h o Hkkstiqjh vkfnA fgUnh dk gh ,d nwljk :i mnZw gSA mnwZ

dk fodkl eqlyekuksa] dk;LFkksa o d'ehfj;ksa osQ }kjk gqvk gSA

(2) nf{k.k dk iBkjµÑ".kk unh rFkk mldh lgk;d rqaxHknzk unh nf{k.kh Hkkjr dks nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vrh gSA

mÙkj Hkkjr osQ nf{k.k dk og lEiw.kZ izns'k tks nf{k.k esa Ñ".kk rFkk rqaxHknzk unh rd iQSyk gqvk gS] nf{k.k dk

iBkj dgykrk gSA izkphudky esa ;g nzfoM+ksa dk izns'k Fkk fdUrq vk;ks± osQ vk;kZorZ ls uhps dh vksj iQSyus ij

;gk¡ Hkh mudk izHkko LFkkfir gks x;kA ;gk¡ osQ yksx Hkh fefJr izdkj gSa vkSj ;gk¡ dh Hkk"kk,¡ tSls xqtjkrh] ejkBh

mfM+;k vkfn Hkh vk;Z ifjokj dh Hkk"kk,¡ gSaA bl {ks=k osQ mÙkj&if'peh Hkkx esa vk;ks± o lhfFk;uksa osQ jDr dk

lfEeJ.k fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ;|fi mPp tkfr;k¡ vk;ks± dh gh lUrku gSaA

(3) lqnwj nf{k.kµHkkjr dk lqnwj nf{k.k {ks=k tks Ñ".kk unh osQ nf{k.k esa fLFkr gS] vkt Hkh nzfoM+ lH;rk osQ

izHkko dk {ks=k gSA bl izns'k esa tks pkj Hkk"kk,¡ rfey] rsyqxw] dUuM+ o ey;kye izpfyr gSa] os nzfoM+ ifjokj

dh gSaA ;|fi ;s lHkh mUur Hkk"kk,¡ gSa fdUrq rfey Hkk"kk vius lkfgR; osQ mRd"kZ osQ fy, fo'ks"k izfl¼ gSA izkphu

dky esa ;gk¡ pksy ok"M~; rFkk osQjy uked lcy lkezkT; LFkkfir gq, FksA ;|fi bl izns'k dh Hkk"kk,¡] lH;rk

o laLÑfr ewyr% nzfoM+ gS fdUrq vk;Z czkã.kksa osQ foLrkj ls ;gk¡ dh lH;rk o laLÑfr ij vk;ks± dk i;kZIr izHkko

fn[kkbZ nsrk gS vkSj laLÑr Hkk"kk dk Hkh izHkko ;gk¡ dh Hkk"kkvksa ij iM+k gSA

bl izns'k osQ yksx ewyr% nzfoM+ gSa tks NksVs dn osQ ';ke o.kZ okys gSaA budh ukd piVh cky ?kus o ?kqa?kjkys

vkSj flj yEck gSA bruk gksrs gq, Hkh ;gk¡ vk;ks± osQ oa'k osQ yksxksa dh Hkh la[;k i;kZIr ek=kk esa fo|eku gSA

(4) vU; {ks=kµmijksDr izeq[k {ks=kksa osQ vfrfjDr dqN ,sls fxfjoklh rFkk ouoklh Hkh gSa ftudh cksyh ns'k dh

izeq[k Hkk"kkvksa ls fHkUu gSA ;s e>ksys dn osQ] ';ke o.kZ yksx gSa vkSj eq[;r% if'peh caxky] mM+hlk] eè; izns'k

o jktLFkku vkfn {ks=kksa osQ ouksa esa ;k igkfM+;ksa esa fuokl djrs gSaA buesa eq[; dksy] Hkhy o lUFkky vkfn izeq[k

gSaA

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blosQ vfrfjDr fgeky; dh rjkbZ osQ {ks=k esa ftuesa x

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bdkbZµ2: izkxSfrgkfld dky (ik"kk.k dky)[The Pre-Historic Age (Stone Age)]

vuqØef.kdk (Contents)mís'; (Objectives)


2.1 iwoZ&ik"kk.k dky (Palaeolithic or Old Stone Age)

2.2 uo&ik"kk.k dky (Neolithic or New Stone Age)

2.3 rkezik"kk.k laLÑfr;k¡ (Chalcolithic Cultures)





mís'; (Objectives)


• ik"kk.kdkyhu lH;rk dks le>us gsrqA• uo&ik"kk.k dky dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu djus gsrqA• rkezik"kk.k laLÑfr;ksa dks le>us esaA


ekuo vkSj mldh lH;rk dk mn; o fodkl bfrgkl dh ,d cM+h euksjatd dgkuh gSA ;g fuf'pr :i ls

ugha dgk tk ldrk fd ekuo dh mRifÙk dc gqbZA fo}kuksa dk er gS fd djksM+ksa o"kZ iwoZ fgeky; vkfn vusd

ioZrksa dk fuekZ.k gqvkA vusd fge ;qxksa osQ chrus osQ i'pkr vkt ls yxHkx ik¡p yk[k o"kZ iwoZ ekuo i`Foh

ij jgus yxkA og i'kqvksa osQ leku b/j&m/j ?kwe dj viuh vko';drk,¡ iwjh djus yxk] fdUrq vU; i'kqvksa

dh rqyuk esa mldk efLr"d vf/d lpsr FkkA oqQN bfrgkldkjksa dk vuqeku gS fd ekuo dh mRifÙk loZizFke

Hkkjr esa gh gqbZA mldk ewy fuokl nf{k.k Hkkjr esa Fkk fdUrq igys fge ;qx osQ i'pkr og iatkc dh vksj pyk

x;kA mÙkj if'peh iatkc vkSj f'kokfyd dh igkfM+;ksa esa blosQ izek.k feyrs gSaA

euq"; dh vkfn voLFkk osQ lEcU/ esa vusd izdkj dh dYiuk,¡ dh xbZ gSaA Hkkjr osQ yksxksa dk fo'okl gS fd

vfr izkphu dky esa lr;qx FkkA ;g og dky Fkk ftlesa lHkh euq"; lq[kiwoZd jgrs FksA /eZijk;.k Fks rFkk mPp

vkn'kks± dk vuqlj.k djrs FksA oqQN nk'kZfudksa us bls ^izkÑfrd voLFkk* dh laKk nh gSA tc euq"; Lora=krkiwoZd


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bdkbZ—2% izkxSfrgkfld dky (ik"kk.k dky)

viuk thou O;rhr djrk FkkA ml le; fdlh izdkj dh vlqfo/k,¡ ugha FkhaA fdUrq bfrgkldkj bu dYiukvksa

dks ekU;rk ugha nsrsA mudk er gS fd euq"; dk Øfed fodkl gqvk gS vkSj og /hjs&/hjs lH;rk dh vksj c

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(3) mÙkj iwoZ&ik"kk.k dkyµiwoZ&ik"kk.k dky osQ vfUre pj.k esa ekuo us fodkl dh ,d vkSj lh

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iwoZ&ik"kk.kdky osQ ekuo dh thou yhyk eè; o nf{k.k Hkkjr esa izkjEHk gqbZ vkSj mldk foLrkj mÙkj o mÙkj

if'peh Hkkjr rd gks x;kA

(3) fuokl LFkkuµbl dky esa vkfn ekuo taxyh i'kqvksa osQ leku b/j&m/j fopj.k djrs FksA os oL=kksa dk

Hkh mi;ksx ugha djrs FksA mudk dksbZ fuokl LFkku ugha Fkk vkSj u ?kj dh dYiuk gh iSnk gqbZ FkhA lk/kj.kr%

og o`{kksa osQ uhps fuokl djrk Fkk vkSj vko';drk iM+us ij o`{kksa ij p

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(6) dyk o laxhrµiwoZ&ik"kk.k dky osQ ekuo osQ fuokl LFkkuksa ls dyk osQ Hkh oqQN uewus izkIr gq, gSaA og

feV~Vh o dks;ys ls i'kq&if{k;ksa osQ fp=k cukrs FksA ;s fp=k muosQ vkStkjksa ij Hkh cus gq, izkIr gq, gSaA [kqnkbZ esa

gM~Mh ls cus gq, oqQN ok| ;U=k feys gSa] ftlls Kkr gksrk gS fd muesa laxhr osQ izfr Hkh #fp jgh gksxhA

(7) ljy lkekftd thouµbl dky osQ ekuo dks mldh vko';drkvksa us lkewfgd thou O;rhr djus osQ

fy, ckè; fd;k gksxkA taxyh i'kqvksa ls j{kk osQ fy, NksVs&NksVs lewgksa esa jguk vko';d gks x;k gksxk vkSj

lfEefyr :i esa gh [kk| lkexzh tqVkuk ljy gks x;k gksxkA bl izdkj NksVs&NksVs lewgksa esa jguk izkjEHk gqvk

gksxkA lkewfgd thou esa yTtk dk vuqHko djosQ vius xqIr vaxksa dks Nqikus osQ fy, o`{kksa osQ iÙkksa o Nkyksa rFkk

i'kqvksa dh Nkyksa dk mi;ksx izkjEHk fd;k gksxkA bl izdkj ml dky dk lkekftd thou vR;Ur ljy FkkA

(8) /k£ed Hkkouk dk vHkkoµiwoZ&ik"kk.k dky osQ ekuo esa /k£ed Hkkouk osQ fodkl dk dksbZ izek.k ugha

feyrkA 'kk;n vHkkSfrd txr osQ ckjs esa lkspus dk mls le; gh ugha feyrk FkkA nSfud thou dh dBksjrk rFkk

O;Lrrk osQ dkj.k lkspus o euu djus dk volj mlosQ ikl ugha FkkA ml dky dh u dksbZ lekf/ feyh gS

vkSj u dksbZ ,sls fpÉ tks fl¼ djrs gksa fd og nsoh&nsorkvksa dh mikluk djrk gksA lEHkor% og e`rdksa dks

[kqys eSnku esa i'kq&if{k;ksa osQ [kkus osQ fy, NksM+ nsrk FkkA

2-2 uo&ik"kk.k dky (Neolithic or New Stone Age)

ekuo us gtkjksa o"kks± rd iwoZ&ik"kk.k dky esa thou O;rhr fd;k vkSj mlosQ i'pkr mlus uo&ik"kk.k dky esa

izos'k fd;kA ;|fi bl dky esa Hkh ekuo us iRFkj osQ vkStkjksa o gfFk;kjksa dk mi;ksx fd;k fdUrq ;s vkStkj o

gfFk;kj vf/d mUur voLFkk esa Fks vkSj ^DokVZtkbV* (Quartzite) ls fHkUu iRFkj osQ lqMkSy vkSj fpdus o

fofo/ izdkj osQ FksA bl dky osQ gfFk;kj o vkStkj iwoZ dky dh vis{kk vf/d lqUnj Fks] oqQ'kyrk ls cuk,

x, Fks vkSj buesa vf/d rh[kkiu FkkA vr% ftl dky esa iRFkj osQ bu ifj"Ñr vkStkjksa dk bLrseky gqvk] og

dky uo&ik"kk.k dky (Neolithic or New Stone Age) dgyk;kA

okLro esa iwoZ&ik"kk.k dky rFkk uo&ik"kk.k dky osQ chp esa Hkh ,d eè;&ik"kk.k dky (Mesolithic Age) vkSj

Hkh Fkk] ftlesa ekuo us iwoZ&ik"kk.k dky dh vis{kk vf/d mUufr dj yh FkhA ;gk¡ vè;;u dh lqfo/k osQ fy,

iwoZ&ik"kk.k dky osQ i'pkr uo&ik"kk.k dky dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gS] ftlesa eè;&ik"kk.k dky osQ ekuo dks

Hkh lfEefyr dj fy;k x;k gSA

;|fi ;g dguk vR;Ur dfBu gS fd ekuo us fdruk le; iwoZ&ik"kk.k dky esa O;rhr fd;k vkSj dc

uo&ik"kk.k dky esa izos'k fd;kA okLrfodrk ;g gS fd ifjorZu cgqr /heh xfr ls gqvkA vr% nksuksa osQ chp

dksbZ Li"V foHkktu&js[kk ugha [khaph tk ldrhA ;gh dkj.k gS fd fo}kuksa us vyx&vyx le; dk mYys[k ugha

fd;k gSA lkekU;r% nl gtkj o"kZ bZ- iwoZ ls ysdj yxHkx rhu gtkj o"kZ bZ- iwoZ rd dk dky uo&ik"kk.k

dky dk le; ekuk tkrk gSA

uo&ik"kk.k dky dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡µuo&ik"kk.k dky dk ekuo vf/d mUur voLFkk esa FkkA vc vkStkjksa

dk fof'k"Vhdj.k fd;k x;kA Ñf"k o i'kq ikyu izkjEHk gqvkA LFkk;h fuokl cu x;kA oL=k o feV~Vh osQ crZu

cuus yxsA bl izdkj ekuo us lH;rk osQ ekxZ ij vxyk dne j[kkA ml dky dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ fuEufyf[kr

Fkhaµ

(1) vkStkj o gfFk;kj (Tools)µiwoZ&ik"kk.k dky osQ i'pkr ekuo us vius vkStkjksa esa mUufr dj yhA eè;

ik"kk.k dky esa cnyh gqbZ tyok;q esa u, ekuo us u, izdkj osQ vkStkj cuk,A ;s vkStkj dkfYlMksuh

(Chalcedonly), tSLij (Jasper), pVZ (Chert) rFkk CyMLVksu (Bloodstone) uked iRFkjksa ls cuk, tkrs

Fks vkSj ydM+h osQ gRFks yxkdj bLrseky fd;s tkrs FksA bu vkStkjksa dks vyx vU;=k dk;ks± o mi;ksxksa osQ

fy, cuk;k x;k FkkA tSls iQyd (Blades), ikbaV~l (Points), [kqjpus osQ dke vkus okys (Scrapers), [kqnkbZ

osQ fy, bLrseky fd, tkus okys (Engravers), f=kdks.k (Triangles), v¼ZpUnzkdkj (Crescents), Nsn djus

osQ fy, (Borer) rFkk lhus osQ fy, lqvk (Awl) vkfnA

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iRFkjksa ij [kqnkbZ

uo&ik"kk.k dky osQ ekuo us vkStkjksa osQ fuekZ.k esa vkSj vf/d oqQ'kyrk izkIr dj yhA iRFkj osQ ;s vkStkj

vf/d lqUnj vkSj fpdus FksA bUgsa jxM+&jxM+ dj fpduk] pednkj o rst cuk;k tkrk FkkA bl dky esa gM~Mh

o ydM+h osQ vkStkj Hkh cuk, x,A bu vkStkjksa esa lsYV] oqQYgkM+h] iSQfczosQVj] ikfy'kj o gsejLVksu vf/d

mYys[kuh; gSaA


cgqfodYih; iz'u (Multiple Choice Questions)%

4- izkjfEHkd iwoZ&ik"kk.k dky esa euq"; iw.kZr% --------- ij vkfJr FkkA

(a) i'kqikyu (b) izÑfr

(c) Ñf"k (d) ou

5- izkjfEHkd iwoZ&ik"kk.k dky osQ vo'ks"k --------- ls izkIr gq, gSaA

(a) mÙkj izns'k (b) gfj;k.kk

(c) fcgkj (d) iatkc

6- nl gtkj bZ- iwoZ ls ysdj --------- bZ- iwoZ rd dk dky uo&ik"kk.k dky dk le; ekuk tkrk gSA

(a) nl gtkj] rhu gtkj (b) ik¡p gtkj] lkr gtkj

(c) vkB gtkj] pkj gtkj (d) nks gtkj] ik¡p gtkj

7- Ñf"k o i'kqikyu vkjEHk gqvk Fkk

(a) iqjkik"kk.k dky (b) eè;ik"kk.k dky

(c) uo ik"kk.kdky (d) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

(2) fuokl osQ {ks=k (Areas of settlement)µbl dky osQ ekuo us viuk fuokl Hkkjr osQ fofHkUu {ks=kksa dks

cuk;kA d'ehj] nf{k.k Hkkjr] mÙkj iwohZ Hkkjr rFkk cywfpLrku esa ml dky osQ ekuo osQ vkStkj rFkk vU;

vo'ks"k izkIr gq, gSa] vr% vuqeku yxk;k x;k gS fd og bu {ks=kksa esa fuokl djrk gksxkA eè;&ik"kk.k ;qx osQ

ekuo osQ vkStkj is'kkoj ftys ls ysdj frusoyh ftys rd rFkk djk¡ph ls fcgkj rd lc txg izkIr gq, gSaA

iatkc] xqtjkr o eè; Hkkjr osQ vfrfjDr eSlwj esa czãfxfj uked LFkku ij o oqQuwZy esa ;s vkStkj i;kZIr la[;k

esa feys gSaA egkjk"Vª esa usoklk o dkys xk¡o esa Hkh ;s midj.k izkIr gq, gSaA xqtjkr esa izkIr gq, vo'ks"kksa osQ leku

gh if'peh caxky osQ ohjHkkuiqj esa Hkh midj.k feys gSaA

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uo&ik"kk.k dky osQ vo'ks"k d'ehj] flU/] mÙkj izns'k] fcgkj] caxky] vle] eè; izns'k] vkU/z izns'k] eSlwj

vkfn {ks=kksa esa i;kZIr ek=kk esa feys gSaA nf{k.k Hkkjr osQ rsd:y dksVk esa Hkh uo&ik"kk.k dky osQ vo'ks"k feys

gSaA nf{k.k Hkkjr osQ fofHkUu {ks=kksa dh [kqnkbZ ls Li"V gksrk gS fd ;gk¡ dh lH;rk,¡ uo&ik"kk.k dky dh Fkha]

ftudk le; gM+Iik dh lH;rk osQ leku gh FkkA

uksV~l eè;ik"kk.k ;qx osQ ekuo osQ vkStkj is'kkoj ftys ls ysdj frusoyh rd rFkk djkaph ls fcgkj rd

lc txg izkIr gq,A

(3) LFkk;h thou dk izkjEHkµbl dky esa ekuo us Vksfy;ksa esa ?kweus osQ LFkku ij LFkk;h fuokl dh O;oLFkk

dj yhA o`{kksa o dUnjkvksa osQ LFkku ij] ufn;ksa osQ fdukjs fuf'pr LFkku ij ?kj cukdj LFkk;h :i ls jgus yxkA

mlosQ ?kqeDdM+ thou dk vUr gks x;kA og iRFkjksa dks mQij&uhps j[k dj ?kj cukrk vkSj Nrksa dks o`{kksa dh

'kk[kkvksa o iÙkksa ls rFkk tkuojksa dh [kky o gfM~M;ksa ls

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pwfM+;k¡

(8) dyk dk fodkl rFkk feV~Vh osQ crZuµuo ik"kk.k dky osQ ekuo us dyk osQ {ks=k esa Hkh mUufr dhAmldh fp=kdyk osQ uewus Hkkjr esa loZ=k izkIr gq, gSaA ;s dyk dk izkphure :i gSa vkSj ;g fl¼ djus osQ fy,i;kZIr gSa fd ml dky osQ ekuo esa dyk osQ izfr #fp fo|eku FkhA mUgsa jaxksa dk Hkh Kku Fkk vkSj os fp=kksa dksjax dj lqUnj cukrs FksA bl dky osQ dyk osQ uewuksa dks ns[kus ls yxrk gS ekuks ekuo izÑfr dk vuqdj.k djjgk gksA bu fp=kksa esa lthork Hkh fo|eku gSA

uo ik"kk.k dky osQ crZu

iape

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fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa esa lgh@xyr Nk¡fV, (Write True/False in the following statements)%

8- mÙkj if'pe dh xksey ?kkVh esa fLFkr xqxyk o jgeku rs Fks vkSj lEHkor%

budh mikluk Hkh djrs FksA oqQN ik"kk.k [k.Mksa dks nsoh dk :i ns fn;k x;k FkkA vfLFk ik=k o mlesa j[kh xbZ

lkexzh dks ns[kdj ;g vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gS foQ os firjksa dh iwtk djrs gksaxsA bl dky esa 'koksa dks tykrs

Hkh Fks vkSj niQukrs Hkh FksA mikluk dh fof/ esa p

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vkus okys vkStkj izkIr gq, gSaA buosQ vfrfjDr iQly dkVus okys iRFkj osQ vkStkj Hkh feys gSaA uoik"kk.k dky

osQ vxys pj.k esa xkjs o dPph b±V osQ ?kj] pkd ls cuk, x, feV~Vh osQ crZu rFkk lhfer ek=kk esa rkacs dk

mi;ksx feyrk gSA

(2) esgjx

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osQ uke ls izfl¼ gSA bruk gh ugha ljLorh unh dh lgk;d ufn;ksa osQ lw[ks gq, ekxZ Hkh ;gk¡ [kksts tk pqosQ

gSaA ;|fi bl {ks=k dk mR[kuu ugha gqvk gS fdUrq fofHkUu Ïksrksa ls tks [kkstsa gqbZ gSa mUgksaus ;gk¡ ,d vR;Ur

fodflr lH;rk dks mtkxj fd;k gSA bl unh osQ jktLFkku okys {ks=k esa ,d vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ LFky dkyhcaxk

gS] tgk¡ flU/q lH;rk osQ Hkjiwj vo'ks"k feys gSa vkSj bu vo'ks"kksa osQ uhps gM+Iik iwoZ dh lH;rk osQ laosQr feys

gSaA ;g lH;rk vR;Ur fodflr Fkh rFkk ;gk¡ dh cLrh osQ pkjksa vksj dPph b±Vksa dh fdykcUnh FkhA iDdh b±Vksa

dk Hkh bUgsa Kku FkkA edkuksa dk Lo:i vkt osQ xzkeksa osQ edkuksa ls feyrk&tqyrk FkkA ?kj esa vkaxu vkSj mlosQ

fdukjs ij dke gksrs Fks] vkaxu esa [kkuk idkus dk Hkh izcU/ FkkA ml dky esa tehu osQ mQij rFkk uhps ranwj

feys gSa tks vk/qfud ranwj ls feyrs gSaA [ksrh esa gy dk iz;ksx gksrk FkkA vUu dks Hk.Mkj esa bdV~Bk fd;k

tkrk FkkA

bl ;qx esa iRFkj o rkacs nksuksa dk mi;ksx gksrk Fkk D;ksafd nksuksa osQ midj.k izkIr gq, gSaA iRFkj dk vf/d

bLrseky fd;k tkrk FkkA iRFkj osQ iQyd esa ydM+h dk gRFkk yxkdj njkarh dh rjg bLrseky fd;k tkrk FkkA

bl ;qx esa rkacs dh pwfM+;ka o rkacs osQ euosQ Hkh cuk, tkrs FksA lhfi;k¡ o iDdh feV~Vh dk Hkh mi;ksx gksrk FkkA

VkLd uo ik"kk.k dky dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ crkb,A

([k) Hkhrjh Hkkjr dh rkezik"kk.k laLÑfr;k¡ (Chalcolithic cultures of Inner India)

Hkhrjh Hkkjr dh rkezik"kk.k laLÑfr;k¡ eq[;r% fuEufyf[kr Fkhaµ

(1) vgkM+ laLÑfr ;k cukl laLÑfrµjktLFkku osQ mn;iqj] t;iqj] fpÙkkSM+x

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ls tkuh tkrh gSA ;gh orZeku egkjk"Vª dh laLÑfr gSA tks[ks osQ mR[kuu esa oxhZdj.k] vk;rkdkj o o`Ùkkdkj ?kj

feys gSaA ?kjksa dh cukoV xzkeksa osQ dPps ?kjksa tSlh FkhA ;gk¡ Hkh rkacs dh ogh oLrq,¡ feyh gSa tks ekyok laLÑfr

esa feyh gSaA nk;ekckn esa rkacs osQ cus jFk pykrs euq";] lkaM] xSaMs o gkFkh feys gSaA ;s Bksl gSa vkSj dbZ fdyks

osQ gSaA ;gka Hkh fHkUu&fHkUu vukt mxk, tkrs Fks vkSj i'kqikyu gksrk FkkA

(4) nf{k.k Hkkjr dh rkezik"kk.k laLÑfrµmÙkj o eè; Hkkjr osQ leku nf{k.k Hkkjr esa Hkh ckn osQ pj.kksa

esa rkezik"kk.k ;qxhu thou osQ laosQr feyrs gSaA dukZVd] vka/z o rfeyukMq osQ {ks=kksa osQ mR[kuu ls tks oLrq,¡

feyh gSa og bl ;qx osQ thou dks izn£'kr djrh gSaA rqaxHknzk o Ñ".kk ufn;ksa osQ chp dk jk;pwj nksvkc dk {ks=k

bl n`f"V ls cgqr egÙoiw.kZ gSA eq[;r% ukxktqZudksaMk] czãfxfj] mruwj] ;k;eiYyh ekLdh o dksMsdy vkfn esa

[kqnkbZ gqbZ gSA ;gk¡ osQ lkaLÑfrd fodkl osQ rhljs pj.k esa pkd fu£er feV~Vh osQ crZuksa osQ lkFk&lkFk /krq osQ

crZu Hkh cuk, tkrs FksA ?kjksa dh cukoV dk vk/kj mÙkj tSlk gh Fkk fdUrq LFkkuh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ vuq:i muesa

ifjorZu dj fy, x, FksA bl dky esa iRFkj o feV~Vh osQ lkFk&lkFk rkacs dh oLrq,¡ curh Fkha rFkk vU; {ks=kksa

esa Hksth tkrh FkhaA lEHkor% bl dky esa ;gk¡ lksus dk bLrseky gksus yxk FkkA

(5) iwohZ Hkkjr rFkk rkezik"kk.k laLÑfrµ;gk¡ osQ LFkyksa osQ mR[kuu osQ vHkko esa rkezik"kk.k ;qxhu laLÑfr;ksa

dk o.kZu izkI; ugha gSA if'peh caxky osQ chjHkwe] cnZoku] fenukiqjh o ckaoqQjk ls rkez;qxhu thou osQ laosQr

vo'; feys gSaA tks lk{; feys gSa muosQ ekè;e ls pkoy ij vk/kfjr ,d foLr`r rkezik"kk.k ;qxhu xzke&laLÑfr

dk irk pyrk gS tks bZlk ls nks gtkj o"kZ iwoZ dh gSA fcgkj osQ fpjkan o lksuiqj tSls LFkyksa osQ mR[kuu ls

rkezik"kk.k ;qxhu thou osQ laosQr feyrs gSa tks ckn dk dky[k.M gSA

2-4 lkjka'k (Summary)

izkjfEHkd ekuo dk thou i'kq rqY; Fkk fdUrq gtkjksa o"kks± osQ O;rhr gksus osQ i'pkr mlus lH; thou O;rhr

djuk vkjEHk fd;kA bl dky dh tkudkjh fuf'pr izek.kksa ls izkIr gksus dk rks iz'u gh ugha mBrk] vr% ;g

tkudkjh vU; lk/uksa ij vk/kfjr gSA lH;rk ls iwoZ osQ bl lEiw.kZ yEcs dky dks izkxSfrgkfld dky (Pre-

historic Age) osQ uke ls iqdkjk tkrk gSA

2-5 'kCndks'k (Keywords)

• vkStkj o gfFk;kj (Tools) % dkjhxj dk vkStkj• ikbaV~l (Points) % fcUnq

2-6 vH;kl&iz'u (Review Questions)

1- iwoZ&ik"kk.k dky dk o.kZu dhft,A

2- Hkkjr esa uo&ik"kk.k dky dh fo'ks"krk,¡ fyf[k,A

3- Hkhrjh Hkkjr dh rkez ik"kk.k laLÑfr;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

4- mÙkj&if'pe Hkkjr dh izeq[k rkez ik"kk.k dkyhu cfLr;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

mÙkj % Lo&ewY;kadu (Answer: Self Assessment)

1- uoik"kk.k 2- iRFkj osQ gfFk;kjksa o vkStkjksa 3- lksu unh dh ?kkVh

4- (b) 5- (d) 6- (a) 7- (c)

8- lgh 9- lgh 10- xyr 11- xyrA

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2-7 lUnHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)

iqLrosaQ 1- izkphu Hkkjr dk lkekftd ,oa vk£Fkd bfrgklµvkse izdk'k] U;w ,.M ifCy'klZA

2- izkphu Hkkjr dk bfrgklµMkW- fcfiu fcgkjh flUgk] KkuUnk izdk'kuA

3- izkphu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl ,d uohu n`f"Vdks.kµfdV~Vw jsM~Mh] Kku cqDlA

4- izkphu Hkkjr dk bfrgklµ'kSysUnz lsaxj] vVykafVd ifCy'klZ ,.M fMLVªhC;wVlZA

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bdkbZ—3% flU/q ?kkVh dh lH;rk (3250 bZñ iwñ ls 1750 bZñ iwñ rd)

bdkbZµ3: flU/q ?kkVh dh lH;rk(3250 bZñ iwñ ls 1750 bZñ iwñ rd)

(Indus Valley Civilization)

vuqØef.kdk (Contents)

mís'; (Objectives)


3.1 flU/q ?kkVh dh lH;rk dk uke ,oa [kkst (Name and Search of Indus Valley

Civilization)

3.2 flU/q ?kkVh lH;rk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Characteristic of Indus Valley Civilization)

3.3 flU/q ?kkVh lH;rk dk iru (Decline of Indus Valley Civilization)

3.4 flU/q ?kkVh lH;rk dh nsu (Contribution of Indus Valley Civilization)





mís'; (Objectives)


• flU/q ?kkVh dh lH;rk dk mn; osQ o.kZu djus esaA• flU/q ?kkVh dh lH;rk osQ fo'ks"krkvksa dh O;k[;k djus esaA• flU/q ?kkVh dh lH;rk osQ iru vkSj nsu dk o.kZu djus gsrqA


flU/q ?kkVh dh lH;rk ftls gM+Iik lH;rk vkSj flU/q lH;rk osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] osQ dky fu/kZj.k

osQ laca/ esa oqQN fo}kuksa dk er gS fd ;g lH;rk ukxjh; rFkk O;kikj iz/ku gksus osQ dkj.k oSfnd lH;rk dk

ifjo£¼r Lo:i gSA mi;qZDr er dk fojks/ djrs gq, oqQN vU; bfrgkldkjksa dk dguk gS fd ;g lH;rk oSfnd

dky ls cgqr izkphu gSA


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3-1 flU/q ?kkVh dh lH;rk dk uke ,oa [kkst(Name and Search of Indus Valley Civilization)

¶flU/q lH;rk¸] ¶flU/q ?kkVh dh lH;rk¸ vkSj ¶gM+Iik lH;rk¸µ;s rhuksa i;kZ;okph uke lk/kj.k rkSj ls blh

lH;rk osQ fy, iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSaA 1921 ls igys izk;% ;gh ekuk tkrk Fkk fd vk;ks± osQ le; ls gh Hkkjrh;

lH;rk dh dgkuh 'kq: gksrh gSA ysfdu oqQN fo}kuksa ,oa Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo foHkkx osQ lg;ksx ls ,d ,slh

izkphure lH;rk dh tkudkjh gqbZ ftlus Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dks vkSj izkphu cuk fn;kA vkjEHk esa tc 1921 bZñ

esa vk/qfud iatkc osQ if'peh Hkkx esa fLFkr gM+Iik uked LFkku ls bl izkphu lH;rk dh tkudkjh gqbZ rks blh

LFkku osQ nf{k.k esa fLFkr eksgutksnM+ks (eqnks± dk uxj) dh [kqnkbZ Hkh gqbZA blosQ iQyLo:i ;g eku fy;k x;k

fd bl lH;rk dk izlkj flU/q ?kkVh rd FkkA vr% 'kq: esa bls flU/q ?kkVh dh lH;rk dgdj iqdkjk x;kA ysfdu

ckr ;gha [kRe ugha gqbZ bl lH;rk ij [kkst tkjh jghA oqQN fnuksa osQ ckn fiQj irk pyk fd ;g lH;rk flU/q

?kkVh rd gh ugha cfYd bl ?kkVh dh lhekvksa ls ikj Hkh nwj&nwj rd iSQyh FkhA bldk iSQyko vk/qfud jktLFkku]

gfj;k.kk] iwoZ iatkc vkSj xqtjkr rd ik;k x;kA bl HkkSxksfyd foLrkj dks è;ku esa j[kus osQ i'pkr ,slk yxus

yxk fd bls osQoy flU/q ?kkVh dh lH;rk dguk i;kZIr ughaA rc blosQ fy, ¶gM+Iik lH;rk¸ dk iz;ksx fd;k

x;kA gM+Iik ,d LFkku dk uke gS tks vk/qfud iatkc esa jkoh unh osQ ck;sa rV ij fLFkr gSA ;g lH;rk yxHkx

ukS lkS ipkl ehy mÙkj ls nf{k.k rd iSQyh FkhA gM+Iik uked LFky esa gh lcls igys bl lH;rk dh tkudkjh

feyhA vr% bl lH;rk dk uke gM+Iik lH;rk j[k fn;k x;kA

fons'kksa ls lEca/µflU/q ?kkVh dh lH;rk osQ lEca/ esa ftrus Hkh iz'u mBrs gSa muesa lcls egÙoiw.kZ iz'u ;g

gS fd D;k bl lH;rk osQ dky (2300 bZñ iwoZ ls 1750 bZñ iwñ rd) esa tks nwljh lH;rk,a fo'o esa Fkha mlls

bldk dksbZ lEca/ Fkk \ tc ge bl lH;rk dh rqyuk lqesj dh lH;rk ls djrs gSa rks nksuksa esa dkiQh esy ikrs

gSaA nksuksa {ks=kksa dk vkilh lEca/ gh bldk iz/ku dkj.k gks ldrk gSA feV~Vh ,oa vfLFk dh cuh gqbZ vusd izdkj

dh oLrq,a rFkk eqgjsa nksuksa izns'kksa esa ,d gh tSlh feyh gSaA iQyr% ge fu"d"kZ fudky ldrs gSa fd flU/q ?kkVh

,oa lqesj osQ chp dkiQh ?kfu"B lEca/ jgk gksxkA izfl¼ bfrgkldkjksa dk Hkh ;gh er gSA gkWy uked fo}ku

osQ vuqlkj lH;rk osQ {ks=k esa lqesj Hkkjr dk ½.kh gSA ysfdu oqQN nwljs fo}ku tSls xksMZu pkbYM rFkk

eSDMksuYM vkfn dk dguk gS fd flU/q lH;rk gh ½.kh gS lqesj lH;rk dhA

bu {ks=kksa ls izkIr rkEcs dh oqQYgkfM+;ksa osQ vk/kj ij gh bu {ks=kksa osQ chp ,d&nwljs ls lEca/ dh ckr

bfrgkldkjksa osQ }kjk crk;h x;h gSA flU/q ?kkVh esa ik;s x;s fiuksa osQ leku bVyh esa Hkh [kqnkbZ ls rkEcs dh vR;Ur

izkphu fiu feyh gSA [kqnkbZ ls izkIr blh rjg dh oLrqvksa osQ vk/kj ij fo}kuksa dk er gS fd flU/q {ks=k dk

lEca/ felz ls Hkh FkkA mi;qZDr ns'kksa dk lEca/ flU/q {ks=k osQ lkFk] tSlk fd iqjkrkfÙodksa dk dguk gS] O;kikj

osQ ekè;e ls FkkA iQyr% ;s {ks=k fuf'pr :i ls ,d&nwljs dh laLÑfr ls Hkh izHkkfor gq, gksaxsA

flU/q lH;rk dk dkyµflU/q ?kkVh esa izkIr izkphu lkekuksa esa rkEcs vkSj iRFkj osQ cus lkekuksa dh ek=kk cgqr

T;knk jgus osQ dkj.k bls rkez ik"kk.kdkyhu lH;rk Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

flU/q lH;rk osQ dkyfu/kZj.k osQ lEca/ esa oqQN fo}kuksa dk er gS fd ;g lH;rk ukxjh; rFkk O;kikj iz/ku

gksus osQ dkj.k oSfnd lH;rk dk ifjof¼Zr Lo:i gSA mi;qZDr er dk fojks/ djrs gq, oqQN vU; bfrgkldkjksa

dk dguk gS fd ;g lH;rk oSfnd dky ls cgqr izkphu gSA ;s fo}ku oSfnd dky dks bZlk ls nks gtkj o"kZ iwoZ

ekurs gSaA pwafd oSfnd dky ls de ls de iUnzg lkS o"kZ iwoZ flU/q ?kkVh dh lH;rk dks ekuk tkrk gSA blfy,

;s fo}ku flU/q ?kkVh dh lH;rk dk dky yxHkx 3250 bZñ iwñ ls 2750 bZñ iwñ rd ekurs gSaA izfl¼ bfrgkldkj

MkWñ vkjñ osQñ eq[kthZ dk Hkh ;gh fopkj gSA jktcyh ik.Ms; osQ vuqlkj flU/q ?kkVh dh lH;rk dk dky bZlk

osQ pkj gtkj o"kZ iwoZ gSA os crkrs gSa] ¶bl LFkku dh [kqnkbZ esa ty osQ /jkry rd izkphu uxjksa osQ [k.Mgjksa

osQ ,d osQ Åij nwljs lkr Lrj feys gSaA vuqekur% ;fn ,d uxj osQ tUe] fodkl ,oa iru osQ fy, ikap lkS

o"kZ dk le; fn;k tk;s rks lkr uxjksa dh mRifÙk] fodkl vkSj iru esa yxHkx iSarhl lkS o"kZ yxs gksaxsA lcls

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uhps dk Lrj Hkh ,d fodflr uxj dk vo'ks"k gSA vr% ;fn HkwxHkZ dk ikuh ck/k ugha Mkyrk rks lkrosa Lrj

osQ uhps Hkh [k.Mgjksa osQ Lrj fey ldrs FksA bl izdkj flU/q ?kkVh dh lH;rk de ls de bZlk osQ iwoZ pkj

gtkj o"kZ dh gSA¸ ;fn ;g fopkj lp gS rks ;g lH;rk felz dh uhy unh vkSj eslksiksVkfe;k dh ntyk&iqQjkr

unh dh ?kkfV;ksa dh lH;rkvksa dh ledkyhu FkhA oqQN vU; fo}kuksa us izkphurk osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls flU/q lH;rk

dks gh ekuo lH;rk dk izFke osQUnz ekuk gSA

oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k ls flU/q lH;rk dk dkykuqØe jsfM;ksdkcZu frfFk;ksa ij vk/kfjr gSA jsfM;ksdkcZu ,d

jklk;fud izfØ;k dks dgrs gSa ftlosQ vk/kj ij [kqnkbZ ls izkIr iRFkjksa ,oa gfM~M;ksa vkfn dk dky oSKkfud

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osQ jgus okys Hkh ugha ekurs gSaA mudk fopkj gS fd lqesfj;k dh lH;rk flU/q lH;rk ls vf/d izkphu gSA vxj

[kqnkbZ ls nksuksa LFkkuksa esa ,d gh rjg osQ lkeku feyrs gSa rks blls ;g vuqeku fd;k tk ldrk gS fd nksuksa {ks=kksa

osQ chp O;kikfjd lEca/ FkkA vf/dka'k fo}ku rks flU/q yksxksa dks nzfoM+ ekurs gh gSaA vly esa nzfoM+ksa dh ,d

Hkk"kk czkgqnZ Hkh gS vkSj ge ikrs gSa fd Hkkjr osQ if'peksÙkj Hkkx esa vkt Hkh oqQN yksx ;g Hkk"kk cksyrs gSaA dgrs

gSa fd cgqr ls yksx mÙkj Hkkjr esa vk;ks± ls ;q¼ esa ijkLr gksus osQ iQyLo:i nf{k.k Hkkjr esa pys x,A ckdh

tks yksx cp x, if'peksÙkj Hkkjr esa os gh czkgqbZ Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx cksypky esa djrs jgsA vr% dgk tk ldrk

gS fd lSU/o vo'; gh nzfoM+ FksA oqQN fo}ku lSU/o lH;rk osQ fuokfl;ksa dk lEca/ eaxksyksa ls Hkh tksM+rs gSa]

fdUrq bl rF; esa tku ugha gSA mi;qZDr rF;ksa osQ vk/kj ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd flU/q {ks=k esa fofHkUu

{ks=kksa osQ yksx jgrs Fks vkSj muosQ lfEefyr iz;kl osQ iQyLo:i gh bl egku lH;rk dk fodkl gqvkA

flU/q lH;rk osQ fodkl ls iwoZ gh bl bykosQ esa Ñf"k dk fodkl gks pqdk FkkA bZlk osQ rhu gtkj o"kZ iwoZ gh

flU/q vkSj iatkc osQ {ks=kksa esa Ñf"k dk fodkl gks pqdk FkkA mlosQ ckn ;g Ñf"k O;oLFkk iwoZ dh vksj izlkfjr

gqbZA ftl dkj.k izkphu ljLorh ?kkVh Hkh flU/q ?kkVh dh lH;rk dh lhek osQ vUnj vk xbZA fu%lansg gh

cywfpLrku ,oa c`gÙkj flU/q ?kkVh esa vkjEHk osQ bl Ñf"k O;oLFkk rFkk ckn esa pydj mlh {ks=k esa flU/q lH;rk

osQ fodkl esa fudV lEca/ jgk gSA flU/q lH;rk bl izkphu vk/kj ij D;ksa vkSj oSQls fodflr gqbZ\µ;g vkt

Hkh crkuk lEHko ugha gks ldrk gS_ ysfdu u;s 'kks/ksa osQ vk/kj ij ge bruk vo'; dg ldrs gSa fd bl lH;rk

dh tM+sa LFkkuh; Hkwfe ij xgjh teh FkhaA lH;rk okyh cfLr;ksa osQ foLrkj osQ lEca/ esa vHkh Hkh cgqr oqQN

vKkr gSA


fjDr LFkkuksa dh iw£r djsa (Fill in the blanks)%

1- gM+Iik ,d LFkku dk uke gS tks vk/qfud iatkc esa --------- unh osQ rV ij fLFkr gSA

2- gM+Iik osQ Vhys dk loZizFke mYys[k --------- esa pkYlZ eSlsu us fd;k FkkA

3- flU/q ?kkVh lH;rk esa --------- 'kklu iz.kkyh FkhA

3-2 flU/q ?kkVh lH;rk dh fo'ks"krk,¡(Characteristic of Indus Valley Civilization)

LFkkiR; ,oa uxj fuekZ.k ;kstuk

1946 osQ ckn ls ik;s x;s iqjkrkfRod vo'ks"kksa ls ;g ckr lkiQrkSj ij izekf.kr gks x;h gS fd flU/q lH;rk dk

izlkj dkiQh yEcs&pkSM+s {ks=k esa iSQyk gqvk FkkA 1958 dh [kqnkb;ksa ls dbZ jgL;ksa ij ls inkZ mBk gSA bl le;

gh ;g irk pyk fd iwoZ esa vkyexhjiqj rd flU/q ?kkVh dh lH;rk iSQyh FkhA vkyexhjiqj fnYyh ls chl ehy

mÙkj&iwoZ vkSj esjB ls lÙkjg ehy if'pe esa fLFkr gSA yksFky (xqtjkr)] dkyhcaxu (jktLFkku)] dksVfnth

(eksgutksnM+ks ls iPphl ehy iwoZ)] pkUgwnM+ks (eksgutksnM+ks ls vLlh ehy nf{k.k vkSj flU/q ?kkVh osQ ck;sa eSnkuh

bykdksa esa fLFkr) rFkk uhejh flU/q lH;rk osQ egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gSaA eksgutksnM+ks (eqnks± dk uxj) vkSj gM+Iik esa

izkIr oLrqvksa osQ vk/kj ij dgk tkrk gS fd ;s nksuksa LFkku vkt Hkh bl lH;rk osQ izeq[k osQUnz ekus tkrs gSaA

vc ;s nksuksa ikfdLrku esa gSaA flU/q {ks=k esa cls uxjksa dh cukoV dk tgka rd iz'u gS blosQ fy, vyx&vyx

uxjksa dk vè;;u fd;k tk ldrk gSA

eksgutksnM+ksµ;g uxj flU/ osQ yjdkuk ftys esa fLFkr FkkA og yxHkx ,d oxZehy esa iSQyk gqvk FkkA ;kstuk

dh lqfo/k osQ fy, bls iwohZ vkSj if'peh nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVk x;k FkkA iwohZ [kaM dh vis{kk if'peh [kaM NksVk

uksV



gSA ;g {ks=k pcwrjk cukdj Å¡pk mBk;k x;k gSA pcwrjk xkjs vkSj dPph b±Vksa ls cuk gSA blh pcwrjs ij fuekZ.k

dk;Z fd;k x;k gSA blosQ pkjksa vksj fdyscUnh dh nhokj cuh gSA ;g nhokj dPph b±Vksa dh cuh gSA blesa ehukjsa

,oa cqtZ Hkh cus gSaA bl fdys esa fuf'pr gh dksbZ eq[; izos'k }kjk gksxk ysfdu bldh tkudkjh vHkh rd fo}kuksa

dks ugha gks ik;h gSA bl if'peh [kaM esa vusd lkoZtfud Hkouksa dh tkudkjh gksrh gSA bu Hkouksa ls ogka osQ

le`f¼ dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA vuqeku fd;k tkrk gS fd vyx&vyx Hkouksa osQ vyx&vyx uke Fks] tSls fd

^iqjksfgrokl*] ̂ vUu HkaMkj*] ̂ egkfo|ky;* Hkou bR;kfnA ysfdu ,slk dguk ek=k vVdyckth gksxh D;ksafd vHkh

rd ogka dh fyfi dks i

uksV



gM+Iikµ;g LFkku vk/qfud ikfdLrkuµiatkc esa jkoh unh osQ ck;ha vksj ij fLFkr FkkA eksgutksnM+ks osQ leku

gM+Iik 'kgj Hkh ;kstuk osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls nks Hkkxksa esa caVk FkkA igyk [kaM 'kgj osQ iwohZ Hkkx esa fLFkr Fkk rFkk

if'pe esa nwljk HkkxA [ksn dh ckr gS fd b±V pqjkus osQ mís'; ls ;gka osQ vkl&ikl osQ yksxksa us gM+Iik osQ iwohZ

Hkkx dks mtkM+ fn;k gSA iQyr% bl Hkkx osQ vo'ks"k gesa Bhd ls ugha fey ik;s gSaA

tgka rd gM+Iik osQ if'pe [kaM dk iz'u gS] ;g [kaM pkjksa rjiQ ls nhokjksa ls f?kjk FkkA ;g [kaM Hkh Å¡ps pcwrjs

ij fLFkr gSA bl [kaM dh fdyscanh osQ lEca/ esa larks"kizn :i ls oqQN crkuk eqf'dy gS D;ksafd blosQ Hkhrjh

Hkkx dh nhokj dh b±Vksa dks vkl&ikl osQ yksxksa }kjk pqjk fy;k x;k gSA [kqnkbZ ls Hkh dksbZ ,slh oLrq ugha feyh

gS tks lwpuk gesa ns losQA

gM+Iik osQ bl if'peh [kaM dh fdyscanh osQ vè;;u ls irk pyrk gS fd blesa vkus vkSj tkus osQ fy, dbZ

ekxZ cus gq, FksA blesa ,d eq[; ekxZ gksrk Fkk tks mÙkj esa [kqyrk FkkA bl eq[; izos'k }kjk osQ lkeus mÙkj osQ

oqQN nwjh ij jkoh unh FkhA bl jkoh unh ,oa eq[; izos'k }kj osQ chp [kqnkbZ osQ }kjk irk pyrk gS fd ,d ̂ vUu

HkaMkj* Fkk vkSj etnwjksa dks jgus osQ fy, ?kj cus gq, FksA b±Vksa ls tqMs+ gq, xksy pcwrjksa dh Hkh tkudkjh gesa feyrh

gSA bu pcwrjksa esa vukt j[kus osQ fy, dksVj cus FksA bl [kaM osQ ftl Hkkx esa lkekU; ukxfjd jgrs Fks] mlosQ

nf{k.k esa ,d dfczLrku Hkh feyk gSA

pkUgwnM+ksµbl LFkku dh [kqnkbZ vHkh rd Bhd ugha gks ik;h gS blfy, blesa fNis cgqrµls jgL;ksa dk mn~?kkVu

vHkh rd ugha gks ik;k gSA bl LFkku esa cgqr ls lkekuksa osQ fuekZ.k ls lEcaf/r vo'ks"k feys gSaA [kqnkbZ ls irk

pyrk gS fd ;gka euosQ cukus dk dkj[kkuk Hkh FkkA

dkyhcaxuµbl LFkku osQ Hkh nks [kaM FksA if'peh [kaM dks if'peh Vhyk Hkh dgk tkrk Fkk] bl Hkkx esa Hkh

fdyscUnh Fkh ysfdu ;g fdyscUnh nks Hkkxksa esa caVh FkhA bu nksuksa fdyscUnh osQ chp vkil esa lEca/ FkkA ,d

pgkjnhokjh ls nwljh pgkjnhokjh dh fdyscUnh esa tk;k tk ldrk FkkA ,d Hkkx esa nks&nks fdyscUnh dk gksuk

lEHkor% ;g izekf.kr djrk gS fd bl 'kgj esa jg jgs izfrf"Br ,oa /uh yksxksa osQ jgus osQ fy, ,d pgkjnhokjh

esa O;oLFkk FkhA nwljs Hkkx dk mi;ksx Å¡ps&Å¡ps pcwrjksa osQ fy, FkkA bu pcwrjksa osQ Åijh Hkkx ij gouoqaQMksa

osQ vo'ks"k feys gSaA gM+Iik osQ vkokl {ks=k osQ nf{k.k esa ysfdu dkyhcaxu osQ if'pe esa dfczLrku dk lk{;

feyrk gSA bl LFkku osQ iwoZ esa oqQN ,sls vo'ks"k feys gSa] ftuls irk pyrk gS fd iwoZ osQ fgLls esa iwtk ikB

dk;Z lEiUu fd;k tkrk FkkA

mi;qZDr fooj.k dkyhcaxu osQ if'peh Vhys osQ lEca/ esa gS] bl LFkku osQ iwohZ Vhys osQ ckjs esa Hkh gesa tkudkjh

feyrh gSA vo'ks"k osQ :i esa ;gka ,d nhokj feyh gS] tks gesa bl LFkku dh ;kstuk osQ lEca/ esa tkudkjh nsrh

gSA bl LFkku dh ;kstuk eksgutksnM+ks dh ;kstuk ls cgqr feyrh&tqyrh gSA fiQj Hkh FkksM+k cgqr varj rks ns[kus

dks feyrk gh gSA ge ikrs gSa fd dkyhcaxu osQ vkokl esa dPph b±Vksa dk iz;ksx gqvk gS tcfd eksgutksnM+ks osQ

edkuksa esa iDdh b±Vksa dkA eksgutksnM+ks osQ leku ;gka ;kstukc¼ rjhosQ ls ?kjsyw xUns ty dks ckgj fudkyus dh

iz.kkyh ugha FkhA 'kgjh ty fudkl iz.kkyh dk Hkh vHkko gSA vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd dkyhcaxu cLrh dh

fLFkfr eksgutksnM+ks dh rqyuk esa dkiQh xjhc FkhA

yksFkyµflU/q {ks=k dh gh ,d izeq[k cLrh yksFky Hkh FkhA ;g vk/qfud xqtjkr esa fLFkr FkhA ;gk¡ ls izkIr

vo'ks"kksa ls irk pyrk gS fd ;gka dkyhcaxu vkfn cfLr;ksa osQ leku nks fHkUu&fHkUu Vhys ugha Fks] vFkkZr ;g

nks [k.Mksa esa foHkkftr ugha FkkA ,slk Kkr gksrk gS fd ;g gM+Iik lH;rk dk ,d cUnjxkg FkkA uD'kk osQ vuqlkj

;g uxj 360 ehVj yEck vkSj 210 ehVj pkSM+k mÙkj&nf{k.k fn'kk esa iSQyk gqvk FkkA ;g Hkh ,d fo'kky nhokj

ls f?kjk gqvk FkkA ,slk ?ksjk lEHkor% uxj dks ckgj ls lqjf{kr j[kus osQ fy, fd;k x;k FkkA 'kgj dk nf{k.k

iwoZ Hkkx ,d cM+s pcwrjs osQ leku gS tks yxHkx pkj ehVj Å¡pk gSA bl pcwrjs osQ Åij NksVs pcwrjksa dh dbZ

drkjsa gSa ftuosQ chp ls ladh.kZ jkLrs xqtjrs gSaA bu pcwrjksa dh cukoV dks ns[kdj eksgutksnM+ks osQ vukt ?kj

dk Lej.k gksrk gSA ;g pcwrjk 48-5 × 42-5 ehVj dk gSA uxj osQ bl Hkkx osQ ihNs vkSj Hkh dbZ bekjrsa gSa vkSj

uksV



,d gh ukyh ls tqM+h gqbZ gSaA 'kgj osQ vU; Hkkx esa vusd ?kj vkSj nqdkusa clh gqbZ FkhaA buesa ls vf/d egÙoiw.kZ

gkj osQ nkus cukus okyksa dk dkj[kkuk] BBsjksa vkSj lksukjksa dk m|ksx Hkh 'kkfey gSA bl uxj dh eq[; lM+d mÙkj

ls nf{k.k dh vksj xbZ FkhA

ijUrq yksFky dh lcls vk'p;Ztud miyfC/ b±V ls fufeZr ,d fo'kky gkSt gS] ftldh eki 219 × 27 ehVj

gS vkSj 4-5 ehVj viuh lrg ls Å¡pk gSA ;g yksFky cLrh osQ iwjc esa vkSj vukt HkaMkj ls lVk gqvk gSA bl

gkSt osQ ,d fdukjs ij cka/ osQ njokts ij leku ikuh osQ cgko ij fu;a=k.k j[kus osQ fy, fdlh izdkj dk

iQkVd jgk gksxkA ,slk yxrk gS fd ;g yksFky dk cUnjxkg gksxk] ijUrq ;g fopkj vkerkSj ij Lohdkjk ugha

x;k gS ysfdu bl gkSt cukus osQ mís'; dks Hkh vHkh rd ugha le>k x;k gSA oqQN fo}kuksa us bls xksnhckM+k dgk

gS ysfdu bl fopkj dks Hkh fo}kuksa us ugha ekuk gSA vU; LFkyksa dh rjg bl 'kgj osQ fudV Hkh ,d dfczLrku

ik;k x;k gSA

lqjdksrnkµ;gka osQoy ,d gh Vhyk feyk gSA dkyhcaxu osQ leku ;g Hkkx Hkh pgkjnhokjh ls f?kjk FkkA nks

vyx&vyx pgkjnhokjh feyh gSa tks vkil esa ,d&nwljs ls tqM+h gqbZ gSaA ;gka Hkh yxrk gS fd ,d Hkkx esa /uh

yksx jgrs Fks rFkk nwljs Hkkx esa /kfeZd vuq"Bku gksrs FksA ftl Hkkx esa /kfeZd vuq"Bku gksus dk vuqeku fd;k

tkrk gS ogka dk pcwrjk Å¡pk gSA blosQ if'pe Hkkx esa dfczLrku FkkA bl rjg dkyhcaxu osQ if'pe Vhys dh

;kstuk dh iqujko`fÙk gh ;gka fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA bldk dksbZ iwohZ Vhyk ugha feyk gSA

cuokyhµflU/q {ks=k esa fLFkr bl LFkku dh ;kstuk lqjdksrnk rFkk dkyhcaxu osQ if'peh Vhys ls feyrh&tqyrh

gSA ;gk¡ Hkh nks&nks fdyscfUn;k¡ Fkha tks vkil esa ,d&nwljs ls feyh gqbZ FkhaA ,d Hkkx esa fof'k"V oxZ osQ yksx

jgrs Fks rFkk nwljh pgkjn

Documents

History of Ancient India Upto 1000 A · 2017. 7. 13. · (Units) (CONTENTS) (Page No.) 1. Ákphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds Lkzksr (Evidences of Ancient Indian History) 1 2. ÁkxSfrgkfld dky