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Ancient Ancient AfricaAfrica
Ancient EgyptAncient Egypt
Ancient AxumAncient Axum
Ancient KushAncient Kush
Kingdoms in North Eastern Kingdoms in North Eastern Africa:Africa:
The Nile River ValleyThe Nile River Valley
Ancient EgyptAncient Egypt
Ancient EgyptAncient EgyptThe people of Ancient Egypt called The people of Ancient Egypt called their land their land Kemet and themselves Kemet and themselves
KennuiKennui, which means “Black” in their , which means “Black” in their ancient languageancient language
Ancient EgyptAncient Egypt In the Nile River Valley, In the Nile River Valley,
kingdoms arose kingdoms arose because of agricultural because of agricultural growth, urbanization growth, urbanization and the creation of and the creation of large-scale political large-scale political units. (5000-4000 units. (5000-4000 B.C.E.) B.C.E.)
Permanent settlements Permanent settlements grew into regional grew into regional states. states.
Some of these states Some of these states united into two states united into two states and became known as and became known as Upper and Lower Egypt Upper and Lower Egypt . (3500 B.C.E.). (3500 B.C.E.)
The Ancient Egyptians thought of The Ancient Egyptians thought of Egypt as being divided into two Egypt as being divided into two
types of land: types of land: The 'black land' was the The 'black land' was the fertile land on the fertile land on the banks of the Nile. The banks of the Nile. The ancient Egyptians used ancient Egyptians used this land for growing this land for growing their crops. This was their crops. This was the only land in ancient the only land in ancient Egypt that could be Egypt that could be farmed because a layer farmed because a layer of rich, black silt was of rich, black silt was deposited there every deposited there every year after the Nile year after the Nile flooded. flooded.
The Ancient Egyptians thought of The Ancient Egyptians thought of Egypt as being divided into two Egypt as being divided into two
types of land:types of land: The 'red land' was the The 'red land' was the barren desert that barren desert that protected Egypt on two protected Egypt on two sides. These deserts sides. These deserts separated ancient separated ancient Egypt from Egypt from neighbouring countries neighbouring countries and invading armies. and invading armies. They also provided the They also provided the Ancient Egyptians with Ancient Egyptians with a source for precious a source for precious metals and semi-metals and semi-precious stones. precious stones.
Early LifeEarly Life
Most ancient Most ancient Egyptians worked as Egyptians worked as field hands, farmers, field hands, farmers, craftsmen and scribes. craftsmen and scribes. A small group of A small group of people were nobles. people were nobles. Together, these Together, these different groups of different groups of people made up the people made up the population of ancient population of ancient Egypt Egypt
The people of ancient The people of ancient Egypt built mudbrick Egypt built mudbrick homes in villages and homes in villages and in the country. They in the country. They grew some of their grew some of their own food and traded own food and traded in the villages for the in the villages for the food and goods they food and goods they could not produce. could not produce.
Pharaoh: Lord of the 2 Pharaoh: Lord of the 2 LandsLands
The PharaohThe Pharaoh
The most powerful person in ancient Egypt was The most powerful person in ancient Egypt was the pharaoh (The Great House). The pharaoh was the pharaoh (The Great House). The pharaoh was the political and religious leader of the Egyptian the political and religious leader of the Egyptian people, holding the titles: 'Lord of the Two Lands' people, holding the titles: 'Lord of the Two Lands' and 'High Priest of Every Temple'. and 'High Priest of Every Temple'.
The PharaohThe Pharaoh
As 'Lord of the Two As 'Lord of the Two Lands' the pharaoh Lands' the pharaoh was the ruler of Upper was the ruler of Upper and Lower Egypt. He and Lower Egypt. He owned all of the land, owned all of the land, made laws, collected made laws, collected taxes, and defended taxes, and defended Egypt against Egypt against foreigners. foreigners.
As 'High Priest of As 'High Priest of Every Temple', the Every Temple', the pharaoh represented pharaoh represented the gods on Earth. He the gods on Earth. He performed rituals and performed rituals and built temples to built temples to honour the gods.honour the gods.
HieroglyphsHieroglyphs The most famous of all The most famous of all
ancient Egyptian ancient Egyptian scripts is hieroglyphic. scripts is hieroglyphic.
Pictograms were Pictograms were pictures or objects, pictures or objects, such as animals or such as animals or toolstools
Ideograms were Ideograms were pictures that pictures that symbolized ideas and symbolized ideas and actions.actions.
Using these scripts, Using these scripts, scribes were able to scribes were able to preserve the beliefs, preserve the beliefs, history and ideas of history and ideas of ancient Egypt in ancient Egypt in temple and tomb walls temple and tomb walls and on papyrus scrolls and on papyrus scrolls
The Rosetta StoneThe Rosetta Stone
The Rosetta Stone is The Rosetta Stone is a stone with writing a stone with writing on it in two on it in two languages (Egyptian languages (Egyptian and Greek), using and Greek), using three scripts three scripts (hieroglyphic, (hieroglyphic, demotic and Greek).demotic and Greek).
The Rosetta Stone is written in three scripts The Rosetta Stone is written in three scripts because when it was written, there were three because when it was written, there were three scripts being used in Egypt. scripts being used in Egypt.
The first was hieroglyphic which was the script The first was hieroglyphic which was the script used for important or religious documents.used for important or religious documents.
The second was demotic which was the common The second was demotic which was the common script of Egypt. script of Egypt.
The third was Greek which was the language of The third was Greek which was the language of the rulers of Egypt at that time. the rulers of Egypt at that time.
The Rosetta Stone was written in all three scripts The Rosetta Stone was written in all three scripts so that the priests, government officials and so that the priests, government officials and rulers of Egypt could read what it saidrulers of Egypt could read what it said
The ancient Egyptians built pyramids as tombs for the pharaohs The ancient Egyptians built pyramids as tombs for the pharaohs and their queens. The pharaohs were buried in pyramids of many and their queens. The pharaohs were buried in pyramids of many different shapes and sizes from before the beginning of the Old different shapes and sizes from before the beginning of the Old Kingdom to the end of the Middle Kingdom. Kingdom to the end of the Middle Kingdom.
There are about eighty pyramids known today from ancient Egypt. There are about eighty pyramids known today from ancient Egypt.
The three largest and best-preserved of these were built at Giza at The three largest and best-preserved of these were built at Giza at the beginning of the Old Kingdom. The most well-known of these the beginning of the Old Kingdom. The most well-known of these pyramids was built for the pharaoh Khufu. It is known as the 'Great pyramids was built for the pharaoh Khufu. It is known as the 'Great Pyramid‘Pyramid‘
The Great Sphinx is a portrait of the pharaoh Khafre, which stands The Great Sphinx is a portrait of the pharaoh Khafre, which stands in front of his funeral pyramid at Giza.in front of his funeral pyramid at Giza.
Wealthy Egyptians built elaborate tombs calledWealthy Egyptians built elaborate tombs called““Houses of Eternity” Houses of Eternity”
TemplesTemples
TemplesTemples
The ancient Egyptians The ancient Egyptians believed that temples were believed that temples were the homes of the gods and the homes of the gods and goddesses. Every temple goddesses. Every temple was dedicated to a god or was dedicated to a god or goddess and he or she was goddess and he or she was worshipped there by the worshipped there by the temple priests and the temple priests and the pharaoh. pharaoh.
Their religion was complex Their religion was complex and was based on many and was based on many gods and mythologies.gods and mythologies.
Mythology = A collection of Mythology = A collection of stories and traditions about stories and traditions about people and institutions.people and institutions.
MummificationMummification
The earliest ancient Egyptians buried their The earliest ancient Egyptians buried their dead in small pits in the desert. The heat and dead in small pits in the desert. The heat and dryness of the sand dehydrated the bodies dryness of the sand dehydrated the bodies quickly, creating lifelike and natural quickly, creating lifelike and natural 'mummies'. 'mummies'.
Over many centuries, Over many centuries, the ancient Egyptians the ancient Egyptians developed a method developed a method of preserving bodies of preserving bodies so they would remain so they would remain lifelike. The process lifelike. The process included embalming included embalming the bodies and the bodies and wrapping them in wrapping them in strips of linen strips of linen
Mummification
Gods & GoddessesGods & Goddesses
The ancient Egyptians believed in many The ancient Egyptians believed in many different gods and goddesses. Each one different gods and goddesses. Each one with their own role to play in maintaining with their own role to play in maintaining peace and harmony across the land peace and harmony across the land
Some gods and goddesses took part in Some gods and goddesses took part in creation, some brought the flood every creation, some brought the flood every year, some offered protection, and some year, some offered protection, and some took care of people after they died. Others took care of people after they died. Others were either local gods who represented were either local gods who represented towns, or minor gods who represented towns, or minor gods who represented plants or animals. plants or animals.
Old Kingdom (Age of the Old Kingdom (Age of the Pyramids)Pyramids)
- 2780-2108 B.C.2780-2108 B.C.- Pharaohs had all political & religious powerPharaohs had all political & religious power- The Pharaoh was a landlord and rented out land The Pharaoh was a landlord and rented out land
to the nobles.to the nobles.- Pyramids were built to protect the dead.Pyramids were built to protect the dead.- Hieroglyphics told the Pharaoh’s storyHieroglyphics told the Pharaoh’s story- Sphinx: Monument that has a body of a lion and Sphinx: Monument that has a body of a lion and
head of a man (pharaoh). It represents the head of a man (pharaoh). It represents the pharaoh as Ra, the sun god.pharaoh as Ra, the sun god.
Declined:Declined:- Collected taxes, but pyramids were still too costlyCollected taxes, but pyramids were still too costly- Pharaoh began to lose authority to nobles, who Pharaoh began to lose authority to nobles, who
gained more authority over nomes (provinces)gained more authority over nomes (provinces)- Crops failed and people suffered.Crops failed and people suffered.
Middle Kingdom (Age of the Middle Kingdom (Age of the Nobles)Nobles) 2100-1788 B.C.2100-1788 B.C.
A noble named Amenemhet I became A noble named Amenemhet I became pharaohpharaoh
He gave power back to the pharaohHe gave power back to the pharaoh Moved capital to ThebesMoved capital to Thebes Arts and literature flourishedArts and literature flourished Successful war against NubiaSuccessful war against Nubia Trade was successfulTrade was successful
Declined:Declined: Weak dynasties (dynasty = a line of Weak dynasties (dynasty = a line of
hereditary rulers)hereditary rulers) Hyksos warriors destroyed temples, and Hyksos warriors destroyed temples, and
burned cities.burned cities.
New Kingdom (Age of the New Kingdom (Age of the Empire)Empire)
1580-1090 B.C.1580-1090 B.C. Egyptian pharaohs drove out Hyksos Egyptian pharaohs drove out Hyksos
warriorswarriors The Egyptians created a standing army of The Egyptians created a standing army of
charioteers, bowman and foot soldierscharioteers, bowman and foot soldiers HatshepsutHatshepsut: Was a powerful female : Was a powerful female
pharaoh, who expanded trade; time of pharaoh, who expanded trade; time of peace; built a pyramid in Valley of the peace; built a pyramid in Valley of the Kings. She is known as the world’s first Kings. She is known as the world’s first known female ruler. It is believed that her known female ruler. It is believed that her step-son (Thutmose III) murdered her, and step-son (Thutmose III) murdered her, and he led military campaigns that ended the he led military campaigns that ended the peace.peace.
DeclineDecline
Small invasionsSmall invasions A peace treaty between the Hittites and A peace treaty between the Hittites and
Ramses II caused Egypt to lose some Ramses II caused Egypt to lose some dominancedominance
Fell under PersiaFell under Persia Alexander the Great occupied Egypt and Alexander the Great occupied Egypt and
Cleopatra became the last pharaohCleopatra became the last pharaoh Defeated in a naval battle against Rome Defeated in a naval battle against Rome
and became part of the Roman Empireand became part of the Roman Empire
Axum (Aksum)Axum (Aksum)
AxumAxum
The Aksumites were a people formed from The Aksumites were a people formed from the mix of Kushitic speaking people in the mix of Kushitic speaking people in Ethiopia and Semitic speaking people in Ethiopia and Semitic speaking people in southern Arabia who settled the territory southern Arabia who settled the territory across the Red Sea around 500 BC. across the Red Sea around 500 BC.
They lived in the Ethiopian highlands near They lived in the Ethiopian highlands near the Red Sea.the Red Sea.
AxumAxum
The Aksumites The Aksumites controlled one of the controlled one of the most important trade most important trade routes in the world routes in the world and occupied one of and occupied one of the most fertile the most fertile regions in the world. regions in the world.
Adulis was a trade Adulis was a trade center center
Trade in ivory and Trade in ivory and possibly slaves. possibly slaves.
AxumAxum Ezana, a ruler of Axum, Ezana, a ruler of Axum,
declared Axum to be a declared Axum to be a Christian state , thus making it Christian state , thus making it the first Christian state in the the first Christian state in the history of the world, and began history of the world, and began actively converting the actively converting the population to Christianity population to Christianity
When people converted it When people converted it became a unique form of became a unique form of Christianity that blended their Christianity that blended their traditional beliefs with Christian traditional beliefs with Christian beliefs. beliefs.
Syncretism:Syncretism: A process in which A process in which 2 religions or belief systems are 2 religions or belief systems are mixed to create a new blend of mixed to create a new blend of ideas.ideas.
AxumAxum
Axum declined due Axum declined due to the rise of the to the rise of the new and expanding new and expanding religion Islam.religion Islam.
It also declined as It also declined as the environment the environment was over exploited. was over exploited.
Kush (Nubia)Kush (Nubia)
KushKush 2000 B.C. to 350 A.D.2000 B.C. to 350 A.D. Centered in the region NubiaCentered in the region Nubia In the Northern Sudan RegionIn the Northern Sudan Region The people are called KushitesThe people are called Kushites Alara is said to be the founder. He unified the Alara is said to be the founder. He unified the
Napta based kingdom.Napta based kingdom. Iron was the most important resource.Iron was the most important resource. The Egyptians enslaved some of them and took The Egyptians enslaved some of them and took
them back to Egypt and stole their metals, cattle them back to Egypt and stole their metals, cattle and ivory.and ivory.
Its power reached its climax when King Piye Its power reached its climax when King Piye conquered all of Egypt. They lost their power in conquered all of Egypt. They lost their power in Egypt to the Assyrians, who had iron weapons.Egypt to the Assyrians, who had iron weapons.
Their culture was similar to that of Egypt. Same Their culture was similar to that of Egypt. Same beliefs and gods.beliefs and gods.
They were fishermen & farmersThey were fishermen & farmers
KushKush
Alphabet Script = Merotic LanguageAlphabet Script = Merotic Language
Men and women held power jointly. A lot ofMen and women held power jointly. A lot ofart work depicts women giving birth to gods.art work depicts women giving birth to gods.
They traded along the Nile River and eventually with the Greeks.They traded along the Nile River and eventually with the Greeks.
Resources: Gold, ivory, copper, ebony and also traded potteryResources: Gold, ivory, copper, ebony and also traded pottery
Nubia had more pyramids than EgyptNubia had more pyramids than Egypt
In 2003, Charles Bonnet discovered 7 large stone statues of Nubian Kings along In 2003, Charles Bonnet discovered 7 large stone statues of Nubian Kings along the 3 rd cataract of the Nile River.the 3 rd cataract of the Nile River.
The Sudanese government are building the Merowe Dam, which will flood the The Sudanese government are building the Merowe Dam, which will flood the terrain where the Nubian Civilization flourished, which will make it impossible to terrain where the Nubian Civilization flourished, which will make it impossible to find any new information on this kingdom. find any new information on this kingdom.
The Black PharaohsThe Black Pharaohs
The Black Pharaohs: Conquerors of Ancient EgyptThe Black Pharaohs: Conquerors of Ancient Egypt1. Piye1. Piye
Kush’s power reached its climax when King Piye conquered all of Kush’s power reached its climax when King Piye conquered all of Egypt in 730BCEgypt in 730BC
It was a year long battle and when he won, he returned to Nubia It was a year long battle and when he won, he returned to Nubia with his treasurerswith his treasurers..
2. Shabaka2. Shabaka● ● He came into power when his brother Piye died in 715 B.C.He came into power when his brother Piye died in 715 B.C.●● He took up residence in Memphis, the capital of Egypt at the timeHe took up residence in Memphis, the capital of Egypt at the time●● He built dykes to seal off Egyptian villages from Nile floods.He built dykes to seal off Egyptian villages from Nile floods.● ● He added buildings and statues in Thebes and the Temple of He added buildings and statues in Thebes and the Temple of LuxorLuxor● ● There is a statue of him wearing the Kushite crown, the double There is a statue of him wearing the Kushite crown, the double uraeus, that has 2 cobras signifying the legitimacy as the Lord of uraeus, that has 2 cobras signifying the legitimacy as the Lord of the 2 lands.the 2 lands.
The Black PharaohsThe Black Pharaohs
3. Taharqa3. Taharqa● ● Ruled in 690 B.C.Ruled in 690 B.C.● ● He was the son on PiyeHe was the son on Piye● ● When he was a prince, he survived an Assyrian attackWhen he was a prince, he survived an Assyrian attack● ● He built monuments, statues and cartouches bearing his image and He built monuments, statues and cartouches bearing his image and name throughout name throughout Egypt.Egypt.● ● During his reign, there were great harvestsDuring his reign, there were great harvests● ● He launched a massive building campaign in Thebes and in NapataHe launched a massive building campaign in Thebes and in Napata● ● He battled with the Assyrian king EsarhaddonHe battled with the Assyrian king Esarhaddon● ● After a 15 day-long battle with the Assyrains, the Nubians were After a 15 day-long battle with the Assyrains, the Nubians were pushed back to Memphis and eventually, Taharqa (after being pushed back to Memphis and eventually, Taharqa (after being wounded 5 times) escaped and left wounded 5 times) escaped and left ● ● The Assyrians slaughtered the villagers and made piles of their The Assyrians slaughtered the villagers and made piles of their headsheads● ● In 669, he recaptured Memphis, but a new Assyrian king attacked In 669, he recaptured Memphis, but a new Assyrian king attacked and Taharqa fled to never see Egypt again and Taharqa fled to never see Egypt again
The Black PharaohsThe Black Pharaohs
Meroe became a powerful trade & Meroe became a powerful trade & military center.military center.
They trained elephants in They trained elephants in warfare and used them for warfare and used them for
transportation & Trade.transportation & Trade.
Wrestling was a very popular Wrestling was a very popular sport.sport.
DeclineDecline
Kush declined in 300 CE due to the Kush declined in 300 CE due to the growth of the population and growth of the population and industry, which had a devastating industry, which had a devastating impact on the environment. They impact on the environment. They were defeated by an Axum army.were defeated by an Axum army.
