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OCR Physical EducationAS / A-Level BiomechanicsPowerPoint SummariesThis resource has been written by Claire Miller for PEfocus and has been designed to supportteaching and learning of the ‘new’ OCR AS and GCE/A-Level PE specification for teaching fromSeptember 2016.
All content mirrors the OCR biomechanics specification perfectly.The resource comprises:
ü59 full colour / fully animated teacher slidesüStudent slides as PDFs – with gaps to fillüTeacher slides as PDFs – with ‘answers’
This resource can be used to present new work, for summing up topic areas and for consolidationat the end of the course.
We really hope that you and your learners will find it both engaging and helpful.
Herearejustafewsampleslides– wehopeyoulove
them!Bothteacherandstudent
slidesareincluded(thelatterwillbesuppliedasPDFfilefor
photocopying)
Student slides
The aim of this resource is to build a bank of knowledge that can be used throughout the course as well as at the end for review.
A favoured layout is to print two slides per A3 sheet; many students find the large visual style manageable, engaging and valuable as a supplement to other notes and resources.
Onprint-outs, fill intheblanksasyouworkyourwaythrough theslides
Unauthorised sharing or duplication of PEfocus materials is strictly prohibited by the Terms and Conditions that have been agreed between PEfocus and the purchasing institution.
Planesofmovement,Functionalrolesofmuscles:AnOverview1.2
Planesofmovement
Youneedtoknow…
Functionalrolesofmuscles
Youneedtoknow…
Names Transverse Frontal
Position
Sagittal
Divides bodyright&left
Divides bodytop&bottom
Divides bodyfront&back
BodyMovement
Forwards&backwards.
Example:somersault.
Rotational.
Example:turn/spin.
Right&leftlateral.
Example:cartwheel.
JointMovement
Flexion&extension
Dorsi flexion&
plantarflexion
Rotation
Horizontalflexion&horizontalextension
Abduction&adduction
AgonistThemuscleresponsibleforthe
movementatajoint
Example Thebiceps brachiiduringflexionoftheelbow
Antagonist
Themuscle thatlengthensorrelaxesastheagonistcontracts.Ithasanactionoppositetothatoftheagonist.
Example Thetricepsbrachii duringflexionoftheelbow
Fixator
Themuscle(s) thatstabilises thejointwheretheoriginoftheagonistsits.Ithelps theagonistfunctionefficiently.
ExampleTherotatorcuffmuscles (guardiansofthe
shoulder joint), orthedeltoidduringflexionoftheelbow.
Planesofmovement,Functionalrolesofmuscles:AnOverview1.2
Planesofmovement
Youneedtoknow…3
Functionalrolesofmuscles
Youneedtoknow…3
Names ________ ________
Position
________
Divides body_____&_____
Divides body_____&_____
Divides body_____&_____
BodyMovement
Forwards&backwards.
Example:___________
Rotational.
Example:___________
Right&leftlateral.
Example:___________
JointMovement
________&__________
D______flexion&P______flexion
Rotation
H________flexion&H________extension
________&__________
AgonistThemuscleresponsibleforthe
__________atajoint
Example The____________________duringflexionoftheelbow
Antagonist
Themuscle that__________orrelaxesastheagonistcontracts.Ithasanactionoppositetothatofthe__________.
Example The____________________duringflexionoftheelbow
Fixator
Themuscle(s) that__________thejointwherethe__________oftheagonistsits.Ithelps theagonistfunction efficiently.
ExampleTherotatorcuffmuscles (guardiansofthe
shoulder joint), orthe__________duringflexionoftheelbow.
Fill inthegaps
Cardiovascularsystematrest5.2
TheconductionsystemBloodflowthroughtheheart
Righthandside Lefthandside
Venacava Pulmonary veins
Rightatrium
Tricuspid valve
Pulmonarysemilunar valve
Pulmonary artery
Lungs
Rightventricle
Leftatrium
Bicuspid valve
Leftventricle
Aorticsemilunarvalve
Aorta
Bodytissues
Specialised bundles oftissue thattransmittheelectricalimpulse throughtheheartcausingacoordinatedcontraction.
Consisting of4features:
Definition
1. SAnodeInwallofrightatrium.Sends impulseacrossbothatriacausingatrialsystole.
2. AVnodeInmiddlewallofheartbetweenatriaandventricles.Receivesimpulse fromSAnode, delaysitforamomenttoallowforatrialsystoletofinish andsends itdownthebundles ofHis.
3. BundlesofHisInmiddlewallofheart.Transmitimpulse tothebottomoftherightandleftsideofheart.
4. PurkinjefibresInwallsofventricles.Causeimpulse topenetrateintoventriclewallscausingventricularsystole.
PulmonaryCirculation
SystemicCirculation
Cardiovascularsystematrest5.2
TheconductionsystemBloodflowthroughtheheart
Righthandside Lefthandside
Venacava ______________
______________
Tricuspid valve
Pulmonarysemilunar valve
______________
Lungs
______________
Leftatrium
______________
Leftventricle
_____________________
Aorta
Bodytissues
Consistingof4features:
Definition
1. ______________Inwallofrightatrium.Sends impulseacrossbothatriacausingatrialsystole.
2. AVnodeInmiddlewallofheartbetween__________and__________.Receivesimpulse from_______________,delaysitforamomenttoallowforatrialsystoletofinishandsends itdownthe____________________.
3. ____________________.Inmiddlewallofheart.Transmitimpulse tothebottomoftherightandleftsideofheart.
4. PurkinjefibresInwallsofventricles.Causeimpulse topenetrateinto__________wallscausingventricular__________.P____________
CirculationS___________Circulation
Fill inthegaps
Fill inthegaps
Writeadefinition oftheconduction systeminthebox.
Inbetweenprocesses2&3,therespiratorysystemreliesonthecardiovascularsystemtotransportoxygenfromthelungstothemuscles,andCO2 fromthemusclestothelungs.
Respiratorysystematrest7.1
KEY WORDS
Definition
Respiration
theprocesses involved insupplying thebodywithO2
anddisposing ofCO2.
You need to know processes.
1.Mechanicsofbreathing.(slide7.2)themovementofairinto(inspiration) andoutof(expiration)thelungs.
2.Externalrespiration.(slide7.3)gaseousexchangeofO2 &CO2 thatoccursatthelungsbetweenthealveoliandtheblood.
3.Internalrespiration.(slide7.3)gaseousexchangeofO2 &CO2 thatoccursatthemuscles betweentheblood andthemuscles.
HowisO2 transportedintheblood?
HowisCO2 transportedintheblood?
1. combinedwithhaemoglobinasoxyhaemoglobin.
2. dissolvedinbloodplasma.
1. combinedwithhaemoglobinascarbaminohaemoglobin.
2. dissolvedinbloodplasma.3. dissolvedinwateras
carbonicacid.
Passageofairintothelungs
nose
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
alveoli
Inbetweenprocesses2&3,therespiratorysystemreliesonthecardiovascularsystemtotransport______fromthelungstothemuscles,and______ fromthemusclestothelungs.
Respiratorysystematrest7.1
KEY WORDS
Definition
Respiration
You need to know 3 processes.
1. (slide7.2)themovementofairinto(inspiration) andoutof(expiration)thelungs.
2. (slide7.3)gaseousexchangeofO2 &CO2 thatoccursatthelungsbetweenthealveoliandtheblood.
3. (slide7.3)gaseousexchangeofO2 &CO2 thatoccursatthemuscles betweentheblood andthemuscles.
HowisO2 transportedintheblood?
HowisCO2 transportedintheblood?
1. combinedwith__________2. as_____________.3. dissolvedin__________
__________.
1. combinedwith__________2. as____________________.3. dissolvedin____________.4. dissolvedinwateras
________________.
Passageofairintothelungs
nose
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
alveoli
Fill inthedefinition andthegaps
Drawlinelinking
Keywordtostructure
PADP
AdenosineTriphosphate(ATP)andenergytransfer9.1*GCE/A-levelonly
ATP
KEYWORDS
Definition
theenergycurrencyofthebody.
theonlyusableformofenergyformuscularcontraction.
Adenosine P P P
highenergybond
inthemusclecell.
Whereisitstored?
Whatenzymebreaksitdown?
ATPase
What’sleftwhenATPisbroken
down?
Energy usedformuscularcontraction.ADP P
Whattypeofreactionisthis?
Exothermic
Howisitresynthesised?
Whattypeofreactionisthis?
Whatisthedefinition?
Whatisitsstructure?
Energy
Endothermic
ATP
releasedfromthebreakdownoffuels.
e.g.PC,glycogen,fats.
Enzyme
Acatalystthatspeedsupthe
rateofachemicalreaction.
Adenosinediphosphate Exothermic Endothermic
ADPThecompoundformedwhentheterminalphosphatebondisremoved
fromATP.
Areactionthatgivesoutenergy.e.g.thebreakdown
ofATP.
Areactionthattakesinenergy.
e.g.theresynthesisofATP.
ThebreakdownandresynthesisofATPisareversiblereaction.
ThebodycanonlystoreaverylimitedsupplyofATP– enoughfor2-3secondsofmuscular
contraction.So,ithas3methodsofcontinuallyresynthesising ATPcalledtheenergysystems.
AdenosineTriphosphate(ATP)andenergytransfer9.1*GCE/A-levelonly
ATP
KEYWORDS
Definition
highenergybond
Whereisitstored?
Whatenzymebreaksitdown?What’sleftwhen
ATPisbrokendown?
usedform______c_________.
Whattypeofreactionisthis?
Howisitresynthesised?
Whattypeofreactionisthis?
Whatisthedefinition?
Whatisitsstructure?
releasedfromthebreakdownoffuels.
e.g.__,_______,______.
Acatalystthatspeedsupthe
rateofachemicalreaction.
Adenosinediphosphate Exothermic Endothermic
e.g.thebreakdownof________.
e.g.the_________ofATP.
ThebreakdownandresynthesisofATPisa
____________reaction.
Thebodycanonlystoreaverylimitedsupplyof
ATP– enoughfor______secondsofmuscular
contraction.So,ithas3methodsofcontinuallyresynthesising ATPcalledthe________ _______.
answerthequestions intheemptyboxes.
fill intheemptyboxesandgaps
Heatacclimatisation
theprocessinwhichthebodyadjusts
graduallytoachangeinenvironmentaltemperature.
*GCE/A-levelonly
11.4 Exerciseintheheat
KEYWORDS
Definition
Corebodytemperature
thenormaltemperature ofthehumanbodyatrest=37.0degreescelsius.
Thermoregulation
theprocessthatallowsthebodytomaintainitscorebodytemperature.
Hypothalamus
theregionofthebrainresponsible forcontrolling bodytemperature.
Thermoreceptors
sensoryreceptors thatdetect changesincorebodytemperature andsendtheinformation tothehypothalamus.
TheenergyneededformuscularcontractioncomesfromthebreakdownofATPinanexothermicreaction,whichgivesoutheatenergy.
ATPbreakdowninthehumanbody isveryinefficient.20%oftheenergyreleasedisusedformuscularcontractionand80%oftheenergyreleasedisheatenergy.
WhentherateofATPbreakdownincreasesduringexercise,theincreaseinheatproducedwillincreasecorebodytemperature.
Thisheatimbalanceisdetectedbythermoreceptorsthatinformthehypothalamus inthebrain.Aprocess calledthermoregulationoccursthatremovesheatfromthebodyuntilasteadystateisreachedwhereheatloss =heatproduction.
Evaporativetechniques(sweating)
thehypothalamusactivatestwo defensemechanisms.
Non-evaporativetechniques
(coolingofbloodattheskin)
theprocessinwhichthebodyadjusts
graduallytoachangeinenvironmentaltemperature.
*GCE/A-levelonly
11.4 Exerciseintheheat
KEYWORDS
Definition thenormaltemperature ofthehumanbodyatrest=______degreescelsius.
Thermoregulation
theregionofthebrainresponsible forcontrolling bodytemperature.
Thermoreceptors
Theenergyneededformuscularcontractioncomesfromthebreakdownof______inanexothermicreaction,whichgivesoutheatenergy.
______breakdowninthehumanbody isveryinefficient.20%oftheenergyreleasedisused form__________c__________and80%oftheenergyreleasedisheatenergy.
Whentherateof______breakdownincreases duringexercise,theincreaseinheatproducedwill__________corebody temperature.
Thisheatimbalanceisdetectedby___________thatinformthe____________inthebrain.Aprocess called____________occursthatremovesheatfromthebodyuntilasteadystateisreachedwhere________________=________________.
1._______________techniques(sweating)
thehypothalamusactivatestwo defensemechanisms.
2._________________techniques
(coolingofbloodattheskin)
Fill intheemptyboxes
Fill inthegaps.