Wild birds and zoonosesHenk van der Jeugd

Vogeltrekstation – Dutch centre for Avian Migration and Demography NIOO-KNAW

Wild birds as reservoirs and vectors of disease

• Japanese encephalitis

• Newcastle disease

• West Nile virus

• Avian Influenza

• Trichomonas

• Tick-borne diseases:• Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)

• tickborne encephalitis

• Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever

WNV in USA

• Outbreak New York 1999

• Spread across United States

• Initital spread through South-North migration corridor

• Subsequent spread to West unclear

• Surveillance program forWNV in birds

WNV wild bird surveillance 2014Positive samples

West Nile Virus in the Netherlands?

• Not yet…

• Outbreaks in 2010 in Greece, and Russia

• Isolated cases in Portugal, Spain, Hungary and italy

• Surveillance program not yet installed

Sand martin with Ixodes ricinus tick Hyalomma marginatum tick

Tropical ticks: Hylomma marginatum

Occurrence of Hyalomma ticks in the Netherlands

• 2 recent cases of Hyalomma ticks on horses

• 1 human case in 2012 in Limburg

• 2012: pilot project• Bird ringers collect ticks on migrant birds

• 5 locations in Netherlands

• 66 specimens sent to CMV of nVWA

Collecting ticks from long-distance migrating birds. Centrum Monitoring Vectoren (CMV) van nVWA.

Hyalomma marginatum found on reed warbler5 June 2012Just outside Oostvaardersplassen

The effect of climate warming

Van Hemert et al 2014 Frontiers in Ecology

Figure 4. Conceptual model of climate-related impacts on avian disease dynamics in the Arctic

Avian Influenza virusesWild waterbirds are the natural reservoirs of low pathogenic avian influenza A viruses (LPAIV)

Reperant 2010

Avian Influenza virusesWild waterbirds are the natural reservoirs of low pathogenic avian influenza A viruses (LPAIV)

9-H and 16-N subtypes, nearly all subtypes have been isolated in waterfowl

Latorre-Margalef et al. 2014

Avian Influenza virusesWild waterbirds are the natural reservoirs of low pathogenic avian influenza A viruses (LPAIV)

9-H and 16-N subtypes, nearly all subtypes have been isolated in waterfowl

LPAIV can spread from wild birds into poultry farms

In poultry farms, H5 and H7 variants capable of developing into high pathogenic avian influenza A viruses (HPAIV)

HPAIV viruses –rarely- spill back into wild birds

• Transmission of HPAI mainlythrough respiratory tract

• Exact transmission unknown

• Fatal to many wild birds, but some dabbling ducks show no signs of disease

Reperant 2010

Reperant 2010

7 flyways of migratory birds

24

Qinghai Lake

Poyang Lake

Takekawa et al. (2010) Avian Diseases

H5N8 in wild birds 2014-15

Verhagen, van der Jeugd, Nolet, Kharitonov et al. in prep

Dusek RJ, Hallgrimsson GT, Ip HS, Jónsson JE, et al. (2014)

Figure 1. Viruses recovered from Iceland wild birds in 2010–2011 with segment lineage detail.

Dusek RJ, Hallgrimsson GT, Ip HS, Jónsson JE, et al. (2014)

28

Kleyheeg et al.

29

1 km

a

Kleyheeg et al.

Kleyheeg et al.

Kleyheeg et al.

A role for citizen science

© Jouke Altenburg

© Peter Das

© Jouke Altenburg

Thank you for your attention