Avian infections. Viral infections of respiratory tract Newcastel disease virus Avian influenza Avian infectious bronchitis virus Avian laryngotracheitis

Avian infectionsAvian infections

Viral infections of respiratory tractViral infections of respiratory tract

Newcastel disease virusNewcastel disease virus Avian influenzaAvian influenza Avian infectious bronchitis virusAvian infectious bronchitis virus Avian laryngotracheitis disease virusAvian laryngotracheitis disease virus AdenovirusesAdenoviruses

Avian infectious bronchitis virusAvian infectious bronchitis virus

Many strains (differ in antigenic properties and Many strains (differ in antigenic properties and

virulence) - mutations and recombinationvirulence) - mutations and recombination

Affects young animals from 3 weeksAffects young animals from 3 weeks

Maternal antibodies control infection for 3 weeksMaternal antibodies control infection for 3 weeks

Suffocation, cough, sternutation, urate plug, drop Suffocation, cough, sternutation, urate plug, drop

of lay, clinical signs last for 10 – 14 daysof lay, clinical signs last for 10 – 14 days

Avian infectious bronchitis virusAvian infectious bronchitis virus

Horizontal spreadHorizontal spread

Rapid spread – high concentration of animalsRapid spread – high concentration of animals

Vertical transmission – not demonstratedVertical transmission – not demonstrated

Virus replicates in epithelial a subepithelial cells Virus replicates in epithelial a subepithelial cells

of repiratory tract and kidney (nefropathogenic of repiratory tract and kidney (nefropathogenic

strains)strains) Virus persistence and long term sheddingVirus persistence and long term shedding

Avian infectious bronchitis virus - Avian infectious bronchitis virus - diagnosticsdiagnostics

Tracheal swabs – till 14 days in chicken, 7-10 Tracheal swabs – till 14 days in chicken, 7-10 days in older, 2-3 weeks in nefropat. strainsdays in older, 2-3 weeks in nefropat. strains

Virus isolation in acute phase of the diseaseVirus isolation in acute phase of the disease– CAM (2-3 passages)CAM (2-3 passages)– tracheal explantates (ciliostasis in 2-3 daystracheal explantates (ciliostasis in 2-3 days

Variant strains and Ag mutants – Variant strains and Ag mutants – sentinel SPF sentinel SPF animalsanimals

Avian infectious Avian infectious laryngotracheitis viruslaryngotracheitis virus

Acute disease of Acute disease of chickenchicken, pheasants (3-9 month), pheasants (3-9 month) Respiration problems, bloody mucous secretionRespiration problems, bloody mucous secretion Conjunctivitis - panophtalmitisConjunctivitis - panophtalmitis Mild - peracute diseaseMild - peracute disease Antigenic uniformity, strains differ in virulenceAntigenic uniformity, strains differ in virulence Impact of environment (iritation of resp.tract, low Impact of environment (iritation of resp.tract, low

temperature, concurrent infections)temperature, concurrent infections)


Virus latency – in infected and vaccinated animalsVirus latency – in infected and vaccinated animals Rezidual pathogenicity of vaccine strainsRezidual pathogenicity of vaccine strains Cell immunity – non-transmissible to the Cell immunity – non-transmissible to the

newbornsnewborns


Samples:Samples: 4-6 living animals4-6 living animals

trachea, larynx - chilled, not frozentrachea, larynx - chilled, not frozen

DiagnosticsDiagnostics I.N. inklusions - tracheaI.N. inklusions - trachea IF test – tracheaIF test – trachea Izolation on EE (CAM), IFA identificationIzolation on EE (CAM), IFA identification Differentiation of vaccine and field strains by READifferentiation of vaccine and field strains by REA

Newcastel disease virusNewcastel disease virus

Different pathotypes of the virusDifferent pathotypes of the virus

– Velogenic (viscerotropic and neurotropic)Velogenic (viscerotropic and neurotropic)

– MezogenicMezogenic

– LentogenicLentogenic

Serologically uniqueSerologically unique

Respiratory signs in velogenic and mezogenic Respiratory signs in velogenic and mezogenic

strainsstrains


Velogenic strains – Velogenic strains – respiratory signs (edema of respiratory signs (edema of

the neck, head), diarhea, neurological signs, the neck, head), diarhea, neurological signs,

bleeding, almost 100% mortalitybleeding, almost 100% mortality


DiagnosticsDiagnostics

Izolation: embryonated eggsIzolation: embryonated eggs

Detection: hemagglutination, PCRDetection: hemagglutination, PCR

Samples: lungs, spleen, brain, trachea.Samples: lungs, spleen, brain, trachea.

Indirect detection: hemagglutination inhibition Indirect detection: hemagglutination inhibition test (HIT) a virus neutralizing test (VNT)test (HIT) a virus neutralizing test (VNT)

THE RESPIRATORY TRACTTHE RESPIRATORY TRACT Rhinitis, sinusitis, tracheitis Mycoplasma gallisepticum(CHRD) enrofloxacin p.o. Live vac..-aerosol.

lincomycin p.o. tilmicosin p.o.

H. paragallinarum amoxicilin p.o.(hemofilová rýma)

pneumoniaMycoplasma synoviae linkomycin p.o.

tilmikosin p.o. Pasteurella multocida amoxicilin p.o. inakt. vak. s.c.(fowl cholera) Bordetella avium amoxicilin p.o.(rhinotracheitis, bordetelosis)

THE RESPIRATORY TRACTTHE RESPIRATORY TRACT

rhinotracheitis ,pneumonia, pleuritis, airsaculitis O. rhinotracheale amoxicillin p.o. inakt. vak. s.c.(ornithobacteriosis) doxycyclin p.o. airsacculitis E. coli flumequin p.o.M. synoviaeMycoplasma meleagridis* lincomycin p.o.(aerosacculitis in turkey) tilmicosin p.o.

Mycotic infections• flavus, A. fumigatus(aspergilosis)

THE RESPIRATORY TRACTTHE RESPIRATORY TRACTMycotic infections (aspergilosis)Mycotic infections (aspergilosis)Brooder pneumonia in newly-hatches chickens in incubatorsBrooder pneumonia in newly-hatches chickens in incubatorsNeumonia and airsacculitis – up to 6 weeks of ageNeumonia and airsacculitis – up to 6 weeks of ageA.A. flavus, A. fumigatusflavus, A. fumigatus

Infection of GITInfection of GIT

Newcastel disease virus chorobaNewcastel disease virus choroba Avian influenzaAvian influenza

Avian influenzaAvian influenza

Different clinical course – inaparentní … drop of Different clinical course – inaparentní … drop of

lay… …high mortalitylay… …high mortality

Virulence doesn´t depend on H and N antigensVirulence doesn´t depend on H and N antigens

Edema of the crest, visceral hemorhagies, green Edema of the crest, visceral hemorhagies, green

diarhea, urate deposits in kidney, yolk peritonitisdiarhea, urate deposits in kidney, yolk peritonitis

Avian influenza - diagnosticsAvian influenza - diagnostics

Izolatio on EEIzolatio on EE

HA testHA test

Antibody detection by HITAntibody detection by HIT

Differentiation of Newcastel disease virusDifferentiation of Newcastel disease virus

THE ALIMENTARY TRACTTHE ALIMENTARY TRACT

EnteritisEnteritisClostridium perfringens typ A,Clostridium perfringens typ A, CCClostridium colinumClostridium colinum amoamoxicillinxicillin p.o.p.o.(ne(neccrotic enteritirotic enteritiss)) Salmonella Salmonella PPullorumullorum flumeflumeququinin p.o.p.o.((fowl typhoidfowl typhoid)) enrofloxacin enrofloxacin p.o.p.o. Salmonella Salmonella GGallinarum allinarum flumeflumeququinin p.o.p.o. live vac.live vac.. i.m.. i.m.((fowl typhoidfowl typhoid)) enrofloxacinenrofloxacin p.o.p.o.


Salmonella. spp.-S. Salmonella. spp.-S. EEnteritidis, S. nteritidis, S. TTyphimuriumyphimurium(paraty(paratyphoid phoid infeinfectionction)) enrofloxacinenrofloxacin p.o.p.o. live-/ live-/inainacct.vat.vacc. s.c.. s.c.

flumechinflumechin p.o.p.o. Salmonella ArizonaeSalmonella Arizonae enrofloxacinenrofloxacin p.o.p.o.(arizon(arizonosis inosis in turkeyturkey)) flumeflumeququinin p.o.p.o.

Campylobacter jejuniCampylobacter jejuni ´ ´ erythromycinerythromycin p.o.p.o.(kampyloba(kampylobaccteriteriosisosis))

E.coli E.coli encofloxacinencofloxacin(coligranulomatosis)(coligranulomatosis)

Y. eneterocoliticaY. eneterocolitica


peritonitis

E. coli flumequin p.o.Pasteurella multocida amoxicillin p.o. inact. vac. s.c.,i.m.

enro/difloxacin p.o. flumequin p.o.

Mycobacterium avium/subsp. avium NO TREATMENT

LIVERLIVER

hepatitis E.coli flumechin p.o. subunit. vac. s.c. Salmonella spp. enrofloxacin p.o.(S.Gallinarum, S.Pullorum) P. multocida amoxicillin p.o.

Campylobacter jejuniErysipelothrix rhusiopathiae amoxicillin p.o.Y. pseudotuberculosisPerihepatitisM. gallisepticum

Infection of CNSInfection of CNS

Avian encephalomyelitisAvian encephalomyelitis Newcastel disease virusNewcastel disease virus

Avian encephalomyelitis virusAvian encephalomyelitis virus

Primary replication in the gutPrimary replication in the gut Serologic uniformity, strains differ in virulenceSerologic uniformity, strains differ in virulence Clinical signs up to 6 weeks after birthClinical signs up to 6 weeks after birth Ataxy, paralysis and tremorAtaxy, paralysis and tremor Zákal čočky, iridocyklitisZákal čočky, iridocyklitis Drop of lay, transovaral spreadDrop of lay, transovaral spread Changes in CNS only, not in meninges or Changes in CNS only, not in meninges or

peripheral nervesperipheral nerves

Avian encephalomyelitis virusAvian encephalomyelitis virus Clinical signsClinical signs Anamnesis – no vaccinationAnamnesis – no vaccination Limited pathologic changesLimited pathologic changes

IFA detection in the brainIFA detection in the brain Isolation in yolk sac of EE (IFA confirmation)Isolation in yolk sac of EE (IFA confirmation)

Serology Serology – VN test non EE – monitoring of vaccinationVN test non EE – monitoring of vaccination– ELISAELISA– ID testID test

THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMTHE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Mycoplasma spp. tilmicosin p.o.M.gallisepcticumM.meleagridis (turkey)salpingitis

E. coli, flumequin p.o.Salmonella spp.

egg yolk saculitis and sepsis

E. coli flumecquin p.o. Pseudomonas aeruginosa enro/difloxacin p.o. Staphylococcus aureus amoxicillin p.o. Clostridium perfringens amoxicillin p.o. Enterococcus spp., amoxicilin p.o.Enterococcus faecalis

THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEMTHE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

Artritis, sinovitis, tendosynovitisStaphylococcus aureus amoxicillin p.o.E. coli flumequin p.o.Mycoplasma synoviae tilmicosin p.o.(infekční synovitida kuřatrůt) lincomycin p.o. Pasteurella multocida potenc.sulfonamides p.o.(cholera drůbeže) flumequin p.o. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae amoxicillin p.o.

benzylpenicillin i.m. osteomyelitisE.coli enrofloxacin p.o.Staphylococcus aureus lincomycin p.o.

tylosin p.o.

Infection of the lymphatic tissueInfection of the lymphatic tissue

Infectious bursitis virusInfectious bursitis virus Avian leukosisAvian leukosis Marek´s disease virusMarek´s disease virus Chicken anemia virusChicken anemia virus

Infectious bursitis virusInfectious bursitis virus

2 serotypes (chicken -1, duck-typ 2)2 serotypes (chicken -1, duck-typ 2)

6 antigenic subtypes in the type 1, variant strains6 antigenic subtypes in the type 1, variant strains

Virus is very stable (up to 4 month)Virus is very stable (up to 4 month) Highly contagious diseaseHighly contagious disease Incubation period 1-3 daysIncubation period 1-3 days Clinical signs during 24 h. in 100% of animalsClinical signs during 24 h. in 100% of animals Susceptible animals 3 – 12 weeksSusceptible animals 3 – 12 weeks


Virus replication in lymphocytesVirus replication in lymphocytes Longlasting immunosupression (humoralLonglasting immunosupression (humoral,, cell- cell-

mediated)mediated) 100% morbidity, up to 20% mortality100% morbidity, up to 20% mortality Edema of bursa Fabricii, hemorrhagies in Edema of bursa Fabricii, hemorrhagies in

muscles, muscles, Atrophy of bursaAtrophy of bursa



Isolation on CAM (death of embryo in 3-5 days)Isolation on CAM (death of embryo in 3-5 days) Virus isolation on TC (confirmation by IF)Virus isolation on TC (confirmation by IF) Antigen capture ELISAAntigen capture ELISA


Serology – ELISASerology – ELISA

Monitoring of antibodies in the flockMonitoring of antibodies in the flock Serological profile – estimation of maternal Serological profile – estimation of maternal

immunity, vaccine schedulindimmunity, vaccine schedulind


VN testVN test

Detection of antigennic variants (ELISA is type Detection of antigennic variants (ELISA is type specific)specific)

Avian leukosis virusAvian leukosis virus

ALV – neoplastic disease of chickenALV – neoplastic disease of chicken Groups ABCD (E endogenous), FG pheasantsGroups ABCD (E endogenous), FG pheasants

Reticuloendotheliosis (REV) in turkey, quails, Reticuloendotheliosis (REV) in turkey, quails, ducks, ducks,

in chicken serological detection only in chicken serological detection only

Avian leukosisAvian leukosis

Ubiquitous spreadUbiquitous spread Low clinical incidenceLow clinical incidence Vertical spreadVertical spread Horizontal spreadHorizontal spread Incubation period –more than 14 weeksIncubation period –more than 14 weeks

Lymphoma of B cells in bursa Fabricii, metastasis Lymphoma of B cells in bursa Fabricii, metastasis in liver and spleenin liver and spleen

Clinical signs – nonspecificClinical signs – nonspecific



Detection of LL nodules in BF (from 16 weeks) is Detection of LL nodules in BF (from 16 weeks) is

pathognomicpathognomic

IF detection of IgM Ag and B-cell markersIF detection of IgM Ag and B-cell markers


Dg. testsDg. tests COFAL testCOFAL test ELISA-ALVELISA-ALV

Biological assayBiological assay

gs antigens

Marek´s disease virusMarek´s disease virus

Lymphoproliferative disease in chickensLymphoproliferative disease in chickens

Serotype 1Serotype 1 patogenic and oncogenic strainspatogenic and oncogenic strains

Serotype 2Serotype 2 avirulent and nononcogenic strainsavirulent and nononcogenic strains

Serotype 3Serotype 3 avirulent, in turkey only (vaccine avirulent, in turkey only (vaccine strains)strains)


Clinical signs from 6 – 16 weeksClinical signs from 6 – 16 weeks Majority of neoplastic changes in broilersMajority of neoplastic changes in broilers Mononuclear (lymphoblasts) infiltration in Mononuclear (lymphoblasts) infiltration in

peripheral nerves and other organsperipheral nerves and other organs Lymphomas in gonads, hearth, lungs, seldom in Lymphomas in gonads, hearth, lungs, seldom in

BF, skin, musclesBF, skin, muscles Ataxy, paralysis, macroscopic thickening of Ataxy, paralysis, macroscopic thickening of

peripheral nervesperipheral nerves

Marek´s disease virusMarek´s disease virus Neurolymphomatosis – klasical MD, loss of Neurolymphomatosis – klasical MD, loss of

coordination, asymetric paresis and paralysiscoordination, asymetric paresis and paralysis

Acute MD – expanzive burst in the flock, Acute MD – expanzive burst in the flock, depression, ataxy, paralysis in some animals. depression, ataxy, paralysis in some animals. Significant mortality without neurolog. changesSignificant mortality without neurolog. changes

Lymphomatosis of the eye – lymphoblastoid Lymphomatosis of the eye – lymphoblastoid infiltration of pupil, blindnessinfiltration of pupil, blindness

Skin form – round, nodular lesions in feather Skin form – round, nodular lesions in feather foliclesfolicles


K inf. dochází respiratorní cestou, brzy následuje K inf. dochází respiratorní cestou, brzy následuje lytická infekce B bunlytická infekce B buněěk ve slezink ve sleziněě a thymu a thymu

Následující zánNásledující záněětlivé zmtlivé změěny vedou k infiltraci ny vedou k infiltraci monocyty, makrofágy, granulocyty a lymfocytymonocyty, makrofágy, granulocyty a lymfocyty

Klidové T buKlidové T buňňky jsou rezistentní k infekci, u ky jsou rezistentní k infekci, u aktivovaných dochází k lytické infekci – aktivovaných dochází k lytické infekci – imunosuprese nebo transformaci – tumoryimunosuprese nebo transformaci – tumory

K produktivní infekci dochází pouze v buK produktivní infekci dochází pouze v buňňkách kách pépéřřových folikulových folikulůů!!

Místem latence jsou T lymfocytyMístem latence jsou T lymfocyty


DiagnosticsDiagnosticsThe detection of the virus or antibodies is The detection of the virus or antibodies is

not significantnot significant

MATSA antigensMATSA antigens

Chicken anemia virusChicken anemia virus

Disease of chickens in 2-3 weeksDisease of chickens in 2-3 weeks– Transovarial infectionTransovarial infection– Horizontal spread after birthHorizontal spread after birth

Aplazia of bone marrow (erys., tromb., Aplazia of bone marrow (erys., tromb., granulocyty)granulocyty)

Thymus atrophy (patognomic)Thymus atrophy (patognomic) Anorexia, fever, pallorAnorexia, fever, pallor

Chicken anemia virusChicken anemia virus

Clinical signsClinical signs Biological assay (i.p. aplication)Biological assay (i.p. aplication) Cell line MDCC-MSB1 (then IFA)Cell line MDCC-MSB1 (then IFA) PCRPCR

ColisepsisColisepsis

– E.coliE.coli Fowl typhoidFowl typhoid

– S. GallinarumS. Gallinarum SepticemiaSepticemia

– P.multocida (fowl cholera)P.multocida (fowl cholera)– S.aureusS.aureus– S. equi subsp. zooepidemicusS. equi subsp. zooepidemicus– E.rhusiopathieE.rhusiopathie

Mycoses Mycoses Generalized aspergilosisGeneralized aspergilosis

– A. flavus, A.fumigatusA. flavus, A.fumigatus

SYSTEMIC INFECTIONS.

THE EYETHE EYE ConjunctivitisConjunctivitis

– M. gallisepticumM. gallisepticum

Documents

Avian infections. Viral infections of respiratory tract Newcastel disease virus Avian influenza Avian infectious bronchitis virus Avian laryngotracheitis