Health Inequalities&Lorenz Curve

8/10/2019 Health Inequalities&Lorenz Curve

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Health Production Functions(Determinants of Health)

Health Production Function: overall effectsof medical care utilization on the healthstatus of population

Health= (income, health care, environment,education, lifestyle, genetic factors,)



Health Inequality Causes

Health Disparities Gaps in the quality of

health and health careacross racial, ethnic,sexual orientation andsocioeconomic groups

Population-specificdifferences in thepresence of disease,health outcomes oraccess to health care

Income Lack of insurance coverage Lack of regular source of care Legal and Structural barriers Health care Financing System Scarcity of providers Health Literacy Lack of diversity in the health

care workforce and age

Health



Causes Effects

Income inequality refers tothe extent to which income is

distributed in an unevenmanner among a population Causes : Labor market

outcomes, globalization,technological changes, policy

reforms, more regressivetaxation, ethinicsdiscrimination, genderdiscrimination, variation innatural ability

higher rates of health andsocial problems

lower rates of social goods lower level of economic

utility in society fromresources devoted on high-end consumption

even a lower level ofeconomic growth,

life expectancy is lower inmore unequal countries(r = -.907).

Income Inequality

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_and_dependence

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_and_dependence

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancy



Income inequality and mortality in 282 metropolitan areas of the United

States. Mortality is strongly associated with higher income inequality, but,

within levels of income inequality, not with per capita income.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death



World map indicating the category of

Human Development Index by country

(based on 2013 data; published July 24,

2014).



Inequality in income :health inequality



http://ucatlas.ucsc.edu/health/images/brave04_gif.gif









INCOME

DISTRI UTION



The Lorenz curve is agraphical device used torepresent distributionalinequality. The Ginicoefficient is anumerical measure ofinequality based on theLorenz curve. Thesemeasures can be used to

represent any sort ofdistributional inequity.



The diagonal line represents exactequality in wealth distribution. Along that line, as shown to theleft, the poorest 10% of thehouseholds own 10% of the

wealth, 50% of the wealth isowned by the poorest 50%, andfinally 80% of the wealth is inowned by the poorest 80%.This would also mean that therichest 20% only own 20% ofthe wealth, making them nodifferent from the poorest 20%. As we'll see below, when wealth is

distributed unequally (as it alwaysis) the line curves downward, below the diagonal. The greater theinequality, the more the line curvesaway from the diagonal.



The purple line represents a society where the poorest 30% own only2% of the wealth, while in thesociety represented by the green line,the poorest 30% own 20% of the

wealth. When we look at thepoorest 70% they only own 20%

of the wealth, while in the societyrepresented by the green line, thepoorest 70% own 50% of the

wealth. Finally, the poorest 90%own only 50% of the wealth, while in the society represented bythe green line, the poorest 90%

own 70% of the wealth. Thus, inthe society represented by thepurple line, the richest 10% ofthe households own half of allthe nation's wealth.



The Gini coefficient is a numerical measure ofdistributional inequality.

The Gini coefficient is defined as:



The Gini coefficient cantake values between 0 and1. If the Gini coefficient =0, wealth is distributedexactly equally. If the Ginicoefficient = 1, all wealthis owned by a singleindividual. Thus, largerGini coefficients mean

greater inequality.



% Household Share of Income

20 4.3

40 10.3

60 16.9

80 24.7

All household 43.9


















HEALTH STATISTICS

UPDATES

INCOME



Total population

(2013) 5 043 000

Gross national income

per capita (PPP

international $,

2013)

66 520

Life expectancy at

birth m/f (years,

2012)

80/84

Probability of dyingunder five (per 1 000

live births, 0)

not available

Probability of dying

between 15 and 60

years m/f (per 1 000

population, 2012)

73/44

Total expenditure onhealth per capita

(Intl $, 2012)

5 970

Total expenditure on

health as % of GDP

(2012)

9 0

NORWAY

Total population

(2013) 6 092 000


per capita (PPP

international $,

2013)

1 750

Life expectancy at

birth m/f (years,

2012)

45/46


under five (per 1 000

live births, 0)

not available


between 15 and 60


population, 2012)

444/426

Total expenditure onhealth per capita

(Intl $, 2012)

205


health as % of GDP

(2012)

15 1

SIERRA LEONE



Total population (2013) 98 394 000

Gross national income per

capita (PPP international

$, 2013)

7 820

Life expectancy at birth

m/f (years, 2012) 65/72

Probability of dying under

five (per 1 000 live

births, 0)

not available

Probability of dyingbetween 15 and 60 years

m/f (per 1 000 population,

2012)

258/138


health per capita (Intl $,

2012)

202


health as % of GDP (2012) 4 6

PHILIPPINES

Total population

(2013) 127 144 000


per capita (PPPinternational $, 2013)

37 630

Life expectancy at

birth m/f (years,

2012)

80/87


under five (per 1 000

live births, 0)

not available


between 15 and 60


population, 2012)

82/43


health per capita

(Intl $, 2012)

3 578


health as % of GDP

(2012)

10 1

JAPAN



Table 2: Best and worst national health systems

France Sierra LeoneItaly Myanmar

San MarinoCentral AfricanRepublic

Andorra

Democratic Republic

of the Congo

Malta Nigeria

Singapore Liberia

Spain Malawi

Oman Mozambique Austria Lesotho

JapanZambia



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Health Inequalities&Lorenz Curve