1

Advanced(Psychometrics(

University(of(Santo(Tomas((

Characteris*cs+of++a+Psychological+Test++1.+Objec*ve+(Freedom(from(the(subjec:ve(influence(of((the(examiner.(

(2.+Standardized+(Uniformity(in(the(administra:on(and(interpreta:on(of((results.(((

+3.+Reliable+(Consistency(of(scores(obtained(by(the(same(persons(when(reexamined(with(the(same(test(on(different(occasions(or(with(different(sets(of(equivalent(items.+

+4.+Valid+(Concerned(with(what(the(test(measures(and(how(well(it(does(so.(((

5.+Good+Predic*ve+Value++(

Norms++

+are(transforma:ons(of(raw(scores(into(a(more(meaningful(scale(derived(from(the(performance(of(a(large(sample(of(persons(representa:ve(of(one(or(more(specified(groups.+

2

! Norms+referenced+tes*ng++an(individual�s(score(is(interpreted(by(comparing(it(with(the(scores(obtained(by(others(on(the(same(test.(

(

! Criterion+referenced+tes*ng++first(proposed(in(1963(by(Glaser,(this(term(uses(as(its(interpreta:ve(frame(of(reference(a(specified(content(domain(rather(than(a(specified(popula:on(of(persons.+

! Developmental+norms+(indicates(how(far(along(the(normal(developmental(path(an(individual(has(progressed.+

+

! Within+group+norms+(The(individual�s(performance(is(evaluated(in(terms(of(the(performance(of(the(most(nearly(comparable(standardiza:on(group.(

+Developmental+Norms++1.+Mental+Age+A(child�s(score(on(a(test(corresponds(to(the(highest(year(level(or(age(level(that(he(can(successfully(complete.++2.+Grade+Equivalent+Assigns(achievement(on(a(test(or(baMery(of(tests(according(to(grade(norms.++3.+Ordinal+Scale+Are(designed(to(iden:fy(the(stage(reached(by(the(child(in(the(development(of(specific(behavior(func:ons.(This(refers(to(the(uniform(progression(of(development(through(successive(stages.+

+Within+Group+Norms++1.Percen*les+are(expressed(in(terms(of(the(percentage(of(persons(in(the(standardiza:on(sample(who(fall(below(a(given(RS.(It(indicates(the(individual�s(rela:ve(posi:on(in(the(standardiza:on(sample.(+2.+Standard+scores+are(derived(scores(which(uses(as(its(unit(the(SD(of(the(popula:on(upon(which(the(test(was(standardized.++3.+Devia*on+IQ+is(a(standard(score(on(an(intelligence(test(with(a(mean(of(100(and(an(SD(that(approximates(the(SD(of(the(StanfordRBinet(IQ(distribu:on.(+

3

Item+Analysis++++a.(Index(of(Item(Difficulty(

(((b.(Index(of(Item(Discrimina:on(

(((c.(Spiral(Omnibus(Format+

Index+of+Item+Discrimina*on+++ +.40(–(up ( (= (Very(good(item(

(( (.30(R(.39 ( (= (Reasonably(good(item(but((( ( ( ( ( ( (possibly(subject(to(improvement(

(( (.20(R(.29 ( (= (marginal(item(–(usually((( ( ( ( ( ( (needing(improvement(

(( (.19(–(down(((= (poor(item;(to(be(rejected,((( ( ( ( ( ( (improved(or(revised.+

+Psychological+Tes*ng++

! Everything(from(administra:on,(scoring(to(interpreta:on(of(test(scores;(

! Process(of(measuring(psychologyRrelated(variables(by(means(of(devices(or(procedures(designed(to(obtain(a (sample(of(behaviour.(

((

+

Psychological+Assessment+(

! Gathering(and(integra:on(of(psychologyRrelated(data(for:(

! What:(making(a(psychological(evalua:on,((

! How:(tests,(interviews,(case(studies,(behavioural(observa:on(and(specifically(designed(apparatus/(measurement(procedures.+

(

4

+Process+of+Assessment+

+++1.(Collabora:ve(psychological(assessment(++2.(Therapeu:c(psychological(assessment(++3.(Dynamic(psychological(assessment+

1.   Collabora*ve+psychological++Assessment++ +((Constance(Fischer)(

+•  Assessor(and(assesee(may(work(as(partners;(•  Assessee:(viewed(as(expert(about(his/her(current(views(and(remembered(life(events;++

+2.+Therapeu*c+Psychological+Assessment+(( ((Stephen(Finn,(et(al)((((! An(approach(that(encourages(therapeu:c(selfRdiscovery(and(new(understandings(through(the(assessment(process.(

+3.+Dynamic+Psychological+Assessment+(! A(model(and(philosophy(of(interac:ve(evalua:on(involving(various(types(of(assessor(interven:on(during(the(assessment(process.(

5

+

Tools+of+Psychological+Assessment+(

((1.(Psychological(tests(((2.(Interview(((3.(Case(history(data(((4.(Behavioral(observa:on(((5.(Role(play(tests(((6.(Computer(assisted(psychological(assessment(

+

Rights+of+Test+Takers+(

((1.(Informed(consent(((2.(Relevancy(((3.(Confiden:ality(and(privacy(((4.(Results(((5.(Least(s:gma:zing(label(

+

Assump*ons+about+Psychological+Tes*ng+and+Assessment+

+

1.(Psychological(Traits(and(States(Exist.((

(Trait+any(dis:nguishable,(rela:vely(enduring(way(in(which(one(individual(varies(from(another.(

((State+(dis:nguishes(one(person(from(another(but(is(rela:vely(less(enduring.(

((

(2.(Psychological(Traits(and(States(can(be(Quan:fied(and(Measured.((3.(TestRrelated(behaviour(predicts(nonRtest(related(behaviour.((4.(Tests(and(other(measurement(techniques(have(strengths(and(

weaknesses.((5.(Various(sources(of(error(are(part(of(the(assessment(process.((6.(Tes:ng(and(Assessment(can(be(conducted(in(a(fair(and(unbiased(

manner.((7.(Tes:ng(and(Assessment(benefit(society.((

6

Objec*ves+of+Psychological+Assessment+

(1.(Diagnosis;((2.(E:ology(or(cause(of(behavior;((3.(Prognosis(or(an:cipated(course(of(the(

symptoms;((4.(Treatments(that(may(ameliorate(or(alter(that(

course;(and((5.(The(degree(of(func:onal(impairment(in(both(

rou:ne(and(specialized(life(func:ons.(

Requirements(of(Psychological(Assessment((

1.(Iden:fying(the(problem(to(be(addressed;(2.(Selec:ng(and(implemen:ng(methods(for(

extrac:ng(the(informa:on(needed;(3.(Integra:ng(sources(of(informa:on(around(

the(original(purposes;(4.(Repor:ng(opinions(and(recommenda:ons.(

+Iden*fying+the+Problem+

5(General(Types(of(Relevant(Referral(Ques:ons:((1.(They(ask(for(a(descrip:on(or(formula:on(of(the(paMern(of(current(behaviors;(2.(They(ask(about(the(causes(of(the(behaviors(observed;((

3.(They(ask(about(the(changes(that(can(be(an:cipated(in(these(behaviors(over(:me;(

(

4.(They(ask(for(ways(in(which(these(paMerns(may(be(modified;(or(

(

5.(They(ask(about(paMerns(and(areas(of(deficit.(

++Methods+for+Extrac*ng+ + ++Informa*on+

++

1.(Structured(and(unstructured(interviews;((

2.(Behavioral(observa:ons(in(natural(seings;(((

3.(Observa:ons(of(interpersonal(interac:ons;(((

4.(Neuropsychological(assessment;(and(((

5.(Behavioral(assessment.((

7

Interview+

! Has(a(clear(sequence;((

! Is(organized(around(specific(themes;(and(

! Has(relevant(themes(because(it(is(meant(to(achieve(defined(goals.((

General+Objec*ves+

! Gather(informa:on(that(cannot(easily(be(obtained(through(other(means;(

! Establish(a(rela:onship(that(is(conducive(to(obtaining(the(informa:on;(

! Develop(greater(understanding(in(both(the(interviewer(and(interviewee(regarding(problem(behavior;(and(

! Provide(direc:on(and(support(in(helping(the(interviewee(deal(with(problem(behaviors.(

Specific+Objec*ves(((

1.((To(obtain(a(psychological(portrait(of(the(person;(

2.((To(conceptualize(what(is(causing(the(person�s(current(difficul:es;(

3.((To(make(a(diagnosis;(and(4.((To(formulate(a(treatment(plan.(

Assessment+Interview+

! Provides(poten:ally(valuable(informa:on(that(may(be(otherwise(unobtainable(such(as:((

! Behavioral(observa:ons;((

! Idiosyncra:c(features(of(the(client;(and((

! The(person�s(reac:on(to(his(or(her(current(life(situa:on.((

8

Important+Tac*cs+of+Interviewing+(1.(Organize(the(physical(characteris:cs(of(the(interview(situa:on(so(that(the(room(looks(used(but(not(un:dy;(ligh:ng(is(op:mal;(sea:ng(is(arranged(so(that(the(interviewer(and(client(are(neither(too(close(nor(too(far(and(so(that(eye(level(is(approximately(equal.((2.(Introduce(yourself(and(indicate(how(you(prefer(to(be(addressed(and(clarify(how(the(client(prefers(to(be(addressed.(

(

(3.(State(the(purpose(of(the(interview,(check(the(client�s(understanding(of(the(interview(and(clarify(any(discrepancies(between(these(2(understandings.(

4.(Explain(how(the(informa:on(derived(from(the(interview(will(be(used.(

(5.(Describe(the(confiden:al(nature(of(the(informa:on,(the(limits(of((confiden:ality(and(special(issues(related(to(confiden:ality.(

(

(6.(Explain(the(role(and(ac:vi:es(you(would(like(the(client(to(engage(in(the(instruments(that(are(likely(to(be(used(in(the(assessment(and(the(total(length(of(:me(required.(

(7.(Make(sure(that(any(fee(arrangements(have(been(clarified,(including(the(hourly(rate,(total(es:mated(cost,(the(amount(the(client(versus(a(third(party(is(likely(to(need(to(pay(and(the(interval(between(billing(and(the(expected(payment.(

Carkhuff�s++Poten*al+Types+of+Inconsistencies+

(

1.(Between(what(a(person(is(and(what(he(or(she(wants(to(be;(

2.(What(he(or(she(is(saying(and(what(he(or(she(is(doing;(and(

(

3.(Between(the(person�s(selfRpercep:on(and(the(interviewer�s(experience(of(the(person.(

9

Behavioral+Assessment+

! Core(assump:on:(Behavior(can(be(most(effec:vely(understood(by(focusing(on(preceding(events(and(resul:ng(consequences.(

Behavioral+Observa*on+

! Whereas(the(interview(is(directly(primarily(toward(obtaining(verbal(informa:on(from(the(client,(behavioral(observa:on(is(used(to(decide(on(and(actually(carry(out(specific(strategies(and(techniques(of(measuring(the(relevant(areas(of(behavior(discussed(during(the(interview.(

Integra*ve+Model+(integra*ng+informa*on)+

(

! Client�s(complaints;(

! Personal(characteris:cs;(and(

! His/her(environment(and(circumstances.(

+

Outline+of+a+Psychological+Report+

10

OUTLINE+OF+A+PSYCHOLOGICAL+REPORT(

I.(Iden:fying(Informa:on(II.(Referral(Ques:on(III.(Assessment(Procedures(IV.+Relevant(Background(Informa:on(V.(Summary(of((Impressions(and( ( (((((((Findings(

(

+

Sec*on+I.+Iden*fying+Informa*on+((( (*(Name(of(client ( ( (*Gender((( (*(Age( ( ( ( ( ( (*Source(of(Informa:on(( (*(Date(of((Birth((((((( (*Referring(clinician(( (*Date(of(Evalua:on(

(! Provides(iden:fying(informa:on(about(the(client(and(the(details(of(when(and(where(the(assessment(was(conducted.(This(informa:on(is(needed(for(the(maintenance(of(records(and(client(tracking.(

((

Sec*on+II.+Referral+Ques*on++! Iden:fies(the(ques:on(that(formed(the(focus(of(the(evalua:on.(It(is(framed(in(a(way(that(is(answerable(by(the(methods(of(psychological(assessment,(relevant(to(the(referring(clinician�s(needs(and(concerns.(

(

Sec*on+III.+Relevant+Background++ + + + + + +Informa*on+

(

A.+Informa:on(relevant(to(clarifying((((((the(referral(ques:on(

B.+A(statement(of(the(probable(( ((((reliability/validity(of(conclusions(

11

! Provides(a(narra:ve(background(review(that(iden:fies(the(reason(for(the(ques:on(being(asked.(

! It(places(the(client(and(the(evalua:on(itself(in(a(relevant(historical(context.(

! It(is(designed(specifically(to(clarify(the(history(and(concomitant(reasons(for(raising(the(referral(ques:ons.(

Sec*on+IV.+Assessment+Procedures((

! Iden:fies(the(procedures(used(in(the(assessment.(It(lists(the(tests,(interview(procedures,(loca:on(and(dates(during(which(observa:ons(were(made.(

((! This(sec:on(allows(others(who(may(also(be(asked(to(consult(on(the(case,(either(concomitantly(or(at(some(:me(in(the(future,(to(iden:fy(the(loca:on,(:me,(place(and(methods(that(served(the(needs(of(the(evalua:on.(

The(materials(used(to(develop(sec:on(IV(is(organized(in(order(to(address(3(ques:ons:(

! Why(is(the(client(here?(! Why(is(the(client(here?(! Why(is(the(client(here(now?(

Sec*on+V.++Summary+of+Impressions++ + + + + +and+Findings+

(

The(clinician(independently(analyzes(each(procedure(and(formulates(hypotheses(regarding(the(client�s(func:oning(in(each(domain(of(experience.(

12

V.+Summary+………….++Cogni*ve+Level+

! Current(intellectual(and(cogni:ve(func:oning((e.g.(idea:on,(intelligence,(memory,(percep:on)(

! Degree((amount(of()(impairment(compared(to(premorbid(level(

! Probable(cause(of(impairment((

! Conceptual(ability(! Ability(to(organize(experience(and(concepts;(! Ability(to(solve(abstract(problems;(

! Content(of(perceptual(experiences;(! ProblemRsolving(efficiency;(

! Thought(processes(and(content;(! Memory;(and(

! Integra:ve(capaci:es.(

Mood+•  subjec:ve(emo:onal(

experience;(•  dominant(emo:on(

expressed(during(interview;(

•  inferred:(•  client’s(speech,(•  facial((•  expression,((•  body(movement((

Affect+•  observable(response(

in(situa:onal(context;(

•  client’s(range(of(emo:ons;(

•  judged:(•  depth,((•  intensity,(•  Dura:on(•  appropriateness(

Affec*ve++Level+ Affec*ve+and+mood+level+Mood(–(refers(to(the(client�s(subjec:ve(emo:onal(

experience;((Affect(–(describes(the(client�s(observable(response(in(a(

situa:onal(context;(

+! Mood,(affect(at(present(–(compare(this(with((

(premorbid(levels(! Degree(of(disturbance((mild,(moderate,( (severe)(

! Chronic(vs.(acute(nature(of(disturbance(! Liability(RRR(how(well(can(the(person(modulate,(control(affect(with(his/her(cogni:ve(resources?(

13

(Rela:onship(between(the(cogni:ve(and(emo:onal(domain((! Degree(to(which(a(client(employs(cogni:ve(resources(to(control(and( (manage(emo:onal(life;(

! Degree(to(which(the(client(can(maintain((objec:vity(in(the(face(of(emo:onal((stress;((

! Degree(to(which(the(client(is(emo:onally((accessible.(

Interpersonal^Intrapersonal+Level+(! Primary(interpersonal(and(intrapersonal( (((conflicts,(their(significance(and(other((conflict(areas(subsumed(under(this((domain.(! Interpersonal(and(intrapersonal(coping(((strategies((including(major(defenses)(

! Formula:on(of(personality(! (Conflict(areas(subsumed(under(this((domain.(

! This(is(presented(as(a(brief(formula:on(of(how(behaviors,(thoughts(and(feelings(are(expressed(and(interrelated(both(to(one(another(and(in((situa:onal/interpersonal(contexts.(

Sec*on+V++addresses+the+following:++++

1.  Impaired(areas(of(func:oning(((2.  Degree((of((impairment(compared((to((a(

norma:ve(standard(3.  Severity(of(impairments(compared(to(the(

client�s(baseline(or(premorbid(level(of(performance(

4.  Nature(of(the(rela:onships(exis:ng((among(these(func:onal(areas(

5.  Probable(cause(of((impairments(6.  Likely(course(of(each(impairment,(

including(likelihood((of (recovering(baseline(func:oning((

((

14

+

Steps+in+resolving+discrepancies+among+data+sources:+(

1.(Iden:fy(instruments(that(have(given(rise( ((to(contradictory(hypotheses.(

2.(Assign(a(priority(to(each(of(these(( ( ((instruments.(

3.(CrossRtabulate(the(hypotheses(derived( (( (with(the(varying(demand( ( ( ((requirements(of(the(tests.(

((

OUTLINING+A+REPORT+

Core+personality+topic+outline+(I.(Conflicts(II.(Social(S:mulus(Value(III.(Cogni:ve(Func:oning(IV.(Defenses((1)(V.((Defenses((2)(VI.(Defenses((3)(VII.(Defenses((4)(

I.+Conflict+Centering+on+Dependency+and+Passivity++A.(Feelings(of(inadequacy(B.(Frustrated(personal(goals((dependency(and(

passivity)(C.(Faulty,(unsa:sfying(rela:onship(with(parent(D.(Parent(seen(as(cold,(rejec:ng,(punishing(E.(Rebellious(tendencies(which(are(generalized(F.(Control(over(nega:ve(impulses(out(of(fear+

15

II.+How+Others+see+Client+(

A.(Intellectual(level(and(skills(

B.(Lack(of(will(to(func:on(at(op:mum(

C.(Fluctua:ng((goal(for(selfRachievement(

D.(Social(irresponsibility((

III.+Cogni*ve+Func*oning+(A.  Deficiencies(under(stress(B.(Psychopathological(aspects(of( ( ( ((deficiencies(((+

IV.+Denial+of+Felt+Inadequacy+(A.(Nega:ve(view(of(self(B.(Need(to(feel(like(everybody(else(C.(Conflict(over(adequacy(as(a(person((

+

V.+Denial+and+Non^experience+of+Per*nent+Reali*es+

+

A.(Par:al(avoidance(of((depressed(feelings(B.(Naïve(aitude(C.(Inability(to(assess(his/her(behavior(adequately(D.(Inability(to(correct(own(behavior(E.(Inability(to(understand(problems(F.(Depressive(tendencies(G.(Lack(of(full(experience(of(depression(H.(Social(masking(of(depressed(feelings(I.(Rela:on(of(inner(feelings(to(nega:ve(social(behavior.+

+

VI.+Social+Maneuvers+to+Gain+Acceptance+

(

A. Recep:ve(orienta:on(

B.(Need(for(support(

C.(Techniques(of(gaining(support(

D.(Control(of(nega:ve(impulses(to(retain(support(

16

VII.+Fantasy+as+a+Basic+Defense+(

A.(Value(of(fantasy(B.(Needs(as(reflected(in(fantasy(C.(Deficiency(of(social(values(D.(Need(to(appear(in(socially(favorable((light(E.(Fantasy(content(and(deficiency(of(social(values(as(a(basis(for(unlawful(ac:vity.(

Mental+Status+Examina*ons+(MSE)((

1.((To(determine(appropriateness(of(normal(psychological(tes:ng;(

2.  To(determine(basic(case(management(issues(such(as(hospitaliza:on(or(placing(the(client(under(close(observa:on;(

3.  The(raw(data(from(the(examina:ons(can(be((selec:vely(integrated(with(general(background(informa:on(to(present(a(coherent(portrait(of(the(person(and(assist(in(diagnosis.(

Mental+Status+Examina*ons+(MSE)+

A.++General+Appearance+and+behavior((((AMen:on(is(given(to(the(degree(to(which(his(or(her(behavior(conforms(to(social(expecta:ons,(placing(it(in(the(context(of(his(or(her(culture(and(social(posi:on.(

(B.++Feeling+(+affect+&+mood)(

((+Mood+refers(to(the(dominant(emo:on(expressed(during(the(interview;+affect(refers(to(the(client�s(range(of(emo:ons.(Mood(can(be(inferred(from(the(content(of(the(client�s(speech,(facial(expressions(and(body(movements.(The((type(of(affect(can(be(judged(according(to((variables(such(as(its(depth,(intensity,(dura:on(and(appropriateness.(

(C.++Percep*on((

D.+Thinking+(

a.+Intellectual+func*oning+

b.+Orienta*on(( (The(most(frequent(type(disorienta:on(is(for(:me.(When(disorienta:on(for(place(and(people(occur,(the(condi:on(is(rela:vely(severe(and(may(be(inconsistent(with(organic(condi:ons.(Related(to(orienta:on(is(sensorium(which(refers(to(how(intact(the(physiological(processes(are(to(receiving(and(integra:ng(informa:on.(It(also(refers(to(the(client�s(level(of(consciousness(which(may(vary(from(hyperarousal(and(excitement(to(drowsiness(and(confusion.(

c.++Memory,+Acen*on+&+Concentra*on(( (Considera:on(of(a(person�s(thoughts(is(ooen(divided(into(thought(content(and(thought(processes.(Thought(contents(such( (as(delusions(may(suggest(a(psycho:c(condi:on(or(may(be((consistent(with(certain(organic(disorders.(Thought(processes( (such(as(the(presence(of(rapid((changes(in(topics(might(reflect( (flighty(ideas.(

17

a.+Intellectual+Func*oning+b.+Orienta*on+(1.   Time+^+ (most(frequent(type(disorienta:on;((2.   Sensorium+("  Intactness(of(physiological(processes(in(rela:on(to(receiving(and(integra:ng(informa:on;((

" Client�s(level(of(consciousness(which(may(vary(from(hyperarousal(and(excitement(to(drowsiness(and(confusion.+

(

Thought+contents++•  Delusions(sugges:ng(

a(psycho:c(condi:on(

•  Organic(disorders(+

Thought+processes++•  Presence(of((rapid(

changes(in(topics(may(reflect(flight(ideas(

((

c.+Memory,+Acen*on+&+Concentra*on++

Personality+Structure++1.  Ego(strength(2.  Superego(strength(3.  Types(of(defense(4.  General(style(of(

adapta:on(5.  Perceptual(maturity(6.  Cogni:ve(style(7.  Reality(tes:ng(8.  Level(of(affect(9.  Capacity(for(fantasy(10. Personality(style(11. Field(dependent(or(

independent((

Personality+Dynamics++1.  Types(of(conflicts/insights(2.  Nature(of(selfRconcept(3.  Sexual(iden:ty(4.  Severity(of(regression(5.  Nature(of(fantasy(life(6.  Mo:va:ons/needs(7.  Interpersonal/object(

rela:ons(8.  Nature/strength(of(

aggression/dependency(9.  Reac:on(to(stress(10. Level(of(crea:vity(

! A(complete(understanding(of(the(person(involves(an(assessment(of(not(only(behavioral,(affec:ve(and(cogni:ve(modes,(but(also(of(the(ways(these(interact(with(and(are(dependent(on(physiological(func:oning.(

! By(quan:fying(data(gathered(through(physiological(responses(such(as(heart(rate,(blood(pressure,(skin(temperature,(etc.,(psychological(problems(can(be(translated(into(more(precise(physiological(indices.(

18

Intelligence+

! +Academic+Intelligence((Sternberg,(et(al.)+"  (Verbal(ability,(problemRsolving(ability(and(

social(competence;(! Everyday+Intelligence+(Sternberg,(et(al.)+

"  (Prac:cal(solving(problem(ability,(social(competence,(character(and(interest(in(learning(and(culture. ((

! Intelligence+(Binet)("  (Reasoning,(judgment,(memory(and( (

(abstrac:on;( ((((

(((Intelligence+(Wechsler) ( ((((An(aggregate(or(global(capacity(of(the(( ( (individual(to:((( (a.(Act(purposefully;((( (b.(Think(ra:onally;(and((( (c.(Deal(effec:vely(with(his(((( ( (environment.(

((Theories+on+Intelligence+++++1.(Interac:onism(((2.(FactorRAnaly:c(Theories(((3.(Informa:onRProcessing(View(

19

+1.   Interac*onism+

! +Complex(concept(by(which(heredity(and(environment(are((presumed(to(interact(to(influence(the(development(of(one�s(intelligence.+

(2.+Factor^Analy*c+Theories+of+Intelligence++++a.+TwoRfactor(Theory(of(Intelligence(((b.(Mul:ple(Intelligence(((c.(CaMell�s(Theory(on(Intelligence(((d.(ThreeRstratum(theory(of(Cogni:ve( ( (( (Abili:es(((e.(CHC(model(

a.+Two^factory+Theory+of+Intelligence+(Charles(Spearman)(

(

!  g(:(por:on(of(the(variance(that(all(intelligence(tests(have(in(common;(

!  s:(specific(components(!  group(factors:(neither(as(general((

(as(g(nor(as(specific(as(s.(

b.+Gardner�s+Mul*ple+Intelligence+Test++

1.  Linguis:cs(2.  LogicoRmathema:cal(3.  Spa:al(4.  BodilyRkinesthe:cs(5.  Musical(6.  Interpersonal(7.  Intrapersonal(8.  Naturalist((

20

c.+Cacell’s+Theory+on+Intelligence+(

1.  Crystallized(intelligence("  Formal/informal(educa:on(and(skills/

knowledge(dependent(on(exposure(to(a(par:cular(culture(

2.  Fluid(Intelligence(" Nonverbal,(rela:vely((cultureRfree(and( (( (independent(instruc:ons.(

Horn’s+revision:++

3.  Vulnerable(abili:es(" decline(with(age(and(tend(not(to(return(to(preinjury(level(following(brain(damage;(

4. Maintained(abili:es("  tend(not(to(decline(with(age(and(may( (( (return(to(preinjury(levels(following(brain(damage.(

Horn’s+addi*onal+factors:+(

1.  Visual(processing((Gv)(2.  Auditory(processing((Ga)(3.  Quan:ta:ve(processing((Gq)(4.  Speed(of(processing((Gs)(5.  Facility(with(reading/wri:ng((Grw)(6.  ShortRterm(memory((Gsm)(7.  LongRterm(storage(&(retrieval((Glr)(

(((((

d.+Three+Stratum+Theory+of+Cogni*ve+Abili*es+by+Carroll+(((

! Top(stratum:(generalized(intelligence((g)(! Second(stratum:(composed(of(8(abili:es(and(processes(

! Third(stratum:( ((

21

Second+Stratum+(

1.  fluid(intelligence((gf)(2.  crystallized(intelligence((Gc)(3.  general(memory(and(learning((Y)(4.  broad(visual(percep:on((V)(5.  broad(auditory(percep:on((U)(6.  broad(retrieval(capacity((R)(7.  broad(cogni:ve(speediness((S)(8.  processing/decision(speed((T)((

+e.+Cacell^Horn+&+Carroll+Model+Kevin+S.+McGrew++((((*(McGrewRFlanagan(CHC(model(((*(has(10(broad(stratum(abili:es((

(

Broad(Stratum(Abili:es((CHC(Model)(

1.  Fluid(intelligence((Gf)(2.  Crystallized(intelligence((Gc)(3.  Quan:ta:ve(knowledge((Gq)(4.  Reading/wri:ng(ability((Grw)(5.  ShortRterm(memory((Gsm)(6.  Visual(processing((Gv)(7.  Auditory(processing((Ga)(8.  LongRterm(storage(and(retrieval((Glr)(9.  Processing(speed((Gs)(10. Decision/reac:on(:me(or(speed((Gt)(

Wechsler+Intelligence+Scales+

The(principal(goals(of((a(Wechsler(Scales(administra:on(are(threefold:((

! To(assess(current(and/or(premorbid(levels(of(intelligence;(! To(test(or(generate(hypotheses(about(the(presence(of(organic(brain(dysfunc:on(and(psychopathological(condi:ons;(and(

! To(make(predic:ons(as(to(how(these(condi:ons(will(affect(the(client�s(response(to(treatment.(

22

Wechsler+Adult+Intelligence+Scale+–+revised++((18(–(75(yrs)(

+++++Verbal+ ( ( ( ( ( (Performance+((*(Informa:on ( ( ( (*(Picture(Comple:on((*(Digit(Span( ( ( ( (*(Picture(Arrangement((*(Vocabulary ( ( ( (*(Block(Design((*(Arithme:c ( ( ( (*(Object(Assembly((*(Comprehension ( ( (*(Digit(Symbol((*(Similari:es+

23

Wechsler+Intelligence+Scale+for+Children+–+revised++(6(–(18(yrs)(

+Verbal+( ( ( ( ( ( (Performance+u(+*+Informa*on+ + + + + +*+Picture+Comple*on++*+Similari*es + + + + +*+Picture+Arrangement++*+Arithme*c + + + + +*+Block+Design++*+Vocabulary + + + + +*+Object+Assembly++*+Comprehension + + + +*+Coding++*(Digit+Span) + + + + +*+(Mazes)+

Wechsler+Preschool+&+Primary+Scale+of+Intelligence++(4(–(6(½(yrs)(

+Verbal+( ( ( ( ( (Performance+((*(Informa:on ( ( ( (*(Animal(House((*(Vocabulary ( ( ( (*(Picture(Comple:on((*(Arithme:c ( ( ( (*(Mazes((*(Similari:es ( ( ( (*(Geometric(Design((*(Comprehension ( ( (*(Block(Design((*(Sentences)(

24

SUBTESTS+ WPPSI+ WISC+ WAIS+

1.(Informa:on( X( X( X(

2.(Comprehension( X( X( X(

3.(Similari:es( X( X( X(

4.(Arithme:c( R( X( X(

5.(Vocabulary( X( X( X(

6.(Recep:ve(Voc.( X( R( R(

7.(Picture(Naming( X( R( R(

8.(Digit(Span( R( X( X(

9.(LeMerRNum( R( X( X(

10.(Picture(Comp( X( X( X(

SUBTESTS+ WPPSI+ WISC+ WAIS+

11.(Pic(Arrg.( R( R( X(

12.(Blk(Design( X( X( X(

13.Obj.(Ass.( X( R( X(

14.(Coding( X( X( R(

15.(Sym(Srch( X( X( X(

16.Mtx(Rsng( X( X( X(

17.(Dgt(Sybl(( R( R( X(

18.(Wrd(Rsng( X( X( R(

19.(Pic(Concepts( X( X( R(

20.(Cancella:on( R( X( R(

Subtests+and+their+descrip*ons:++1.   Informa*on:+

(Taps(general(knowledge,(learning(and( (memory;(+2.+Comprehension:(

(Taps(social(comprehension,(the(ability(to(organize(and(apply(knowledge;(

+3.+Similari*es:(

(Taps(the(ability(to(analyze(rela:onships(and(engage(in(logical,(abstract(thinking;+

(

+4.+Arithme*c:((Taps(learning(of(arithme:c,(alertness,(concentra:on(and(shortRterm(auditory(memory;(

+5.+Vocabulary:++A(good(measure(of(intelligence;(

+6.+Recep*ve+Vocabulary:++Taps(auditory(discrimina:on(and( (processing,(auditory(memory(and(the( (integra:on(of(visual(percep:on(and( (auditory(input;+

+7.+Picture+Naming:((Taps(expressive(language(and(word(retrieval(ability;(

+8.+Digit+Span:+(Taps(auditory(shortRterm(memory,(encoding((and(aMen:on;(

+9.+Lecer^Number+Sequencing:++Taps(aMen:on,(sequencing(ability,(mental(manipula:on(and(processing(speed;+

25

+10.+Picture+Comple*on:++Draws(on(visual(percep:on(abili:es,( (alertness,(memory,(concentra:on,(aMen:on( (to(detail(and(ability(to(differen:ate( (essen:al(from(nonessen:al(detail;(

+11.+Picture+Arrangement:++Taps(the(ability(to(comprehend(or(�size(up��a(situa:on,(aMen:on(,concentra:on(and(the((ability(to(see(temporal(and(causeRandReffect(rela:onships;+

+12.+Block+Design:+(Draws(on(perceptualRmotor(skills,( (psychomotor(speed,(and(the(ability(to( (analyze(and(synthesize;(

+13.+Object+Assembly:++Taps(on(paMern(recogni:on,(assembly(skills, (and(psychomotor(speed;(

+14.+Coding:++Draws(on(factors(such(as(aMen:on,(learning(ability,(psychomotor(speed(and(concentra:on(ability;+

+15.+Symbol+Search:++ +Taps(cogni:ve(processing(speed;(

+16.+Matrix+Reasoning:++Taps(perceptual(organizing(abili:es(and((reasoning;(

+17.+Word+Reasoning:++Taps(verbal(abstrac:on(ability(and(the((ability(to(generate(alterna:ve(concepts;(

+

+18.+Picture+Concepts:+++The(ability(to(abstract(as(well(as(categorical((reasoning(ability;(

(19.+Cancella*on:+++Visual(selec:ve(aMen:on(and(related((abili:es.+

(

26

(

! The(Wechsler(Scales(can(be(used(to(develop(hypotheses(about(the(quality(and(character(of(the(client�s:(

"  Perceptual,((

"  Cogni:ve((

"  Idea:onal(processes(

A.+Cogni*ve+Processes+

! ProblemRsolving(skills((concrete(and(abstract(opera:ons,(integra:on,(conceptualiza:on,(generaliza:on)(

! Intelligence(

! Intellectual(strengths(and(weaknesses((

! Psychopathology((thought(disorders)(

(B.+Perceptual+Processes+(

! Informa:on(processing((encoding,(memory(and(recall)(

! AMen:on(and(concentra:on((distractability)(

! PerceptualRmotor(func:oning(

C.+Organicity+

! Premorbid(intelligence(

! May(be(es:mated(by(evalua:ng(the(strengths(of(the(client�s(performance(on(the(Informa:on(and(Vocabulary(subtests.(Scores(on(these(subtests(are(based(on(overlearned(material(that(is(resistant(to(the(effects(of(brain(injury(or(severe(psychopathology.(

! Degree(of(impairment(and(probable(cause(! Prognosis(

27

! The(Wechsler(Scales((can(also(be(used(to(generate(hypotheses(about(client�s(affec:ve(states,(mo:va:on(and(investment(in(treatment(and(recovery.((

A.  Mood+

! Dominant(trait(and(state(moods(! PreR(and(postmorbid(affect(! Emo:onal(responsiveness((range,(lability,(modula:on)(

! Degree(of(affec:ve(disturbance(! Chronicity(versus(acuteness(

B.+Mo*va*on+and+Investment(

! Aitude(toward(tes:ng(

! Response(to(frustra:on(

! Client(involvement(and(commitment(to(change(

The+Full+Scale+IQ+

The(FSIQ(is(an(�es:mate(of(a(person�s(abili:es�.(((

The(examiner(may(describe(the(client�s(FSIQ(as:(

! A(percen:le(rank(score;(! A(verbal(descriptor;(and(! A(value(exis:ng(somewhere(within(a(selected(confidence(interval.(

28

The+Verbal++IQs+The(VIQ(is(�an(index(of(the(person�s(verbal(comprehensive(abili:es�.((

(

It(assesses(the(individual�s(proficiency(in(the(following(areas:(

(

! The(ability(to(work(with(abstract(symbols;(! The(amount(and(degree(of(benefits(a(person(has(received(from(his(or(her(educa:onal(background;(

! Verbal(memory(abili:es;(! Verbal(fluency.(

Performance+IQs+The(PIQ(is(�es:mate(of(one�s(perceptual(organiza:onal(abili:es�.(((The(performance(subscales(reflect(the((following:((

! The(individual�s(degree(and(quality(of(nonverbal(contact(with(the(environment;(

! The(ability(to(integrate(perceptual(s:muli(with(relevant(motor(responses;(

! The(capacity(to(work(in(concrete(situa:ons;(! The(ability(to(work(quickly.(

Significantly(higher(VIQ(than(PIQ(scores(are(associated(with:((

! Higher(levels(of(educa:on;(! Psychomotor(retarda:on(because(of(depression;(

! A(conscien:ous,(deliberate(approach(to(problem(solving(that(hinders(quick(responding;(or(

! An(overly(eager(response(style(that(produces(errors(on(:med(performance(tests(but(does(not(affect(verbal(tests(where(mul:ple(impulsive(responses(may(eventually(produce(the(correct(answer.(

(Higher(PIQ(than(VIQ(scores(are(frequently(observed(among(those(with:((

! Poor(educa:onal(backgrounds;(! Keen(perceptual(and(organiza:onal(abili:es;(! An(ability((to(cope(with(the(stress(induced(by(:med(tests;(! Low(socioeconomic(background;(! Language(deficiency;(! Problems(with(auditory(conceptualiza:ons;(and(! An(ability(to(solve(novel(problems(without(the(benefit(of(

an(extensive(amount(of(accumulated(knowledge.(

29

Factor+Scores+

Picture+Arrangement+is(thought(to(measure:((

! An:cipa:on(of(consequences;(

! Planning(ability;(

! Temporal(sequencing;(and(

! Time(concepts.(

Digit+Symbol+is(thought(to(measure:(

! Ability(to(follow(direc:ons;(

! Clerical(speed(and(accuracy;(

! Paper(and(pencil(skill;(

! Psychomotor(speed;(and(

! Visual(shortRterm(memory.(

Verbal+Comprehension+Factor((

! Provides(an(es:mate(of(the(client�s(overall(verbal(ability.(It(is(derived(from(four(subtests(RRRR(informa:on,(vocabulary,(comprehension(and(similari:es.(

Perceptual+Organiza*on+Factor((

! Used(to(es:mate(the(client�s(perceptual(abili:es.(This(factor(is(comprise(of(the(picture(comple:on,(block(design(and(object(assembly(subtests.(

30

Freedom+from+Distractability+Factor((

! Is(related(to(an(individual�s(ability(to(aMend,(concentrate,(engage(in(sequen:al(cogni:ve(processing,(remember(informa:on(and(avoid(internal(distrac:ons(produced(by(anxiety.(It(is((derived(from(the(Arithme:c(and(Digit(Span(subtests.(

Interpreta*on+of+Wechsler+Scaled+Scores++++0(–(3(( ( (=(impaired/hampered(or((( ( ( ( ( (greatly(affected(((4(–(6( ( (=((poor(((7(–(8( ( (=((slightly(lowered/fair(((9(–(10 ( (=((adequate/average(((12(and(up (=((above(par ( (+

(

Stanford+Binet+Intelligence+Scale++

1. Work(Method(2.  Problem(solving(approaches(3.  Ability(to(concentrate(4.  Ac:vity(Level(5.  SelfRconfidence(6.  Persistence(

Major+Cogni*ve+Areas:++I.+Verbal+Reasoning + ++(!  Vocabulary(!  Comprehension(!  Absurdi:es(!  Verbal(Reasoning ( ((+II.+Quan*ta*ve+Reasoning ++(! Quan:ta:ve(! Number(series(!  Equa:on(building(+

31

+

III.+Abstract+Reasoning++

! +PaMern(Analysis(! (Copying(! (Matrices(! (Paper(folding(&(cuing(+

IV.+Short+–+term+Memory++

! Bead(memory(! Memory(for(sentences(! Memory(for(digits(! Memory(for(objects(

Watson^Glasser+Cri*cal+Thinking+Appraisal+

! Seeks(to(provide(an(es:mate(of(an(individual�s(standing(in(a(composite(of(abili:es.(

(Composi:on(of(the(WGCTA:(

A.(Aitudes(B.(Knowledge(C.(Skills(

(A.   Amtudes(of(inquiry(that(involve(an(ability(to(

recognize(the(existence(of(problems(and(an(acceptance(of(the(general(need(for(evidence(in(support(of(what(is(asserted(to(be(true.(

B.   Knowledge(of(the(nature(of(valid(inferences,(abstrac:ons(and(generaliza:ons(in(which(the(weight(or(accuracy(of(different(kinds(of(evidences(are(logically(determined.(

C.   Skills(in(employing(and(applying(the(aitudes(and(knowledge.(

Critical thinking abilities pertinent to the WGCTA: 1. The ability to define a problem. 2. The ability to select pertinent information for

the solution of a problem. 3. The ability to recognize stated and unstated

assumptions. 4. The ability to formulate and select relevant and

promising hypotheses. 5. The ability to draw conclusions validly and to

judge the validity of inferences.

32

Subtests(of(the(WGCTA:(((1.(Inference:+Samples(ability(to(discriminate(among(degrees(of(truth(or(falsity(of(inferences(drawn(from(given(data.(

((2.(Recogni*on+of+Assump*on:+Samples(ability(to(recognize(unstated(assump:ons(or(presupposi:ons(which(are(taken(for(granted(in(given(statements(or(asser:ons.(

((3.(Deduc*on:+Samples(ability(to(reason(deduc:vely(from(given(statements(or(premises;(to(recognize(the(rela:on(of(implica:on(between(proposi:ons;(to(determine(whether(what(may(seem(to(be(an(implica:on(or(a(necessary(inference(from(given(premises(is(indeed(such.(

(

4.(Interpreta*on:+Samples(ability(to(weigh(evidence(and(to(dis:nguish(between:((

a.  Generaliza:ons(from(given(data(that((are(not(warranted(beyond(a(reasonable(doubt(and((

b.  Generaliza:ons(which,(although(not(absolutely(certain(or(necessary,(do(seem(to(be(warranted(beyond(a(reasonable(doubt.(

(

5.(Evalua*on+of+Arguments:+Samples(ability(to(dis:nguish(between(arguments(which(are(strong(and(relevant(and(those(which(are(weak(or(irrelevant(to(a(par:cular(ques:on(at(issue.(

+SRA+Verbal+

*(Is(a(test(of(general(ability;(*A(measure(of((an(individual�s(overall(

(adaptability(and(flexibility(in(comprehending((and(following(instruc:ons(and(in(adjus:ng(to((alterna:ng(types(of(problems.(

*(Has(a(Verbal,(Quan:ta:ve(and(Overall(percen:le(score.(

State^Trait+Anger+Expression+Inventory+(STAXI)+

! Provides(concise(measures(of(the(experience(and(expression(of(anger.(

! Was(developed(for(2(primary(reasons:(1.(To(provide(a(method(of(assessing(components(of(anger(that(could(be(used(for(detailed(evalua:ons(of(normal(and(abnormal(personality;(and(2.(To(provide(a(means(of(measuring(the(contribu:ons(of(various(components(of(anger(to(the(development(of(medical(condi:ons(including(hypertension,(coronary(heart(disease(and(cancer.(

33

2(Major(Components(of(Experienced+Anger:(((1.(State+Anger:((

((*An(emo:onal(state(marked(by(subjec:ve(feelings((that(vary(in(intensity(from(mild(annoyance(or((irrita:on(to(intense(fury(and(rage.((*(Is(generally(accompanied(by(muscular(tension((and(arousal(of(the(autonomic(nervous(system.((*(The(intensity,(over:me,(varies(as(a(func:on(of((perceived(injus:ce,(aMack(or(unfair(treatment( (by(others(and(frustra:on(resul:ng(from( (barriers(to(goalRdirected(behavior.(

+2.+Trait+Anger:++

( (*(The(disposi:on(to(perceive(a(wide(range(of(situa:ons(as(annoying(or(frustra:ng(and(the(tendency(to(respond(to(such(situa:ons(with(more(frequent(eleva:ons(in(state(anger.(

3(Major(Components(of(Anger+Expression:(+1.+Anger+out:+

*(Anger(expression(towards(other(people(or(objects(in(the(environment.(

+2.+Anger+in:+

*(Anger(expression(is(directed(inwards(–(holding(in(or(suppressing(anger(feelings.(

+3.+Anger+control:(

*(AMempts(to(control(the(extent(of(anger(expression(is(manifested.((

+STAXI+SCALES+

1.+State+Anger+(+S+–+anger):++Measures(the(intensity(of(angry(feelings(at(a(par:cular(:me.(

+2.+Trait+Anger+(+T+–+anger):++

Measures(individual(differences(in(the(disposi:on(to(experience(anger.(Has(2(subscales:(

((A.+Angry+Temperament+(T^Anger/T):+

Measures(a(general(propensity(to(experience(and(express(anger(without(specific(provoca:on.(((

B.+Angry+Reac*on+(T+–+Anger/R):+Measures(individual(differences(in(the(disposi:on(to(express(anger(when(cri:cized(unfairly(by(other(individuals.(

34

+

3.+Anger+–+in++(AX/In):+Measures(the(frequency(with(which(angry(feelings(are(held(in(or(suppressed.(

+

4.+Anger+–+out+(AX/Out):+Measures(how(ooen(an(individual(expresses(anger(towards(other(people(or(objects(in(the(environment.(

+

5.+Anger+control+(AX/Con):+Measures(the(frequency(with(which(an(individual(aMempts(to(control(the(expression(of(anger.(

+

6.+Anger+Expression+(AX/Ex):+Based(on(the(AX/in,(AX/out(and(AX/con,(this(scale( (provides(a(general(index(of(the(frequency(with(which((anger(is(expressed,(regardless(of(the(direc:on(of(expression.(

++++++Guidelines+for+Interpre*ng+High+Scores+(Scale(characteris:cs(of(persons(with(high(scores)++1.+State+Anger+(S+–+Anger):++(*(Are(experiencing(rela:vely(intense(angry(feelings;((*(If(S+–+anger(is(elevated(rela:ve(to(T+–+anger,(the((individual�s(angry(feelings(are(likely(to(be( (situa:onally(determined.((*(If(T+–+anger(and(AX/in(scores(are(also(rela:vely(high,((eleva:ons(in(S+–+anger(are(more(likely(to(reflect( (chronic(anger.(

2.+Trait+Anger+(T+–+Anger):+++

*(Are(frequently(experiencing(angry(feelings(and(ooen(feel( ((that(they(are(treated(unfairly(by(others.(

*((Are(also(likely(to(experience(a(great(deal(of(frustra:on.(

*((Whether(they(express,(suppress(or(control(their(anger(can(be(inferred(from(their(scores(on(AX/in,+AX/out+and(AX/con+scales.(

((

3a.+Trait+–+Anger/T+:+

*(Are(quickRtempered(and(readily(express(their(angry(feelings(with(liMle(provoca:on.(

*(Are(ooen(impulsive(and(lacking(in(anger(control,(but(they(are(not(necessarily(vicious(and(vindic:ve(in(aMacking(others.(

*(Coupled(with(high(AX/con+scores:(may(be(strongly(authoritarian(and(uses(anger(to(in:midate(others.(

35

3b.+Trait+–+Anger/+R:+

*(Are(highly(sensi:ve(to(cri:cisms,(perceived(affronts(and(nega:ve(evalua:on((by(others.(

*(Experience(intense(feelings(of(anger(under(such(circumstances.(

+

+4.+Anger+–+In+(AX/In):++

*(Frequently(experience(intense(angry(feelings(but(they(tend(

to(suppress(these(feelings(rather(than(expressing(them(either(physically(or(in(verbal(behavior. ( (+

( ((

*(High(in(AX/In(and(AX/Out:(may(express(their(anger(in(some(situa:ons(and(suppress(in((others.(

5.+Anger+–+Out+(AX/Out):++*(Frequently((experience(anger(which(they(express(in(

aggressive(behavior(directed(towards(other(persons(or(objects(in(the(environment.(

(

*(May(be(expressed(in(physical(acts(such(as(assaul:ng(other(persons(or(slamming(doors(or(it(may(be(expressed(verbally(in(the(form(of(cri:cisms,(sarcasm,(insults,(threats(and(the(extreme(use(of(profanity.(

6.+Anger+Control+(AX/Con):(+

*(Invest((a(great(deal(of(energy(in(monitoring(and(preven:ng(the(experience(and(expression(of(anger.(

(

*(Over(control(of(anger(may(result(in(passivity,(withdrawal(and(depression(in(persons(with(high(AX/con+scores+who(also(have(high(T+–+anger+scores+(and(low+AX/In+scores.(

(

36

+7.+Anger+Expression+(AX/Ex):+

*(Experiences(intense(angry(feelings(which(may(be(suppressed,(expressed(in(aggressive(behavior(or(both.(

*(Most(frequent(mode(can(be(inferred(from(the(rela:ve(eleva:ons(in(the(individual�s(AX/in(and(AX/out(scores.(

*(High(AX/Ex(with(high(AX/In(and(AX/Out:((Manifest(anger(in(many(facets(of(behavior,(are(likely(to(experience(extreme(difficulty(in(interpersonal(rela:onships(and(are(also(at(risk((for(the(development(of(medical(disorders.++

Guilford+–+Zimmerman+Temperament+Survey+

Traits+covered:++(*(General(Ac:vity ( ( (*(Objec:vity((*(Restraint ( ( ( ( (*(Friendliness((*(Ascendance ( ( ( (*(Thoughvulness((*(Sociability ( ( ( ( (*(Personal(Rela:ons((*(Emo:onal(Stability ( (*(Masculinity(

+ + +Clinical+Interpreta*ons+

1.   G+–+General+Ac*vity:+

*(High(score(indicates(strong(drive,(energy(and((ac:vity.(*(A(kind(of(catalyzer.(*(Very(high(G(score(may(indicate(manic(behavior(wherein(

there(is(too(much(random(behavior(and(wasted(effort.(

*(A(very(low(G(score(may(represent(a(hypothyroid(condi:on,(anemia(or(other(physical(causes(of(inac:vity.(

++

+2.+Restraint:+++

*(High(scores(may(indicate(seriousRmindedness(with(a(deliberate(and(persistent(effort(to(control(one�s(self.(

(

*(Very(high(R((and(G(score(may(mean(internal(conflict(and(consequent(danger(to(mental(health.(

(

*(Low(scores(may(indicate(an(impulsive,(excitement(–(loving,(happyRgoRlucky(and((carefree(outlook.(

37

+3.+Ascendance:+

*(High(score(indicates(leadership(habits(with(the(ability(to(

speak(with(individuals(or(in(public(and(persuading(others.((

*(A(very(high(A(score(should(be(balanced(with(favorable((scores(on(T,(R,(M(and(F.(

(

*(Low(score(indicates(submissiveness(with(the(habit(of(following(others,(ooen:mes(hesitant(to(speak.(

+( ((

+4.+Sociability:++

*(High(score(indicates(ease(with(others,(having(many(friends,(entering(into(conversa:ons,(liking(social(ac:vi:es,(seeking(social(contacts.(

(

*(Low(score(indicates(a(shy,(reserved,(withdrawn(person(who(

dislikes(social(ac:vi:es,(refrains(from(conversa:ons(and((is(hard(to(get(to(know.(

+5.+Emo*onal+Stability:+

*(High(score(indicates(op:mism,(cheerfulness,(evenness(of(moods,(interests(and(energy,(composure(and(a(feeling(of(good(health.(

(

*(Low(score(indicates(fluctua:on(of(moods,(interests(and(energy,(pessimism,(gloominess,(persevera:on(of(ideas(and(moods,(daydreaming(with(feelings(of(guilt,(loneliness(or(worry(and(ill(health.(

+6.+Objec*vity:++*(High(score(means(less(egoism;(too(high(may(mean(

insensi:veness(to(others.(((*(High(score(should(be(balanced((by(a(high(T(score.((*(Low(score(means(touchiness(and(hypersensi:venss,(egois:c,(

selfRcentered(and(suspicious.((*(If(low(on(A(or(G(or(F(as(well(as(in(O,(the(person(may(suffer(in(

silence;(if(low(in(O(and(F(and(high(in(A(and(G,(there(is(likely(to(be(trouble.((( ((

38

+7.+Friendliness:+

*(High(score(may(mean(lack(of(figh:ng(tendencies(to(the(point(of(pacifism(or(it(may(mean(a(healthy(realis:c(handling(of(frustra:ons(and(injuries.(

(*(May(also(mean(an(urge(to(please(others;(a(desire(to(be(

liked.((*(Low(score(may(mean(readiness(to(fight,(hos:lity,((

resentment,(desire(to(dominate,(resistance(to(domina:on(and(contempt(for(others.(( ((

(

+8.+Thoughqulness:+

*(High(score(may(indicate(reflec:veness,(medita:veness,(observant(of(self(and(others�behavior,(interest(in(thinking,(philosophically(inclined(and(with(mental(poise.(

(

*(Low(score(may(mean(interest(in(overt(ac:vity,(interac:ng(with(the(social(environment(and(lacking(in(tact(with(a(disliking((for((reflec:on(and(planning.(

+9.+Personal+Rela*ons:+

*(Represen:ng(the(core(of(�geing(along(with(others�,(a(high(score(may(indicate(tolerance(and(understanding(of(other(people(and(their(human(weaknesses.(

(

*(Low(score(indicates(self(pity,(suspiciousness,(faulvinding,(cri:calness(of(other(people(and(of(ins:tu:ons(in(general(and(is(not(likely(to(get(along(with(others.(

+10.+Masculinity:+

*(High(score(means(that(the(person(behaves(in(ways(characteris:c(of(men,(unsympathe:c,(callous,(not(easily(disgusted,(resistant(to(fear(and(inhibits(emo:onal(expressions.(

(

*(Low(score(may(mean(interest(in(feminine(ac:vi:es(and(voca:ons,(easily(disgusted,(sympathe:c,(fearful,(has(roman:c(interests(and(is(emo:onally(expressive.(

39

Minnesota+Mul*phasic+Personality+Inventory+

! Is(a(broadRband(test(designed(to(assess(a(number(of(the(major(paMerns(of(personality(and(emo:onal(disorders.((

++++++Coding+MMPI+

120(R(up( !!(110(R(119( !(100(R(109( **(90(R(99( *(80(R(89( ‘’(70(R(79( ‘(65(R(69( +(60(R(64( R(50(R(59( /(40(R(49( :(30(R(39( #(29(and(below( to(the(right(of(#(

Example:(((( ((

SCALE+ L+ F+ K+ Hs+ D+ Hy+ Pd+ Mf+ Pa+ Pt+ Sc+ Ma+ Si+

NUMBER( 1( 2( 3( 4( 5( 6( 7( 8( 9( 0(

TSCORE( 57( 75( 43( 69( 88( 75( 94( 52( 81( 75( 79( 59( 65(

4*26�837�10+95(((((F�L/K(

Coding+MMPI+

120(R(up( !!(

110(R(119( !(

100(R(109( **(

90(R(99( *(

80(R(89( ‘’(

70(R(79( ‘(

65(R(69( +(

60(R(64( R(

50(R(59( /(

40(R(49( :(

30(R(39( #(

29(and(below( to(the(right(of(#(

Clinical Scales(

1.  Hypochondriasis 2.  Depression 3.  Deviate 4.  Psychastenia 5.  Masculinity-

femininity

6.  Paranoia 7.  Psychopathic 8.  Hypermania 9.  Schizophrenia 10.  Social

Introversion

40

•  Content+Scales(1.   Anxiety+2.   Fears+3.   Obsessiveness++++++++++++++++++++4.   Depression+5.   Health+concerns+6.   Bizarre+menta*on+++++7.   Anger++

8.   Cynicism+9.   An*social+prac*ces+10.  Type+A+11.  Low+self+esteem+12.  Social+discomfort+13.  Family+problems+14.  Work+interference+15.  Nega*ve+treatment

+Indicators+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

•  Supplementary+Scales(1.  Anxiety((2.  Repression(3.  Ego(strength(4.  Dominance(5.  Social(responsibility(6.  College(

maladjustment(7.  PostRTrauma:c(Stress(

Disorder(8.  Marital(Distress(Scale(

9.  Hos:lity(10. Overcontrolled(

Hos:lity(11. Alcoholism(scale( ((12. Addic:on(admission((

scale(13. Addic:on(Poten:al(

Scale(14. Gender(role(scales(

Content+Scales+(High+Scorers)+

1.   Anxiety+Scale++

! Feel(anxious,(nervous,(worried(and(apprehensive(

! Have(problems(with(concentra:on(! Complain(of(sleep(disturbance(! Are(uncomfortable(making(decisions(! May(report(obsessiveRcompulsive(symptoms(! May(have(soma:c(symptoms(

! May(report(feeling(sad,(blue(or(depressed(! Feel(that(life(is(a((strain(and(are(pessimis:c(about(things(geing(beMer(

! Feel(insecure(and(lack(selfRconfidence(! Feel(overwhelmed(by(the( ( ( ( ((responsibili:es(of(daily(life(

! May(meet(diagnos:c(criteria(for( ( ((anxiety(disorder(

41

+2.+Fears(

! Feel(fearful(and(uneasy(much(of(the(:me(! May(report(mul:ple(fears(or(phobias(! Tend(to(be(:mid(and(lacking(in(confidence(! Report(a(general(paMern(of(fearfulness(and(:midity(

! May(be(generally(nervous(and(prone(to(over(iden:fy(danger(in(their(environment(

(

+

3.+Obsessiveness(

! Have(great(difficulty(making(decisions(are(rigid(and(dislike(change(

! Fret,(worry(and(ruminate(about(trivial(things(

! May(feel(depressed,(sad(and(despondent(! Lack(selfRconfidence(! Report(sleep(disturbance(! Report(obsessiveRcompulsive(symptoms(

+

4.+Depression+

! Feel(depressed,(sad,(blue(or(despondent(! Feel(fa:gued(and(lack(interest(in(things(! Are(pessimis:c(and(feel(hopeless(! May(recently(have(been(preoccupied(with(suicidal(idea:on(

! May(have(made(suicidal(gestures(! Cry(easily(! Feel(guilty(and(life(failures(

(

! Are(not(achievement(oriented(! Have(health(concerns(! Feel(lonely(and(empty(much(of(the(:me(! Complain(of(sleep(difficul:es(! Are(emo:onally(withdrawn(! Have(few(or(no(friends(! May(meet(criteria((for(a(depressive(disorder(diagnosis(

42

+

5.+Health+Concerns+(

! Report(poor(physical(health(! Are(preoccupied(with(bodily(func:oning(! May(develop(soma:c(symptoms(in(response(to(stress(

! Report(feeling(worn(out(and(lacking(energy(! Report(a(variety(of(specific(health(concerns(! Do(not(cope(well(with(their(difficul:es(! May(report(feeling(depressed(&(pessimis:c(! Ooen(complain(of(sleep(disturbance+

+6.+Bizarre+Menta*on(

! Report(psycho:c(symptoms(including((delusions(and(hallucina:ons(

! Report(feelings(of(unreality(! May(seem(disoriented(! Report(paranoid(idea:on(! Have(blunted(affect(! May(have(few(or(no(friends(! May(have(a(history(of(substance(abuse(! Lack(a(strong(achievement(orienta:on(

+

7.+Anger+

! Feel(angry(and(hos:le(much(of(the(:me(! Are(seen(by(others(as(irritable(and(grouchy(! Are(aggressive,(cri:cal(and(argumenta:ve(! May(feel(like(swearing(and(smashing(things(! Have(temper(tantrums(! May(lose(control(and(be(physically(abusive(! Are(impulsive(and(have(low(frustra:on(tolerance(! Are(sensi:ve(to(cri:cism(

+

8.+Cynicism((

! See(others(as(dishonest,(selfish(and(uncaring(

! Are(suspicious(of(the(mo:ves(of(others(! Are(guarded(and(untrus:ng(in(rela:onships(! May(be(hos:le(! May(experience(paranoid(idea:on(! May(be(demanding(of(others(but(resent((demands(placed(on(them(

43

+

9.+An*social+Prac*ces+(

! Report(engaging(in(an:social(behavior(! Are(likely(to(have(a(history(of(illegal(behavior(

! Believe(that(there(is(nothing(wrong(with(geing(around(the(law(

! Are(cynical(about(others(! Resent(authority(

(((! Blames(others(for(their(difficul:es(! Are(manipula:ve(and(selfRcentered(! May(have(substance(abuse(problems(! Are(aggressive,(angry(and(resenvul(! Are(impulsive(! May(meet(diagnos:c(criteria(for(an:social(personality(disorder(

(

+

10.+Type+A(

! Are(hardRdriving,(fastRmoving(and(workRoriented(

! Feel(there(is(never(enough(:me(to(get(things(done(

! Do(not(like(to(wait(or(be(interrupted(! May(be(hos:le,(irritable(and(easily (annoyed(! Tend(to(be(overwhelmed(and(cri:cal(in(interpersonal(rela:onships(

! Tend(to(hold(grudges(and(want(to(get(even((

+

11.+Low+Self^esteem((

! Have(poor(selfRconcepts(! An:cipate(failure(and(give(up(easily(! Feel(inept(! Compare(themselves(unfavorably(with(others(! Are(overly(sensi:ve(to(cri:cism(and(rejec:on(! Find(it(difficult(to(accept(compliments(! Are(passive(in(rela:onships(! Have(difficulty(making(decisions(

44

+

12.+Social+Discomfort(

! Are(shy(and(socially(introverted(! Are(socially(awkward(! Would(prefer(to(be(alone(! Dislike(large(gatherings(! Do(not(ini:ate(conversa:ons(! Have(limited(interests(! Are(interpersonally(sensi:ve(! May(be(emo:onally(withdrawn(! May(report(sleep(difficul:es(! May(be(nervous(and(depressed((

+

13.+Family+Problems((

! Describe(considerable(discord(in(current(family(and/or(family(of(origin(

! Describe(their(family(as(lacking(in(love(! Resent(demands(placed(on(them(by(family(members(

! Feel(angry(and(hos:le(toward(family(members(! Have(a(nega:ve(view(of(marital(rela:onships(! May(be(depressed(

+

14.+Work+Interference((

! Report(aitudes(and(behaviors(that(could(interfere(with(work(performance(

! May(ques:on(career(choice(! Are(not(ambi:ous(and(lack(energy(! Express(nega:ve(aitudes(toward(coRworkers(

! Feel(insecure(

((((! Have(difficul:es(concentra:ng(! Have(poor(selfRconcepts(! Have(difficulty(making(decisions(! Feel(anxious,(tense(and(worried(! Do(not(have(a(strong(achievement(orienta:on(

! (May(report(sleep(disturbances(

45

+

15.+Nega*ve+Treatment+Indicators(

! Have(nega:ve(aitudes(toward(mental(health(treatment(

! Have(nega:ve(aitudes(toward(health(professionals(

! Feel(that(no(one(can(understand(them(! Believe(they(have(problems(they(cannot(share(with(anyone(

! Give(up(easily(when(encountering(problems(

(

! Feel(unable(to(make(significant(changes(in(their(life(

! May(be(experiencing(intense(emo:onal(distress(

! Are(poor(problem(solvers(

! Show(poor(judgment(

(

Supplementary+Scales+(high+scores)((

1.   Anxiety+

! Anxious,(uncomfortable(

! Poor(overall(psychological(adjustment(

! Depressed,(unhappy,(pessimis:c(

! Soma:c(complaints(

! Shy,(lacking(in(selfRconfidence(+

(

2.+Repression+(

! Internalizing(

! Conven:onal,(cau:ous(

! Slow(personal(tempo(

! Introverted(

! Soma:c(complaints((

46

+

3.+Ego+Strength+(

! Good(overall(psychological(adjustment(

! Favourable(prognosis(for(treatment(

! Fewer(and(less(severe(symptoms(

! Stable,(reliable(! Energe:c(! SelfRconfident(! Relates(well(with(others(

+

4.+Dominance+(

! Strong(in(faceRtoRface(interac:ons(

! Poised,(selfRconfident(

! AchievementRoriented(

! Comfortable(in(social(situa:ons(

+

5.+Social+Responsibility((

! Concerned(about(ethical(and(moral(problems(

! Strong(sense(of(jus:ce(! Secure,(selfRconfident(! Trus:ng(! Comfortable(in(social(situa:ons(! In(clinical(seings,(fewer(symptoms(and(complaints(

+

6.+College+Maladjustment((

! Poor(general(psychological(adjustment(

! Ineffectual(! Pessimis:c(

! Procras:nate(! Anxious,(worried(! Develop(soma:c(symptoms(in(:mes(of(stress(

! Feel(that(life(is(stressful(much(of(the(:me(

47

+

7.+Post^Trauma*c+Stress+Disorder+(

! Intense(emo:onal(distress(

! Anxiety(and(sleep(disturbance(

! Unwanted(and(disturbing(thoughts(

! Fear(loss(of(emo:onal(or(cogni:ve(control(

! Feel(misunderstood(and(mistreated(

(

(

8.+Marital+Distress+Scale+(

! Dissa:sfac:on(in(marital(and/or(other(close(rela:onships((

! In(clinical(seings,(may(suggest(a (wide(variety(of(symptoms(

((9.+Hos*lity+(

! Cynical,(suspicious,(untrus:ng(

! Angry,(hos:le(

! Increased(risk(for(health(problems(

! Poor(general(psychological(adjustment(

+

10.+Overcontrolled+Hos*lity+(

! Tend(to(respond(to(provoca:on (appropriately(most(of(the(:me,(but(occasional(exaggerated(aggressive(responses(may(occur(

! Infrequent(expression(of(angry(feelings(

! Not(puni:ve,(selfRblaming(

48

(

11.+Alcoholism+Scale+(

! Possible(substance(abuse(problems(

! RiskRtaking(behaviors(

! Extroverted,(exhibi:onis:c(

! SelfRconfident,(asser:ve(

! Possible(an:social/asocial(behavior(

(

12.+Addic*on+Admission+Scale+(

! Acknowledging(substance(abuse(problems(! History(of(ac:ngRout(behaviors(! Family(problems(! Impulsive(! Cri:cal,(angry,(aggressive(+

13.+Addic*on+Poten*al+Scale+(

! Possible(substance(abuse(problem(! An:social(behavior(

(

14.+Gender+Role++

+Masculinity+! Stereotypic(masculine(interests(and(ac:vi:es(! Denial(of(fears,(anxie:es,(soma:c(complaints(! SelfRconfident,(persistent((

( (Femininity+! Stereotypic(feminine(interests(and(ac:vi:es(! Denial(of(an:social(behaviors(! Excessively(sensi:ve (((

(

The+Personality+Psychopathology+Five++(PSY^5)+Scales+

(

((1.(Aggressiveness(

((2.(Psycho:cism(

((3.(Disconstraint(

((4.(Nega:ve(Emo:onality/Neuro:cism(

((5.(Introversion/Low(Posi:ve(Emo:onality(

49

+

1.+Aggressiveness+(High(Scorers)(

! Focuses(on(offensive(and(instrumental(aggression(

! Enjoy(in:mida:ng(others(

! May(use(aggression(as(a(tool(to(accomplish(their(goals(

! Is(linked(with(dominance(and(hate(

! Are(more(likely(to(have(a(history(of(being(physically(abusive(with(an:social(features(

++(

(

2.+Psycho*cism((

! Assesses(disconnec:on(from(reality((unshared(beliefs,(unusual(sensory/(perceptual(experiences,(alienated/(unrealis:c(expecta:on(of(harm)(

! Tend(to(have(higher(probability(of:(delusions(of(reference(disorganized,(bizarre,(disoriented,(circumstan:al(or(tangen:al(thinking,(loosening(of(associa:ons,(hallucina:ons(or(flight(of(ideas(

! Having(few(or(no(friends,(depressed,(anxious(! Are(not(achievement(oriented((

+

3.+Disconstraint++

! Tend(to(be(more(risk(taking,(impulsive(and(less(tradi:onal(

! Have(a(slight(tendency(to(prefer(roman:c(partners(who(have(the(same(features(

! Tend(to(be(easily(bored(with(rou:ne(! Aggressive(and(an:social(! Had(histories(of(commiing(domes:c((! Violence((men)(! AchievementRoriented((women)(

+

4.+Nega*ve+Emo*onality+/+Neuro*cism+(

! Tend(to(focus(on(problema:c(features(of(incoming(informa:on,(worry,(are(selfRcri:cal,(feel(guilty(and(concoct(worstRcase(scenarios(

! Depressed(or(dysthymic,(low(func:oning(with(few(or(no(friends(

! Complain(of(soma:c(symptoms((

50

(

5.+Introversion+/+Low+Posi*ve+Emo*onality+(

! LiMle(capacity(to(experience(joy(and((posi:ve(engagement(

! Increased(rates(of(dysthymia(and(depression(and(low(achievement(orienta:on(

! Anxious,(introverted,(pessimis:c(and(complain(of(soma:c(symptoms(

Reference((1.  Construct(Validity:(Basic(Issues(in(Objec:ve(Scale(Development(2.  Quan:fying(Clinical(Judgment(in(the(Assessment(of(Adolescent(Psychopathology:(

Reliability,(Validity(and(Factor(Structure(of(the(Child(Behavior(Checklist(for(Clinical(Report(Lissa(Dutra(and(Laura(Campbell(Journal(of(Clinical(Psychology((vol.(60(1),(65R85((2004)(

3.(Maintaining(Psychology’s(Scien:fic(and(Professional(Credibility(and(Ethical(Responsibility(to(SelfRregulate:(A(Comment(on(“Valida:ons”(of(Mental(Health(Assessment(Instruments(( (Karla(Moras(Journal(of(Clinical(Psychology(vol.(61((3),(3150(322((2005)(

4.(Religious(Coping(and(Psychological(Adjustment(to(Stress:(A(MetaRAnalysis(Gene(G.(Ano(and(Erin(B.(Vasconcelles(Journal(of(Clinical(Psychology(vol.(61(4)(461R477((2005)(

5.(Nega:ve(Affec:vity(and(Social(Inhibi:on(in(Cardiovascular(Disease:(Evalua:ng(Type(D(personality(and(its(Assessment(using(IRT(Emons,(Meijir(et(al(Journal(of(Psychosoma:c(Research(63((2007)(27R39(

6.(The(Draw(a(Person(Test:(An(Indicator(of(Children’s(Cogni:ve(and(Socioemo:onal(Adapta:on(Laak,(J.,(Goede,(M.,(et(al(Journal(of(Gene:c(Psychology,(2005,(166((1),(77R93(

7.(The(Chinese(Version(of(the(Social(ProblemRSolving(Inventory:(Some(Ini:al(Results(on(Reliability(and(Validity(Siu,(Andrew(and(Shek,(Daniel(Journal(of(Clinical(Psychology,(vol.(61((3)(347R360((2005)(

8.(A(Revised(Spanish(Version(of(the(Beck(Depression(Inventory:(Psychometric(Proper:es(with(a(Puerto(Rican(Sample(of(College(Students(Bonilla,(J.,(Bernal,(G.,(et(al(Journal(of(Clinical(Psychology,(vol.(60((1)(119R130((2004)(

((