Handbook on Ethanol E85

8/6/2019 Handbook on Ethanol E85

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Handbookfor Handling,Storing, andDispensing E85


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Foreword

This publication was jointly prepared by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), a Departmentof Energy (DOE) national laboratory, and the National Ethanol Vehicle Coalition (NEVC). The NEVC is anonprofit advocacy organization that was established to promote the use of 85% ethanol as a renewable formof alternative transportation fuel while enhancing agricultural profitability, advancing environmentalstewardship, and promoting national energy independence.

Members of the NEVC include:

Governors Ethanol Coalition Kansas Corn Growers Association

Ford Motor Company Maryland Grain Producers Council

General Motors PMC Marketing, Inc.

DaimlerChrysler Osage, Inc.

Colorado Corn Growers Association Nebraska Ethanol Board

Missouri Corn Growers Association National Corn Growers Association

United Energy Distributors

Every effort has been made to ensure that this manual is accurate, complete, and comprehensive. Thismanual is intended to be used as a guide and resource document. The authors strongly encourage all partieswith an interest in establishing E85 fueling systems to engage professional support during installation toensure fuel integrity and systems compatability.

NREL and the NEVC would like to thank the Petroleum Equipment Institute for its support in identifying

equipment and materials that are alcohol compatible.

Disclaimer

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government.Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty,express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness ofany information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privatelyowned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark,manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoringby the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do

not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof.


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Table of ContentsWhy Use Fuel Ethanol? 2

Energy Policy Act of 1992 3

Alcohol-Fueled Vehicles 4

Production, Properties,and Environmental Impacts 5Production 5

Figure 1. Ethanol Distribution From A to Z 5

Physical Properties 6Table 1. Properties of Fuel Ethanol 6Table 2. Comparison of Fuel Properties 7

Emissions 6Figure 2. E85 Is an EnvironmentallyFriendly Fuel 8

E85 Fuel Specificationsand Standards 9

ASTM Fuel Standard Specification 9

Seasonally Adjusted Blends 9

Hydrocarbons 9Fuel Additives 9

Table 3. ASTM D5798-99 StandardSpecification for Fuel Ethanol forAutomotive Spark-Ignition Engines 10

Materials Recommendations 11

Fuel Storage and Dispensing 12Using Existing Fueling Systems 12Tanks 12

Figure 3. Typical E85 UndergroundStorage System 13

Di 14

Safety ProceduresHealth Considerations

Fire Safety Considerations

Table 4. First Aid Treatmentsfor Exposure to Fuel Ethanol

Safety Codes

Case StudyEstablishing an E85 RefuelingFacility at Mammoth CaveNational Park, Kentucky

Installing the E85 Fueling Station

Table 5. Total Cost of Tankand Accessories

Project ResultsProject Recommendations

and Conclusions

Appendix A: GeographicalFuel-Marketing Regions

Appendix B: Procedures forDetermining Selected Propertiesof Ethanol Fuel Samples

Appendix C: Pricing SheetsWinter and Summer Blends

Appendix D: Material SafetyData Sheet for E85

For More Information


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As concernsabout our nationsdependence onforeign oil increase,

and as Americansbecome more awareof the environmental

impacts of petroleum

use, interest inalternative fuels likeethanol is increasing.

In many ways ethanolis an ideal transporta-tion fuel. Its better

for the environmentthan petroleum,

it is domesticallyproduced, and its use

supports farmers andrural economies. By switching to ethanolfuels and advanced vehicle technologies,fleet owners are leading the way to both

energy security and cleaner air.Currently, a small amount of ethanol

(10% by volume; E10*) is added to much ofthe gasoline we put in our vehicles in orderto fulfill federal oxygenate requirements,add octane,and greatly extend the petroleumfuel supply. E10 is a widely available vehicle

fuel and is used for oxygenated fuel

programthose induring

Denver and in rgasolin

Ano

fuel,E8

ethanolis gainiDuring

few yeamajor amanufa

developfuel veh

that caneither g

E85 fueThis guidebook contains in

about EPAct alternative fuels rfleets, FFVs,E85 properties and

and E85 handling and storage The information provided in th

is based on proven practices dexperienced fuel providers, fleand vehicle manufacturers, anhow to successfully and safelyethanol, including E85, in vehi

Why UseFuel Ethanol?

WhyU

seFuelEthanol?


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The Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPAct)

was established with the goals of enhanc-ing our nations energy security andimproving environmental quality. Thelegislations provisions address all aspects

of energy supply and demand, includingenergy efficiency, alternative fuels, andrenewable energy. It also addresses moretraditional forms of energy such as coal, oil,

and nuclear power. Several parts, or titles,of EPAct were designed to encourage useof alternative fuels (not substantially

derived from petroleum) that could helpreduce our dependence on imported oil.EPAct defines alternative fuels to include:

Methanol, ethanol, and other

alcohols Blends of 85% or more of alcohol

(such as ethanol) with gasoline

Natural gas and liquid fuels domes-tically produced from natural gas

Liquefied petroleum gas (propane)

Coal-derived liquid fuels

Hydrogen

Electricity

Implementing EPAct is the responsibilityof the U.S.Department of Energys (DOE)Office of Transportation Technologies.

EPAct also gave DOE the authority toadd additional fuels to the list of alternatives

based on their potential benefits to thenations energy security and the

environment.EPAct activities employ both voluntary

and regulatory approaches to encouragingthe fundamental changes necessary for

b ld lf l f l

fleet and private vehicles, fuel supplieand vehicle manufacturers to advance

alternative fuel choices. For more informon the Clean Cities Program, visit

http://www.ccities.doe.gov/.Regulatory-based EPAct activities co

of four programs:

The State & Alternative Fuel ProvidProgram requires state government analternative fuel provider fleets to purc

AFVs such as FFVs as a percentage ofannual light-duty vehicle acquisitions.

addition to acquiring AFVs, fuel providfleets are required to fuel their vehiclewith alternative fuels whenever possib

The Federal Fleet Program requireof federal fleets new light-duty vehiclpurchases to be AFVs. Issued in April 2

Executive Order 13149 goes a step beEPAct by establishing a petroleum redugoal of 20% by 2005 for federal fleets pared to their 1999 petroleum consum

Acquiring AFVs and using alternative fare integral to achieving this goal.

The Alternative Fuel Petitions Progoutlines a formal rulemaking process

through which DOE can add additionato the list of EPAct-authorized alternatfuels.Under this program, the developa new fuel can petition DOE to add a

fuel to the list of EPAct-designatedalternative motor fuels.

Energy Policy Actof 1992


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To safely and effectively operate a vehicleon E85, the vehicle must be compatiblewith alcohol use.Aftermarket conversionof gasoline-powered vehicles to ethanol-

fueled vehicles, although possible, is notrecommended because of the changes in

component materials necessary, the highcost, and the need for extensive engine

recalibration.To resolve refueling infrastructure

problems, automakers have developed

vehicles called flexible fuel vehicles thatcan operate on any blend of ethanol andgasoline, from 0% ethanol and 100% gasoline,

up to 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline.EthanolFFVs are similar to gasoline vehicles; theirmain differences are the materials used in thefuel management system and modifications

to the engine calibration system.There areno switches to f lip, no additional fuelingtanks or fuel dispensing systems required

(see Fuel Storage and Dispens12-16). Although the alcohol c

blend while it is in the storagespecified, the alcohol content after it has been dispensed to may be different because it many fuel already in the vehicle

However, the Powertrain Cont(the vehicles computer) autommakes the adjustments the veh

operate on either gasoline or EE85 use transparent to the drFFVs manufactured by sev

auto companies are available i

place. These vehicles are fully wavailable at no extra cost to thFor a list of FFVs available for p

http://www.afdc.doe.gov/afv

http://www.e85fuel.com/inf

ff_vehicles.htm, or contact yodealer, the E85 Hotline (877-4

the National Alternative Fuels (800-423-1363).

In order to advance the usof alternative transportation fue

government has established soand credits for purchasing FFV

incentives, visithttp://www.fland click on Incentives and L

Alcohol-FueledVehicles

Always follow the manufarecommendations for mai

AlcoholFueledVeh

icles


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Production, Propertiand Environmental Impa

ProductionEthanol is also known as ethyl alcohol orgrain alcohol.Like gasoline, ethanol contains

hydrogen and carbon, but ethanol alsocontains oxygen in its chemical structure.

The oxygen makes ethanol a cleaner bufuel than gasoline. It can be produced

chemically from ethylene or biologicafrom grains, agricultural wastes, or anymaterial containing starch or sugar. In

A

ZFuel Supplier

Denatured Ethanol*Transported by Rail,

Truck, or Barge

Ethanol ProductionFacility

100% Ethanol is produced at an ethanolproduction facility. Prior to transporting,the ethanol must be denatured.*

The Denatured Ethanol is transported tothe fuel supplier.

Denatured Ethanol is dispensed into thefuel suppliers ethanol storage tankinthe same manner as gasoline, kerosene,and diesel fuel.

A Fuel Carrier orders a tanker full of E85(85% denatured ethanol and 15%unleaded gasoline).

The Fuel Supplier dispenses 8.5 parts

denatured ethanol to 1.5 parts unleadedgasoline into the tanker truck.

The Fuel Carrier delivers E85 to the retaiFuel Marketer for sale to public.

* Denatured refers to the required poisoning of ethanolbefore it leaves the production plant. Typically, this is doneby blending in 5% gasoline to ensure fuel ethanol is notconsumed by humans.


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United States, ethanol is produced mainly

from corn grown in the Midwest. Onebushel of corn (approximately 56 pounds)produces 2.7 gallons of ethanol*. Ethanol

can also be produced from cheese whey,spilled beer, and dated soda.Becauseethanol can be produced from crops, it isclassified as a renewable fuel.

Although beverage and fuel alcoholsare produced in a similar manner, fuelalcohol is denatured or poisoned to preventingestion. Denaturing can be accomplished

by adding a bitterent or a form of hydro-carbon such as gasoline.

Physical PropertiesThe properties of E85 are listed inTable 1.Ethanol is a flammable,colorless liquid

(E100 is clear like water) with a faintalcohol odor. The color of ethanol fuel

blends depends on the color of the gasolinein the blend.Blends may also have a

gasoline-like odor.

In the same way a gallon o

contains approximately 12% lesthan does a gallon of #2 diesegallon of E85 contains 27% les

one gallon of gasoline.Howevscience shows that a gallon of 27% less energy, experience hasmotor vehicle will experience

12% decline in fuel mileage. A the properties of E85 to those

ethanol, and gasoline are foun

EmissionsAccording to the U.S. Federal Administration, the average ve

road today emits more than 60pollution into the air each yeaharmful emissions include carb

volatile organic compounds, pmatter, oxides of nitrogen, and

dioxide. These emissions havehealth implications because th

to the amount of smog and carb

Production, Properties, and Environmental Impacts

Product

ion,

Properties,and

EnvironmentalImpacts

Table 1. Properties of Fuel Ethanol

Property Comment

Vapor density Ethanol vapor, like gasoline vapor, is denser than air and tends in low areas. However, ethanol vapor disperses rapidly.

Solubility in water Fuel ethanol will mix with water, but at high enough concentrawater, the ethanol will separate from the water.

Energy content For identical volumes, ethanol contains less energy than gasolinenergy basis, 1.0 gallon of E85 is equivalent to 0.72 gallons of

Flame visibility A fuel ethanol flame is less bright than a gasoline flame but is evisible in daylight.

Specific gravity Pure ethanol and ethanol blends are heavier than gasoline.Conductivity Ethanol and ethanol blends conduct electricity. Gasoline, by con

an electrical insulator.

Stoichiometric E85 needs more fuel per pound of air than gasoline; therefore,fuel-to-air ratio cannot be used in a conventional vehicle.

Toxicity Ethanol is less toxic than gasoline or methanol Carcinogenic co

Table 1. Properties of Fuel Ethanol


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regardless of the fuel.More emissions can

leak from a vehicle when it is sitting thanwhen it is operating! The buildup of heatin the engine compartment, and sometimes

even the heat reflected from the pavementonto the fuel tank can cause the most

volatile parts of the fuel to bo

into the air, causing pollution.fewer highly volatile componegasoline and so has fewer emi

resulting from evaporation.

Production, Properties, and Environmental Impacts

Production,

Properties,and

EnvironmentalImpacts

Carbon Dioxide

Photosynthesis

Plants Ethanol

Plant

Ethanol 85%

EthanolFuel

Flex

V

Figure 2. E85 Is an Environmentally Friendly Fuel

The plants used to make ethtake carbon dioxide out of thin order to grow. This effectivcancels out the carbon dioxidemitted by ethanol-fueled veresulting in net carbon dioxigains of zero.


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While E85 is a liquid fuel that ishandled in a manner similar to that ofgasoline, the chemical properties of alcoholare different than those of gasoline and

must be recognized when establishing afuel handling standard.

Unlike gasoline, ethanol conductselectricity; and while this property does not

result in an increased incidence of safetyissues,this ability requires that all aluminumproducts be removed from a typical gaso-

line dispensing system. To reduce thechance for failure or contamination of alco-hol equipment and systems, select proper

materials and control the fuel composition.The American Society for Testing andMaterials (ASTM) and the AmericanAutomobile Manufacturers Association(AAMA) have established standards for E85.

While the two standards are similar, onlythe ASTM standards are discussed in thissection.

ASTM Fuel Standard SpecificationThe ASTM standard specification for fuelethanol, designated ASTM Ed75Ed85

(d stands fordenatured), covers fuel blendsfor different seasons and geographical areas.

These specifications,shown inTable 3,represent the minimum commercial

standards and reflect the consensus of manystakeholders. The ethanol and hydrocarbondenaturant used in making fuel ethanol must

meet the requirements of ASTM D4806.(Specification D4806-01aStandardSpecification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol

cold weather, more gasoline is added

blend to avoid starting problems.A minof 70% by volume of alcohol is permitt

the winter blend by the ASTM fuel staThis seasonal blending from 15% to 3gasoline limits difficulties associated w

winter cold start and are similar to the sonal adjustments that are currently ma

most of the gasoline sold in the United

HydrocarbonsThe most common form of hydrocarbused in the blending of E85 is unleade

gasoline. The hydrocarbon blended wthe ethanol in E85 must comply withthe same standards as gasoline. Depenon state regulations, the hydrocarbon

contain ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETB

methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE),oraliphatic ethers as blending componen

Natural gasoline, commonly used as thdenaturant of fuel ethanol, is also anexcellent blend stock for the hydroca

portion of E85.

Fuel Additives

According to U.S.Environmental ProtecAgency (EPA) regulations,all commercigrades of gasoline must contain certaiadditives, detergents, and inhibitors. A

blending the gasoline with denatured ato make E85, any additives that were

E85 FuelSpecifications

and Standards


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Table 3. First Aid Treatments for Exposure to Fuel Alco

Property Value for Class Test Method

ASTM volatility class 1 2 3 N/A

Ethanol, plus higher alcohols 79 74 70 ASTM D5501

(minimum volume %)

Hydrocarbons (including 17-21 17-26 17-30 ASTM D4815

denaturant) (volume %)

Vapor pressure at 37.8CkPa 38-59 48-65 66-83 ASTM D4953, D51

psi 5.5-8.5 7.0-9.5 9.5-12.0

Lead (maximum, mg/L) 2.6 2.6 3.9 ASTM D5059

Phosphorus (maximum, mg/L) 0.3 0.3 0.4 ASTM D3231

Sulfur (maximum, mg/kg) 210 260 300 ASTM D3120, D12

Methanol (maximum, volume %) 0.5 N/A

Higher aliphatic alcohols, C3-C8 2 N/A

(maximum volume %)

Water (maximum, mass %) 1.0 ASTM E203

Acidity as acetic acid 50 ASTM D1613

(maximum, mg/kg)

Inorganic chloride 1 ASTM D512, D798

(maximum, mg/kg)

Total chlorine as chlorides 2 ASTM D4929

(maximum, mg/kg)

Gum, unwashed 20 ASTM D381

(Maximum, mg/100 mL)

Gum, solvent-washed 5.0 ASTM D381

(maximum, mg/100 mL)

Copper (maximum, mg/100 mL) 0.07 ASTM D1688

Appearance Product shall be Appearance determine

visibly free of ambient temperature suspended or (70F) whichever is h

Table 3. ASTM D5798-99 Standard Specification for Fuel Efor Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines

E85 Fuel Specifications and Standards

onsand


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MaterialsRecommendations

As with all liquid fuels, it is vitallyimportant that proper fuel handlingtechniques be practiced to prevent fuelcontamination.Certain materials

commonly used with gasoline are totallyincompatible with alcohols.When thesematerials (such as aluminum) come in

contact with ethanol, they may dissolvein the fuel,which may damage engineparts and may result in poor vehicle drive-ability. Even if parts do not fail, running an

ethanol-fueled vehicle with contaminatedfuel may cause deposits that could eventu-ally harm the engine. The materials andparts presented in this guidebook perform

well with E85.The following sections describe parts

and equipment that are compatible with

fuel ethanol. They should be available fromyour usual petroleum equipment supplier.

You can find a list of alcohol-compatibleequipment athttp://www.e85fuel.com/

information/manufacturers.htm.The NEVC and the Petroleum Equipment

Institute have worked together to gather themost comprehensive summary of alcohol-

Terne (lead-tin-alloy)-plated steel,whicommonly used for gasoline fuel tanklead-based solder are also incompatibl

with E85. Avoid using these metals beof the possibility of fuel contaminatiopotential difficulties with vehicle driv

ability. Unplated steel, stainless steel, biron, and bronze have shown acceptabresistance to ethanol corrosion.

Nonmetallic materials that degrad

when in contact with fuel ethanol incnatural rubber, polyurethane, cork gas

material, leather, polyvinyl chloride (Ppolyamides, methyl-methacrylate plast

and certain thermo and thermoset plaNonmetallic materials that have beensuccessfully used for transferring and

storing fuel ethanol include nonmetal


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Fuel Storageand

DispensingThe technology for storing

and dispensing gasoline can be

applied to alcohol fuels such asE85 because alcohols andalcohol blends, like gasoline,are

liquid fuels at ambient pressures andtemperatures. However, only E85-compatiblematerials should be used in the storage anddispensing systems.Most operating problems

with ethanol-fueled vehicles have beentraced to contaminated fuel. Consequently,choosing the right materials for fuel stor-age and dispensing systems and following

proper fuel handling procedures are crucialfor successfully operating ethanol-fueledvehicles. Although material research andtesting is expected to continue, the parts

and materials discussed in this guidebookhave performed well with E85. They can

be obtained from your usual supplier.

Using Existing FuelingIn many cases, existing gasolinother hydrocarbon fueling sysalso be used to store and disp

ethanol. Most metal undergroutanks that meet EPA Decembecan be used to store E85.Many

fiberglass tanks that meet EPA may also be used to store E85fiberglass storage tanks manufto 1992, MAY NOT be able to If you wish to use an existing

underground storage tank thamanufactured prior to 1992 tocontact the NEVC for additiona

If an existing undergroundwill be used to store E85 and either metal or fiberglass that iE85, the following steps shoul

Tanks

IMPORTANT!Before planning any fuel storagesystem, check your local buildingand fire codes. While fuel ethanol(E85) falls under the same handling

d i

FuelSto

rageandDispensing


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The method you use will depend your particular situation, the type of futhat has been stored in the tank, and s

and local environmental regulations.

Underground TanksYou can use double-walled, low-carbocold-finished steel tanks, but welded tare preferable and must be corrosion

protected to meet EPA requirements.not use plated-metal tanks. Single- or dwall fiberglass tanks are non-corrosiveand may be used when approved by

Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., for stfuel ethanol.

Aboveground TanksSeveral companies manufacture above

ground storage tanks that may be used

Vapor Vent

12Top Seal Cap

Top Seal Adapter

Manhole Covers

Dispenser details are foundin Figure 4

Ground level

Vapor RecoveryStage II only

Supply Line

SpillContainer

Vent Lin

Dispenser

Fuel Storage and Dispensing

with vehicle driveability.There are several methods for cleaning

sludge from the bottom of a tank. Each

method must be completed by a certified

and bonded company familiar with cleaningpetroleum storage tanks.

1. Use a filter agitatordevice. Thismethod is similar to cleaning a

swimming pool. The filter agitator islowered into the tank and moves theproduct to allow a filter to catch thesuspended particulates.

2. Physically enter the tank and steamclean the sludge.

3. Use a robotic cannon to liquefy thesludge. After being liquefied, the

sludge is pumped out of the tank anddisposed of at an approved site. Thismethod of removal may occasionally

harm the walls of the tank, making itunfit for fuel storage.

4. Place a chemical cleaner in the tank

to clean the walls. The remainingparticulates may then be pumped outof the tank and disposed of.


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E85.Generally, aboveground storage tanks aresmaller than underground storage tanks and

are typically installed in capacities of 1000to 2000 gallons. Tanks may be constructedof stainless steel,cold-finished steel, or

fiberglass. The use of plated metal tanks is

generally not recommended.

Dispensers

Companies that produce E85-compatiblepump dispensers include Bennett Pump

Company and Tokheim Corporation.TheE85 dispenser must use iron, unplatedsteel, or stainless steel in the fuel path. Inthe case of vane-type pumps, avoid

impellers made from soft metals (zinc,brass, lead, aluminum). Steel or an

engineering polymer with a hresistance will give excellent

General Dispensing Equipm

Dispenser hoses, nozzles, and connectors are the same for aand underground fuel storageitems common to both systems

in this section. Parts that diffe

ground and underground instadiscussed in the sections that your supplier can help you ob

compatible parts and equipmeAvoid components made f

brass, lead, aluminum, or other

The ethanol fuel may cause lesuch soft metals,which may co

vehicles fuel system and coulpoor vehicle performance.

In-Line Filters. A 1-micron, inrecommended for fuel ethanol

equipment. This size filter wilthe debris and impurities that

Vapor Recovery LineFuel Supply Line

Emergency Shut OffValve

Dispenser Filter

NOTE: 2nd Nozzle andHose is Optional

Splitter Fitting

Dispenser (Meter, etc.)

Whip Hose (ovemount only)

Dispenser Hose

Hose Swivel

Hose Breakawa

Nozzle

Jumper Hose

Figure 4. E85 Dispensing Equipment


FuelSto

rageandDispensing


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Nozzles. Aluminum nozzles should not beused with E85,and nozzles made from any

aluminum alloy must be used with caution.A nickel-plated nozzle is the best choice.A few companies that manufacture nozzles

are Emco Wheaten Retail Corporation,Modern Welding Company Subsidiaries, andNewberry Tanks and Equipment, Inc.

Fittings and Connectors. All fittings,connectors, and adapters that will be in

contact with the fuel blend should be madeof materials like stainless steel (best choice),

black iron,or bronze to avoid degradation.If aluminum or brass fittings are used, theymust be nickel plated to avoid any contactbetween the bare metal and the fuel ethanol.

Piping. The best choice for underground

piping is nonmetallic corrosion free pipe.Schedule 40 black iron pipe and galvanizedpipe may be used, but will require corrosionprotection to meet EPA requirements.Youmay purchase piping from a number of

manufacturers such as Advanced PolymerT h l (APT) A I i l

SignageTanks containing ethanol fuel must belabeled. A bronze pentagon decal,as sbelow, with E85in black must label

fillbox and fillbox cover.

The labels should be placed on thfillboxes and fillbox cover in one of th

following ways.

1. Painting the decal on the top of

cover or on the rim of the fillbo

2. Attaching a tag to the fillpipe ad

3. Screwing a tag into the fillbox r

4. Fitting a plastic or fiberglass insinto the rim of the fillbox

Each state, along with the U.S.Department of Transportation,hasdeveloped certain signage to place at

refueling stations.You should contact

states Department of Transportation tobtain the correct signage for your ar

The Federal Trade Commission re

a small sticker to be placed on the facthe fuel dispenser as close as possiblethe price per unit of fuel. The sticker

should have a black background withorange text. You may receive one of t

stickers by contacting the NEVC [email protected] or by calling877-485-8595.

E85

E85


vapor recovery system in the geographicarea. Stage II Vapor Recovery systems requiredifferent fueling hose systems than do areas

with Stage I only systems. Goodyear Tire

and Rubber Company is one reliablemanufacturer for this item.

When specifying materials for your

refueling facility, contact equipmentvendors for the latest information and usethe components with the highest resistanceto deterioration from continuous contact

with fuel alcohols. In some cases, equip-

ment specified for use with fuel methanolwill be available. Because fuel methanol is

even more corrosive than fuel ethanol,components and materials certified forfuel methanol use will almost always beacceptable for fuel ethanol use.


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E85 Quality AssuranceOnce your E85 refueling station is installed,taking simple operational precautions canensure fuel quality. Periodically checking

the fuel properties will avoid costly damageto vehicles operating on E85.Some ofthese checks may be performed in thefield,but others may require the services

of a specialized laboratory.A list of some ofthese laboratories may be obtained by visitingthe DOE National Alternative Fuels Hotline

athttp://www.afdc.doe.gov/hotline.html

or by calling 800-423-1363.After the refueling station has reached

normal operation, test the fuel periodically.At a minimum, the following items should

be checked every 1-2 months,dependingon how frequently the station is used:

1. Electrical conductivity (see

Appendix B).

2. Particulate content

Because it is possible to perform the

conductivity test and the test for hydrocarboncontent in the field, these tests should beperformed often.

1. Hydrocarbon content (see Procedurefor Determining Hydrocarbon Content

of Fuel Ethanol inAppendix B)

2. Reid vapor pressure

Shipping ProceduresTo ensure the high quality of yshould occasionally send a samfuel ethanol to a laboratory for

fuel provider may be able to rlaboratory in your area that cantype of test, or for a list of labperform E85 tests, visit the DO

Fuels Hotline Web site at

http://www.afdc.doe.gov/ho

call 800-423-1363.To safely shipthe fuel, follow all of your shipp

ments for hazardous materialsthe following information appoutside of the package:

1. DOT Shipping Name:Flammable Liquid NOS(Ethyl Alcohol and Gaso

2. Identification Number:NA1993

3. Diamond Labels:Health 2, Flammability 3

4. Label:Flammable Liquid

5. Arrow Label:

This End Up

A 1-gallon container compaethanol is recommended. The

UN 4G gasoline combination pproduct that has been succfor this purpose. The comb

package contains a unmarkmetal can with an epoxy phfiberboard,polyethylene bclosing tape. For more info

tohttp://www.e85fuel.coinformation/manufacture


FuelSto

rageandDispensing


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Health ConsiderationsTreat fuel ethanol with a high degree ofrespect, just as you would any fuel.Minimize exposure to the fuel. Likegasoline, fuel ethanol is flammable and

poisonous and may contain additivesthat are harmful, even in casual

contact. Also,do not confuse fuelethanol with alcohol intended for human

consumptionfuel ethanol can poison you.

Never drink fuel ethanol!Exposure to fuel ethanol can occur by

breathing its vapors (inhalation), getting iton the skin or in the eyes (skin adsorption),or accidentally swallowing it (ingestion).

The following symptoms of exposure tofuel ethanol may appear immediately:

Dullness of memory and

concentration

Impaired motor coordination

Drowsiness,stupor, and finally

unconsciousness

Contact medical personnelimmediately in cases of exposure

For skin absorption:

Wash the skin with soap and ri

with large quantities of water.

Remove contaminated clothing

Contact medical personnel.

For eye adsorption: Flush the eyes with water for a

least 15 minutes.

Contact medical personnel.

For ingestion:

Have the person lie down and

him/her warm.

Do not induce vomiting.

Contact medical personnel

immediately.

Fire Safet Considerations

SafetyProcedures


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Safety Procedures

Before constructing any refuelinginstallation,consult your local fire marshall.Regulations governing the safe handling of

fuel ethanol vary from area to area.Only yourlocal officials will know the regulations in

force in your locale.

Safety CodesThe safety standards for handlstoring E85 are the same as th

gasoline. The National Fire ProAgency (NFPA) has two standaapply to fuel ethanol blends: NFlammable and Combustible L

and NFPA 30A, Automotive anService Station Code. These c

information on refueling facilitand handling requirements for and combustible liquids. NFPAethanol fuels (including E100 the same class as gasoline.Con

fire marshall or the NFPA for costandards.

A Material Safety Data Shee

E85 is shown inAppendix D.

Table 3. First Aid Treatments for Exposure to Fuel Alco

Symptoms of Exposure

Dullness of memory and concentration

Impaired motor coordination

Drowsiness, stupor, and finally comaTreatment Co

Exposure First Aid Treatment to Gasoline E

Inhalation Move away from the vapors Sameto fresh air and contact medical

personnel.

Skin absorption Wash the skin with soap and rinse with Same

large quantities of water, removecontaminated clothing, and contact

medical personnel.

Eye absorption Flush the eyes with water for at Sameleast 15 minutes and contact medical

Table 4. First Aid Treatments for Exposure to Fuel Etha

res


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In 1998 Mammoth Cave National Parkwas approached by the Kentucky CornGrowers Association about the possibility

of installing an E85 refueling station to

serve the parks fleet of vehicles. Followingdiscussions with park management,

Mammoth Cave implemented an E85infrastructure program to acquire anapproved aboveground storage tank,ethanol-compatible equipment, and E85 fuel.

Subsequently, Mammoth Cave NationalPark has acquired several FFVs.Completing

the Mammoth Cave National Park E85infrastructure program has allowed the

park to operate its FFVs primarily on E85.This allows the Mammoth Cave fleet to meetEPAct requirements (see page 3), to reduce

the use of fossil fuels, and to positivelyimpact the environment in the park.

Installing the E85 Refueling

StationIn 1998 the NEVC entered into a cooperativeagreement with the Southeast RegionalBiomass Energy Program (SERBEP).This

contract obligated the NEVC (and its project

Subsequently, the NEVC and MamCave National Park entered into aMemorandum of Agreement (MOA),w

stated that the NEVC would:

1. Provide financial support to pur

one fully ethanol-compatible,3000-gallon,aboveground fuelstorage tank.

2. Provide financial support to puraccessories and ancillary equipmfor dispensing E85 from the tan

3. Coordinate the first delivery of

fuel.4. Assist with ordering the tank an

equipment.5. Agree that upon completion of

installation, the tank,equipmentall ancillary equipment would bethe property of Mammoth CaveNational Park.

In turn, the MOA required Mamm

Cave National Park to:

Case Study

Establishing anE85 Refueling

Facility atMammoth Cave

National Park,Kentucky

d bl h f l l h


22/34

2. Operate E85 vehicles exclusively onE85 fuel while within range of theMammoth Cave National Park E85

refueling facility.

3. Coordinate billing and fuel usagedocumentation.

4. Purchase and maintain card reader/computer system.

5. Coordinate fuel delivery.6. Order any replacement parts.

7. Furnish and coordinate installation oftank and equipment, including

electrical and concrete pad.8. Secure state fire code approval for

installation.

Project ResultsAs described earlier in the original MOAbetween the NEVC and Mammoth CaveNational Park, the tank was to be a

3000-gallon,steel,aboveground tank. Thecost for this tank and the associate pump-ing equipment was approximately $5,400.

Park management subsequently

determined that this type of installationwas inconsistent with the other refuelingstations in the park. The existing refueling

tanks were concrete-encased equipment specifications for tsystem were modified to ensur

with other fueling equipment.

Table 5 indicates the specifand costs associated with the

Installation of the tank wain the Winter of 1999.

Project RecommendatioConclusionsThe Mammoth Cave National

Project provides an excellent cooperation between several norganizations and two federal

this project, financial support available by the Kentucky CorAssociation and the Kentucky

Promotion Council.Federal support was gener

cooperative measures of both administered by the Tennessee

Authority, and Mammoth CavePark, an entity of the U.S. DepInteriors National Park Servic

Cost of Tank and Accessories $16

Dispensing Equipment (all alcohol compatible) $3, Single hose pump 1 micron fuel filter Alcohol whip hose 8 feet of pump hose

Breakaway valves Swivel hose Fuel nozzle Anti-siphon valve

Cost to Offload Tank $44

Table 5. Total Cost of Tank and Accessories

Case StudyEstablishing an E85 Refueling Facility at Mammoth Cave Nationa

CaseStudy

M

ammothCaveNationalPark

C St d E t bli hi E85 R f li F ilit t M th C N ti l P k


23/34

The Mammoth Cave National ParkE85 Project was not completed without

experiencing problems. The primarydifficulty was the delivery of the 3000-gallonaboveground storage tank.As describedpreviously, the E85 project was initiated in

August 1998, and originally scheduled to becompleted by September 30, 1998.However, during late Summer and Fall of1998, a large number of fuel retailers across

the nation were engaged in replacing fuelstorage tanks in order to meet the EPAsUnderground Storage Tank requirements. As

a result, demand for new fuel storage tankswas extremely high and Mammoth Cavewas unable to take delivery of the tankuntil December 1998.

Case StudyEstablishing an E85 Refueling Facility at Mammoth Cave National Park


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Volatility Class by Month

State and Fuel Marketing Region Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sep

Alabama 2 2 2 2 2/1 1 1 1 1

Alaska

Southern Region 3 3 3 3 3/2 2/1 1 1/2 2/3South Mainland 3 3 3 3 3/2 2/1 1/2 2 2/3

Arizona

North of 34 lat & E. of 111 long. 3 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1 1/2

Remainder south of 34 2 2 2 2/1 1 1 1 1 1

Arkansas 3 3 3/2 2/1 1 1 1 1 1/2

California

North Coast 2 2 2 2 2 2/1 1 1 1South Coast 2 2 2 2 2/1 1 1 1 1

Southeast 3 3/2 2 2 2/1 1 1 1 1/2

Interior 2 2 2 2 2 2/1 1 1 1

Colorado

East of 105 longitude 3 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1 1/2

West of 105 longitude 3 3 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1/2 2/3

Connecticut 3 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1 1/2Delaware 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1 1 1/2

District of Columbia 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1 1 1/2

Florida

North of 29 latitude 2 2 2 2/1 1 1 1 1 1

South of 29 latitude 2 2/1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Georgia 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1 1 1 1

Hawaii 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Idaho 3 3 3 3/2 2 2 2/1 1/2 2

Illinois

North of 40 latitude 3 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1 1/2

South of 40 latitude 3 3 3 3/2 2/1 1 1 1 1/2

Indiana 3 3 3 3/2 2/1 1 1 1 1/2

Iowa 3 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1 1/2

Kansas 3 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1 1/2Kentucky 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1 1 1.2

Louisiana 2 2 2 2/1 1 1 1 1 1

Maine 3 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1/2 2

Maryland 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1 1 1/2

Massachusetts 3 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1 1/2

Appendix A: Geographical Fuel-Marketing Reg

Appen

dixA:Geographical

Fuel-MarketingRegions


25/34

Volatility Class by Month

State and Fuel Marketing Region Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov

Minnesota 3 3 3 3 3/2 2/1 1 1/2 2 2/3 3

Mississippi 2 2 2 2/1 1 1 1 1 1 1/2 2

Missouri 3 3 3 3/2 2/1 1 1 1 1/2 2/3 3

Montana 3 3 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1/2 2/3 3 3

Nebraska 3 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1/2 2 2/3 3

Nevada

North of 38 latitude 3 3 3 3/2 2 2 2/1 1/2 2 2/3 3

South of 38 latitude 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1 1 1/2 2 2/3

New Hampshire 3 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1/2 2 2/3 3

New Jersey 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1 1 1/2 2 2/3

New Mexico

North of 34 latitude 3 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1 1/2 2/3 3

South of 34 latitude 3 3 3/2 2/1 1 1 1 1 1 1/2 2/3

New York

North of 42 latitude 3 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1/2 2 2/3 3

South of 42 latitude 3 3 3 3/2 2/1 1 1 1 1/2 2 2/3

North Carolina 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1 1 1/2 2/3 3North Dakota 3 3 3 3 3/2 2/1 1 1/2 2 2/3 3

Ohio 3 3 3 3/2 2/1 1 1 1 1/2 2/3 3

Oklahoma 3 3 3 3/2 2/1 1 1 1 1/2 2 2/3

Oregon

East of 122 longitude 3 3 3 3/2 2 2 2/1 1/2 2 2/3 3

West of 122 longitude 3 3/2 2 2 2 2/1 1 1 1/2 2 2

PennsylvaniaNorth of 41 latitude 3 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1/2 2 2/3 3

South of 41 latitude 3 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1 1/2 2 2/3

Rhode Island 3 3 3 3/2 2/1 1 1 1 1/2 2 2/3

South Carolina 2 2 2 2/1 1 1 1 1 1 1/2 2

South Dakota 3 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1/2 2 2/3 3

Tennessee 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1 1 1/2 2 2/3

TexasNorth of 31 latitude 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1 1 1/2 2 2/3

South of 31 latitude 2 2 2 2/1 1 1 1 1 1 1/2 2

Utah 3 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1 1/2 2/3 3

Vermont 3 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1/2 2 2/3 3

Virginia 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1 1 1/2 2 2/3

Appendix A: Geographical Fuel-Marketing Regionscontinue


26/34

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27/34

E85 is a form of alternative transportation fuelthat can be produced from a wide range of

renewable feedstocks.As is the case withall forms of fuels, it is critical that theintegrity of the fuel be maintained and that

seasonal volatility adjustments be made.The following summary describes a field

test procedure to determine the levels ofhydrocarbon and alcohol in E85.

The following equipment is availablefrom VWR Scientific,800-932-5000.Reference

numbers are those used by VWR.Otherequipment suppliers are available.

50 mL pipettesCat.#52966-217

Safety bulbCat.#53497-202

100 mL cylinders,Cat.#24762-117

Procedure for DeterminingHydrocarbon Percent of EthanolFuel Samples Using the suction bulb,pipette exactly

50 mL of fuel sample into the graduated

cylinder.

Add about 48 mL of water to make thetotal liquid volume just under 100 mL.

Place the stopper in the cylinder and shakevigorously for about 15 seconds.

Carefully loosen the stopper to release any

accumulated pressure; do not remove thestopper.

Close the stopper again and place the

cylinder upright on a level surface. Allowthe mixture to sit for about 15 minutes.

Record the total volume of liquid byreading the lowest part of the uppermeniscus (the curved interface between

the liquid and air).

Record the total volume of the alcohol/water layer by reading the lowest part of

Calculation

The hydrocarbon percent is calculateby:

2.1 + 1.94*(total volume - alcohol/water volume)

Assuming the sample was an ethanolhydrocarbon mixture, the ethanol pe

is 100 minus the hydrocarbon percen

Procedure for Determining

Conductivity of Ethanol FuelSamplesSampling:

Note: Fuel dispensing equipment and samp

containers can contaminate the sample, ga falsely high conductivity for the bulk sa

Dispensing systems should be purged (at 2 gallons for an aboveground tank and at

5 gallons for an underground tank) immedprior to sample collection.

Equipment for conductivity testing

VWR Scientific 800-932-5000

Conductivity meter and gold-plateddip cell.

Dip cell

250 mL disposable polypropylene

beaker

Calibration and Setup

Regularly calibrate the instrument accord

to manufacturers specifications and enabtemperature compensation option.

Procedure

Note: Fuel samples and the conductivity p

are easily contaminated. Take care not tocontaminate the sample or conductivity prby dirt or even fingerprints. The probe

should be kept clean and not placed on aor work bench.

1 Add about 200 mL of fuel to beaker

Appendix B: Procedures for DeterminingSelected Properties of Ethanol Fuel Samples

A di C P i i Sh t Wi t Bl d


28/34

Fuel Tax Credit (FO

# Gallons of ethanol useCredit % per gallon

Less reduction of credit excise tax

# of gallonsreduction of excise tax %

Net fuel tax credit

Enter # of gallons to be pu

Enter local costs in shade

Enter local costs in shade

Set by federal lawEnter state tax rate in shaSet by federal law

Notes to explanation:* Federal excise taxes are paid at f

added to supplier's invoice at thto the distributor. Gasoline fede$0.184/ gallon, E85 = $0.1295/gaIRS Forms 8849 and 6478. PubliIRS 378 and 510.

* Form 8849 is the federal excise tform is used to claim a refund fexcise tax on E85 in situations wexcise tax has been paid. This fofrom a company's income tax re

* Form 6478 to claim the fuel tax quarterly income tax return.

* Retailers that install (at their owfuel refueling property may be ef d l i d d i

This worksheet has been prepared to illustrate the use of the federal tax incentives that are a

promote the use of E85 as a form of alternative transportation fuel by providing federal incoThese credits assist in reducing the price of E85 to a level that is often very competitive withregular unleaded gasoline. This example is based on information and experience that has beby the NEVC while working with tax advisors, the IRS, ethanol producers, and fuel marketer

Explanation of E85 Pricing for Winter Blend70% ethanol and 30% hydrocarbon

National Ethanol Vehicle Coalition3118 Emerald Lane Jefferson City, MO 65109 573-365-8445email: [email protected] web: www.e85fuel.com

COST OF E85

Net price from Distributor/BlenderCost of unleaded (15% of total gallons) $ 2,880.00Cost of ethanol (85% of total gallons) $ 9,870.00Federal excise tax on E85 $ 1,295.00State excise tax on unleaded $ 2,000.00

Cost of E85 before fuel tax credit $ 16,045.00

Fuel tax credit $ (3,165.00)

Net cost of E85 $ 12,880.00

Cost/gallon of E85 after credit $ 1.29

BASE CASE COST OF UNLEADED GASOLINENet price from Distributor/Blender

Cost of unleaded (100% of total gallons) $ 9,600.00Federal excise tax on unleaded $ 1,840.00State excise tax on unleaded $ 2,000.00

Net cost of unleaded $ 13,440.00

Cost/gallon of gasoline $ 1.34

Savings per gallon of E85 over unleaded $ 0.06

Assumptions:

Number of gallons of fuel 10,000

Terminal price of unleaded/gallon $ 0.96

Terminal price of ethanol/gallon $ 1.41

Federal excise tax on unleaded/gallon $ 0.184State excise tax on unleaded $ 0.20 Federal excise tax on E85/gallon $ 0.1295

Appendix C: Pricing Sheet - Winter Blend

A

ppendixC:PricingSheet

WinterBlend

Appendix C: Pricing Sheet Summer Blend


29/34

This worksheet has been prepared to illustrate the use of the federal tax incentives that are avail

promote the use of E85 as a form of alternative transportation fuel by providing federal income These credits assist in reducing the price of E85 to a level that is often very competitive with the regular unleaded gasoline. This example is based on information and experience that has been aby the NEVC while working with tax advisors, the IRS, ethanol producers, and fuel marketers.

Explanation of E85 Pricing for Summer Blend85% ethanol and 15% hydrocarbon

Fuel Tax Credit (FORM

# Gallons of ethanol usedCredit % per gallon $

Less reduction of credit due excise tax

# of gallonsreduction of excise tax %

$

Net fuel tax credit $

Enter # of gallons to be purcha

Enter local costs in shaded are

Enter local costs in shaded are

Set by federal lawEnter state tax rate in shaded Set by federal law

COST OF E85Net price from Distributor/Blender

Cost of unleaded (15% of total gallons) $ 1,515.00Cost of ethanol (85% of total gallons) $ 11,985.00Federal excise tax on E85 $ 1,295.00State excise tax on unleaded $ 2,000.00

Cost of E85 before fuel tax credit $ 16,795.00

Cost/gallon of E85 before credit $ 1.67

Fuel tax credit $ (3,960.00)

Net cost of E85 $ 12,835.00

Cost/gallon of E85 after credit $ 1.28

BASE CASE COST OF UNLEADED GASOLINENet price from Distributor/Blender

Cost of unleaded (100% of total gallons) $ 10,000.00Federal excise tax on unleaded $ 1,840.00State excise tax on unleaded $ 2,000.00

Net cost of unleaded $ 13,940.00

Cost/gallon of gasoline $ 1.39

Savings per gallon of E85 over unleaded $ 0.11

National Ethanol Vehicle Coalition3118 Emerald Lane Jefferson City, MO 65109 573-365-8445email: [email protected] web: www.e85fuel.com

Notes to explanation:* Federal Excise taxes are paid at fuel te

added to supplier's invoice at the timeto the distributor. Gasoline federal ex$0.184/ gallon, E85 = $0.1295/gallon. FIRS Forms 8849 and 6478. PublicationIRS 378 and 510.

* Form 8849 is the federal excise tax ref

form is used to claim a refund for theexcise tax on E85 in situations where excise tax has been paid. This form isfrom a company's income tax return.

* Form 6478 to claim the fuel tax credit quarterly income tax return.

* Retailers that install (at their own expefuel refueling property may be eligiblef d l i d d i (Cl

Assumptions:Number of gallons of fuel 10,000

Terminal price of unleaded/gallon $ 1.01

Terminal price of ethanol/gallon $ 1.41

Federal excise tax on unleaded/gallon $ 0.184State excise tax on unleaded $ 0.20 Federal excise tax on E85/gallon $ 0.1295

Appendix C: Pricing Sheet - Summer Blend

Appendix D: Material Safety Data Sheet for E85


30/34

Appendix D: Material Safety Data Sheet for E85

Append

ixD:MaterialSafety

Da

taSheetforE85

Material Safety Data SheetMay be used to comply withOSHAs Hazard Communication Standard,29 CFR 1910.1200. Standard must be

consulted for specific requirements.

U.S. Department of LaborOccupational Safety and Health Administr(Non-Mandatory Form)Form Approved

OMB No. 1218-0072IDENTITY (As Used on Label and List) Note: Blank spaces not permitted. If any item is n

no information is available, the space musFuel Ethanol Ed85 indicate that.

Section l

Manufacturers Name Emergency Telephone Number

Archer Daniels Midland Company 800/424-9300 or 217/424-5200Address (Number, Street, City, State, and ZIP Code) Telephone Number for Information

4666 Fairies Parkway 217/362-3980Date Prepared

Decatur, Illinois 62526 7/5/95Signature of Preparer (optional)

Section II Hazardous Ingredients/Identity Information

Other LimitHazardous Components (Specific Chemical Identity: Common Name(s)) OSHA PEL ACGIH TLV Recommend

Ethyl Alcohol (200 proof) CAS 0064-17-5

Natural Gasoline CAS 008-006-619

*Benzene CAS-0071-43-2 1ppm 10ppm

*A chemical known to the State of

California to cause cancer

Section lll Physical/Chemical Characteristics

Boiling Point Specific Gravity (H2O = 1)

96-170FVapor Pressure (mm Hg.) Melting Point

340-560Vapor Denisty (AIR - 1) Evaporation Rate

2.0-4.0 (Butyl Acetate = 1)

Solubility in Water

60-70 gm./100ml.Appearance and Odor

Clear, colorless volatile liquid with ethereal odor.

Section IV Fire and Explosion Hazard Data

Flash Point (Method Used) Flammable Limits LEL

-20F to -4F TCC Not Estimated 1.4 Extinguishing Media

Appendix D: Material Safety Data Sheet for E85contin


31/34

Appendix D: Material Safety Data Sheet for E85 contin

Section V Reactivity Data

Stability Unstable Conditions to AvoidNone in normal use.

Stable

XIncompatibility (Materials to Avoid)

May react vigorously with oxidizing materials.Hazardous Decomposition or Byproducts

Combustion may produce CO2, NOx and reactive hydrocarbons.Hazardous May Occur Conditions to AvoidPolymerization

None in normal use.

Will Not Occur

X

Section VI Health Hazard DataRoute(s) of Entry: Inhalation? Skin? Ingestio

(A) (B) (C)Health Hazarads (Acute and Chronic)

(A) May cause mucous membrane irritation; unconsciousness; coma; respiratory failure and de(B) May cause skin irritation as a result of defatting. (C) Moderately toxic (LD50 0.5 to

5 G/Kg), gastrointestinal irritation, vomiting, CNX depression, coma.

Carcinogenicity: NTP? IARC Monographs OSHA Regu

Not determined Not determined YesSigns and Symptoms of Exposure

May cause dizziness, loss of balance and coordination.Medical ConditionsGenerally Aggravated by Exposure Not determined

Emergency and First Aid Procedures

If swallowed, do not induce vomiting. If inhaled, remove person to fresh air. Give artificial

respiration if breathing has stopped. Call a physican. If splashed in eyes or on skin, flush

immediately with copious amounts of water.

Section VII Precautions for Safe Handling and Use

Steps to be Taken in Case Material is Released or SpilledEliminate all sources of ignition. Small spills should be flushed with large quantities of wat

Large spills should be collected for waste disposal.Waste Disposal Method

Do not allow to enter sewers where vapors may be ignited. Incinerate in furnace where perm

under appropriate federal, state & local regulations or dispose of in a site stipulated for

hazardous materials.

Precautions to Be Taken in Handling and Storage

Keep away from heat, sparks, & open flames. Keep container closed. Use with adequate ve

Other PrecautionsUse explosion proof electrical equipment and non-sparking tools. Ground electrical equipm

Section VIII Control Measures

Respiratory Protection (Specify Type)Air supplied mask for high concentrations

Ventilation Local Exhaust Special

Preferrred None


32/34

For More InformationGeneral

U.S. Department of EnergyAlternative Fuels Data Center1617 Cole Blvd.

Golden,CO 80401www.afdc.doe.gov

National Alternative Fuels Hotline

800-423-1DOE (toll-free)

email:[email protected]

National Ethanol Vehicle Coalition*3118 Emerald Lane, Suite 100Jefferson City, MO 65109573-635-8445

877-485-8595www.e85fuel.com

National Renewable Energy Laboratory1617 Cole BoulevardGolden,CO 80401-3393303-275-4453

www.nrel.gov

Governors Ethanol Coalition

Nebraska Energy office1111 O StreetP.O. Box 95085Lincoln, NE 68509

402-471-2867www.ethanol-gec.org

National Corn Growers Association

1000 Executive Parkway, Suite 105St.Louis, MO 63141314-275-9915www.ncga.com

Renewable Fuels Association

U.S. Environmental Protection

Division of Regulatory Programs

2565 Plymouth RoadAnn Arbor, MI 48105734-668-4296

www.epa.gov

The National Ethanol Vehicle maintains a comprehensive w

www.E85fuel.com which incl

complete listing of all equipmto handle and dispense E85 an

vehicle availability.

Ethanol Fuel Codes and

National Fire Protection Assoc1 Batterymarch Park

P.O. Box 9101Quincy, MA 02269-9101617-984-7259www.nfpa.org

Standards

ASTM International100 Bar Harbor Drive

West Conshohocken, PA 1942Publications and Customer Se610-832-9585

www.astm.org

Society of Automotive Enginee400 Commonwealth Drive

Warrendale, PA 15096-0001724-776-4841www.sae.org

Materials

ForMoreInformation



33/34

Filter Product Inc.8314 Tiogawoods Drive

Sacramento,CA 95828

EMCO Wheaton2300 Industrial Park DriveWilson, NC 27893252-243-0150

www.emcowheaton.com

Goodyear3 Harding PlaceLittle Ferry, NJ 07643201-242-5550www.goodyear.com

OPW Fueling Components9393 Princeton-Glendale Road

P.O.Box 405003Cincinnati, OH 45240-5003800-422-2525www.opw-fc.com

Tokheim Co.560 31st StreetMarion, IA 52302

319-362-4847www.tokheimco.com

U-Fuel, Inc.5110 Fairview DriveP.O. Drawer 1511Eu Claire,WI 54701

715-836-0905ww.ufuel.com

Alternative Fuel Vehicles

DaimlerChrysler Corp.Alternative Fuel Vehicle Sales and Marketing

Ford Motor Co.Alternative Fuels Program

The American RoadDearborn, MI 48121

877-ALT-FUELwww.ford.com/en/ourvehicles/environmentalvehicles/default.ht

General MotorsAlternative Fuels

300 Renaissance CenterDetroit, MI 48265313-665-2958www.gm.com/automotive/innov

altfuels/

Alcohol-Fueled Vehicle

Technician Training

Central Community College, Plat

P.O.Box 1027Columbus, NE 68602-1027402-562-1267

www.megavision.net/ccc/

ContainersLabelmaster5724 N. Pulaski Road

Chicago, IL 60646-6797800-621-5808www.labelmaster.com


34/34


U.S. Department of Energy

Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

1000 Independence Ave., S.W.

Washington, DC 20585-0121

To obtain print copies of this document contact:

U.S. Department of Energy

Alternative Fuels Data Center

Phone: (800) 423-1363

e-mail: [email protected]

Produced for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)by the National Renewable Energy Laboratorya DOE national laboratory

DOE/GO-1002001-956April 2002

Printed on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper

including 20% postconsumer waste

Documents

Handbook on Ethanol E85