One significant practice in Islam - Hajj

One significant practice in Islam - Hajj

The five pillars: arkan al-islam

Within Islam, the practice of the faith is supported by five pillars. These pillars, known as arkan al-islam (the pillars of Islam) are activities and beliefs which are regarded as foundational for all who follow Islam. Each of the pillars requires both an internal or spiritual commitment together with an outward action or sign.

Hajj: pilgrimage to Makkah

The fifth pillar of Islam is the pilgrimage or "hajj". Every devout Muslim male will desire to make the pilgrimage to Makkah at least once in their lifetime. For those who live nearby it may be possible to make the pilgrimage on a number of occasions. However, for most Muslims it is a once in a lifetime experience and some need to save for most of their lives in order to perform the hajj.

Purpose of Hajj

The word "hajj" means to embark on a journey with a purpose. The purpose is essentially to visit the Ka'bah in Makkah and worship on Mount Arafat. The pilgrimage takes place during the twelfth month of the Muslim calendar "Dhul-Hijjah".

Challenge of organisation

The organisation of the hajj is an enormous challenge both for the individuals undertaking the pilgrimage and for those in Saudi Arabia responsible for organising it. The individual not only needs to provide for their own needs on the pilgrimage but they also need to provide for the needs of their family while they are away.

For the organisers in Saudi Arabia the hajj is an enormous exercise in logistics. Over a million people gather annually in Saudi Arabia for the hajj. Those undertaking the hajj are organised into groups under the guidance of an experienced hajj guide who is able to ensure that the proper protocols are followed.Despite the degree of organisation and the expertise of the hajj leaders, there is an inevitable element of chaos with such a large gathering. Yet despite the heat, the logistical difficulties and enormous crowd there is a great sense of community and goodwill among the pilgrims which readily outweighs the difficulties encountered.

Attitude of pilgrims

The hajj is an event for Muslims only, tourists are not allowed to attend. It is expected that the pilgrims who attend will be people with the maturity and soundness of mind to understand the significance of what they are undertaking. A certain degree of physical fitness is expected in order to manage the physical demands of the pilgrimage.

Intention known as "niyyah"

Some Muslims are not able to undertake the pilgrimage themselves due to poor health, a lack of financial means or unexpected and unavoidable circumstances. In these cases Muslims believe that the intention will suffice. This intention, known as "niyyah" is an important element. Muslims believe that Allah judges them on their intentions providing that their efforts are sincere. Therefore someone who is genuinely unable to perform the hajj need not feel that they are failing in their religious duty.

Symbolic pilgrimage

In some instances, Muslims who are not able to perform the hajj seek to join the pilgrims in a symbolic way by paying for someone else to attend in their place or giving to charity the money that they have saved for the hajj. In the case of paying for someone else to attend in their place there is a restriction that this person must already have performed the hajj on their own behalf.

Prescribed rituals

There are various prescribed aspects undertaken by pilgrims performing the hajj. The preparation phase of the hajj takes place outside of Makkah. This preparatory stage involves placing themselves in an appropriate disposition or attitude. This involves a deliberate and conscious striving towards a state of purity. This attitude is known as "ihram". As a sign of their preparedness all normal clothing is replaced by a simple ensemble of two white cloths, one worn around the waist, the other draped over the left shoulder. Women wear a plain garment covering all but their hands, their feet and their face.

Arrival in Makkah

As the pilgrim arrives in Makkah they begin to repeatedly pray the prayer known as "talbiyah" which is in the form of a response to the call to perform the hajj. Immediately upon arriving in Makkah pilgrims go to the Ka'bah and encircle it seven times. This encircling is known as "tawaf".Procession

The next event to follow is the procession known as the "sa'y". This procession takes place between Safa and Marwah and is completed seven times. This procession is based on the Qu'ranic tradition of Hajar's search for water in the desert.

Journey to Mina

The next part of the hajj involves a journey to Mina which is undertaken on the 8 th day of the month of Dhul-Hijjah. In Mina pebbles are hurled at pillars to symbolise the rejection of the devil and all works of evil.

Mount Arafat

After camping in Mina the journey continues to Mount Arafat. On the plain of Arafat people stand from midday until sunset in a state of meditation This is known as the "wuquf" or the standing before Allah. The pilgrims then climb Mount Arafat where a sermon is preached.

The pilgrimage continues, however, to Mina via Muzdalifah where night prayer is held together with a ritual stoning of the devil. On the morning of 10 Dhul-Hijjah the pilgrims stand before dawn in a brief repetition of the "wuquf" before moving on towards Mina as the sun begins to rise.

Offering of sacrifice

In Mina the pilgrims camp for three days while offering the required sacrifice of an animal for Id-ul-Adha. After this, men have their heads shaved and women are required to cut their hair by at least 2.5 cm.

The hajj then returns to Makkah for another encircling of the Ka'bah as the final event of the pilgrimage. Having completed the hajj Muslims are entitled to take the name Hajji or Hajjah.

How the Hajj expresses the beliefs of Islam

Surrender to Allah

The essence of Islam is surrender to Allah. This surrender is epitomised in undertaking the Hajj. For Muslims this pilgrimage captures their desire and their commitment to surrender themselves fully to Allah.

The Hajj requires considerable sacrifice and commitment on the part of the pilgrim and this assists them to attain the appropriate inner disposition of surrender.

Examples of submission

The rituals associated with the Hajj relate to a number of important encounters between Allah and humankind in ancient times. These encounters are foundational in understanding the relationship between Allah and humanity and Muslims undertaking the Hajj are seeking to emulate the extent of submission displayed by their ancestors in these ancient times.

Forgiveness and restoration

These encounters include the restoration of Adam and Eve and Allah's forgiveness after their disobedience, the submission of Ibrahim in being willing to sacrifice Isma'il and the provision of the Zamzam spring for Hajar and Isma'il in the desert.

The ritual actions of the Hajj are based on these significant moments of encounter with Allah and the core beliefs of Islam are expressed and affirmed in undertaking these rituals.

The Stand Before Allah: Wuquf

The stand or the stand before Allah known as "wuquf" is the central moment of the Hajj. Pilgrims gather at the Mount of Mercy on the plain of Arafat near Mina on 9 Dhul-Hijjah. The stand takes place from midday until sunset. Pilgrims meditate, pray and concentrate their thoughts on Allah during the stand.

A sermon is preached on the top of Arafat after which the pilgrims spend the night in thanksgiving.

Adam and Eve's restoration

According to the tradition, the Mount of Mercy is the place where Adam and Eve, realising their sin of disobedience, sought restoration and forgiveness. They were forgiven and restored to union with Allah. In response to Allah's goodness and forgiveness, Adam and Eve then built a shrine which is believed to be the first building constructed in human history. Appropriately, the building was a shrine dedicated to the worship of Allah.

Forgiveness of sins

Muslims believe that just as Adam and Eve received the forgiveness of Allah at Arafat, so they too can enjoy the forgiveness of their sins and experience the beginning of a new life. Sincere repentance as part of the Hajj wipes away all past sin and allows the Muslim pilgrim to feel totally cleansed and free from past transgression. Effectively, it means a new start and a great sense of peace and wellbeing in perfect surrender to Allah.

The Feast of Sacrifice: Id-ul-Adha

The day after the stand before Allah is the day of sacrifice "Id-ul-Adha". It is the major festival of the Muslim calendar commemorating the events around the time when Ibrahim was called to sacrifice Isma'il and overcame the temptations of the devil. Although part of the Hajj ritual "Id-ul-Adha" is celebrated by all Muslims, not just those taking part in the Hajj.

The celebration of Id-ul-Adha involves the ritual sacrifice of an animal. The sacrifice calls to mind the Ibrahim's surrender to Allah in resisting the temptations of the devil and being prepared to sacrifice his son Isma'il in obedience to Allah.

Temptations

The tradition tells that Ibrahim was visited by the devil as he set out for Mina in obedience to Allah. In the visitation, the devil argued powerfully that Ibrahim did not need to sacrifice Isma'il and even attempted to convince Ibrahim that he was deluded in thinking that Allah had demanded such a sacrifice from him.

Ibrahim, however, remained faithful to Allah and continued on his way to offer Isma'il as sacrifice only to be stopped by Allah at the last moment.

Sacrifice of wants & needs

The sacrifice offered during the celebration if Id-ul-Adha symbolises the preparedness of Muslims to sacrifice all personal needs, wants and aspirations in service of Allah. Indeed, the extreme nature of the call to sacrifice Isma'il is a reminder that a Muslim's life is totally at the service of Allah and the requirement of surrender is absolute, even to the cost of one's own life if necessary.

Hajar's Thirst

Hajar and Isma'il

The third significant encounter with Allah is centered on the tradition of Hajar and Isma'il's wandering in the desert looking for water. Due to Sarah's jealousy towards Hajar and Isma'il, Ibrahim separates from them, leaving them in the care of Allah.

Well of Zamzam

Hajar and Isma'il then faced a testing time in the desert looking for either a spring or a passing camel caravan so that they had some water to drink. Hajar ran back and forth between the hills of Safa and Marwah looking for water, however, her search was futile until the angel Jibril appeared and showed her the spring which is now known as the well of Zamzam.

The spring soon became the water supply for many desert travelers and ultimately the city of Makkah came to be built at the location.

The revealing of the spring is seen as another example of the providence of Allah, coming to the aid of Hajar and Isma'il at the greatest time of need.

True and lasting value

As part of the ritual of the Hajj, pilgrims travel on the walkway between the hills of Safa and Marwah. This action symbolises the search for the things of true and lasting value to the Muslim and the ultimate realisation that Allah will provide all that is needed. Pilgrims take water from the well of Zamzam to drink and to take home with them. Some also dip their clothes in the water. These clothes are often then kept to be used as burial shrouds.

Stoning of the Pillars

Mina

The rejection of the temptation of the devil is symbolised by pilgrims in hurling stones at the pillars (jamaras) at Mina. These pillars represent the places where Ibrahim resisted the temptations and stoned the devil.Muslims today carry out a ritual stoning of the devil to symbolise their rejection of temptation and surrender to Allah.

Circling of the Ka'bah

The circling of the Ka'bah is another ritual expressing obedience and submission to the will of Allah. The pilgrims circle the Ka'bah indicating their obedience to the call to complete the Hajj.

The preparedness to come to Makkah and complete the Hajj is in itself a symbol of a Muslim's surrender and dedication to Allah. It sums up the essence of Islam and conveys in the deepest sense the purpose of the Hajj.

The significance of the Hajj for the individual

Pillars of Islam

The Hajj is one of the five pillars of Islam "arkan-al-islam". It is a requirement for all Muslim males to undertake the Hajj. Many women as well will seek to fulfil the requirements of the Hajj.

The pillars of Islam are considered as foundational as they guide the Muslim in the way of submission to the will of Allah which is the essence of Islam. Given the foundational nature of the Hajj as one of the pillars of Islam, it is hard to overstate its significance for the individual Muslim. The devout Muslim will undertake the Hajj in obedience to the Qur'an and in order to more perfectly submit himself/herself to the will of Allah.

Submission

Submission to Allah is the essence of Islam and undertaking the Hajj is one of the important elements for Muslims to submit more fully and more perfectly to Allah. For a Muslim to undertake the Hajj they must carry out demanding preparations which involve practical elements as well as preparing a proper inner disposition.

Practical concerns

In practical terms a Muslim must provide for their own needs during the Hajj, such as the cost of their travel etc as well as providing for the needs of their family while they are away. Thus at a practical level there are considerable demands on the person undertaking the Hajj. There are also the physical demands of the Hajj itself which are challenging to all pilgrims.

Spiritual preparation

Apart from the practical and physical requirements, a devout Muslim will also undergo an inner or spiritual preparation to ensure the efficacy of the Hajj for to undertake the Hajj without the appropriate attitude or disposition would be to render the experience useless in terms of its spiritual value. Therefore the devout Muslim will ensure that he or she is spiritually prepared for the Hajj before undertaking the pilgrimage.

The magnitude of the preparation for the Hajj, both practical and spiritual, are further elements highlighting the significance of the Hajj for the individual Muslim. Given its demands, it would not be possible for the undertaking of the Hajj to be other than an event of profound significance for the devout Muslim.

Personal commitment

A further element demonstrating the significance of the Hajj for the individual is the element of testing of personal resolve and commitment involved in undertaking the Hajj. Many of the elements of the Hajj centre on the act of rejection of the devil and remaining faithful in submission to Allah. In order to undertake the Hajj, a Muslim would be required to overcome a number of challenges to their resolve and commit himself/herself seriously to the task. In this sense they are emulating the elements of the Hajj itself, overcoming the temptation the devil and remaining steadfast in their submission to Allah.

Community

A final element of significance for the individual Muslim is found in their experience of the international community of Islam through undertaking the Hajj. Islam is a religious tradition which is spread widely throughout the world and Muslims are found in virtually every region. In recent years the Hajj has attracted over two million Muslims from countries throughout the world.

Thus for the pilgrim undertaking the Hajj there is a profound and overwhelming sense of the diversity of Islam, yet at the same time, an experience of the unity of the Muslim world converging on the holy city of Makkah for the Hajj. In Islam there is no distinction between people and no place for racism or prejudice. In undertaking the Hajj the Muslim pilgrim experiences these elements of Islam in a profound and powerful way.

The significance of the Hajj for the Muslim community

Community significance

The significance of the Hajj for the Muslim community can be seen in four elements. Firstly in the public statement it makes about submission to Allah, secondly in the way it provides inspiration to others, thirdly in its edification of the Muslim community and finally in its witness to the principles of international and multiracial harmony.

Each year over two million pilgrims gather in Makkah to undertake the Hajj. It is an event of epic proportions and receives considerable media coverage throughout the world, including countries such as Australia with relatively small Muslim communities.

Public awareness

Given the degree of public consciousness raised by the "spectacle" of the Hajj, there is an important element of witness to the principles of Islam which are expressed in undertaking the Hajj. Essentially the Hajj is an expression of submission to Allah and when undertaken on such a large scale and with such widespread attention it provides an important witness to the essence of Islam.

Inspiration

The second element of the significance of the Hajj to the Muslim community is found in the way it inspires others. While the Hajj is essentially undertaken by individuals it involves the community in many ways. The community is involved with the preparation of the pilgrims before they leave, in supporting family member of the pilgrim while they are undertaking the Hajj and often in having special times of prayer and of course with the festival of Id-ul-Adha, the festival of sacrifice.

In the midst of the community support for the pilgrims and the accompanying festival and prayer there is a great source of inspiration to others in the community to commit themselves to undertake the Hajj.

Community building

Thirdly, there is an important element of community building that takes place in association with the Hajj. This community building happens both at an international level in and through the contact with others during the Hajj and also at the local level through the involvement of the local Muslim community with pilgrims who are undertaking the Hajj.

The connection of the community with a pilgrim undertaking the Hajj provides an additional element of spiritual and community focus during the time of the Hajj and provides a means to strengthen and deepen community life.A fourth element of significance to the Muslim community is the witness to the international and interracial harmony which is integral to the Hajj. Muslims gather from all corners of the world to undertake the Hajj and in their coming together they provide a powerful witness to both the unity and diversity of the Muslim community throughout the world.

Tolerance and respect

The most significant element of this witness to the diversity of Islam is the way in which all races and nationalities can come together with tolerance and respect in a display of racial harmony. In Islam there is no place for discrimination on the basis of race and the Hajj provides a powerful witness to this fundamental element of Islam.

It also shows the unifying power of Islam in being able to bring so many people of so many ethnic backgrounds together in a common act of submission to AllahGlossary

Arkan al-islam the pillars of Islam

Dhul-Hijjah twelfth month of the Muslim calendar, the month of the Hajj

Hajj the fifth pillar of Islam, the pilgrimage to Makkah

Hajjahone who has successfully performed the Hajj

Hajjione who has successfully performed the Hajj

Id-ul-Adhafestival of sacrifice

Ihramattitude or disposition needed to undertake Hajj

Ka'bah sacred shrine in Makkah

Makkah the sacred city of Islam, in Saudi Arabia

MosqueMuslim place of worship

Niyyah intention

Sa'y procession between Safa and Marwah

Talbiyah prayer prayed upon arrival in Makkah

Tawaf encircling of the Ka'bah

Wuquf the standing before Allah at Mount Arafat

Zamzam spring shown to Hajar by the angel Jibril, well located in Makkah

Summary Points

Students learn about:

ONE significant practice- Hajj

Students learn to:

describe one significant practice- Hajj

The five pillars

The practice of the faith is supported by five pillars.

Arkan al-islam (the pillars of Islam) are activities and beliefs which are regarded as foundational for all who follow Islam.

Each of the pillars requires both an internal or spiritual commitment together with an outward action or sign.

Hajj

The fifth pillar of Islam is the pilgrimage or "hajj".

Every devout Muslim seeks to make the pilgrimage to Makkah at least once in their lifetime.

The word "hajj" means to embark on a journey with a purpose.

The purpose is to visit the Ka"bah in Makkah and worship on Mount Arafat.

The pilgrimage takes place during the twelfth month of the Muslim calendar "Dhul-Hijjah".

The individual not only needs to provide for their own needs on the pilgrimage but they also need to provide for the needs of their family while they are away. Over a million people gather annually in Saudi Arabia for the hajj.

Those undertaking the hajj are organised into groups under the guidance of an experienced hajj guide who is able to ensure that the proper protocols are followed.

The hajj is an event for Muslims only

It is expected that the pilgrims who attend will be people with the maturity and soundness of mind to understand the significance of what they are undertaking.

A certain degree of physical fitness is expected in order to manage the physical demands of the pilgrimage.

Some Muslims are not able to undertake the pilgrimage themselves due to poor health, a lack of financial means or unexpected and unavoidable circumstances. In these cases Muslims believe that the intention will suffice.

This intention is as "niyyah"

Muslims believe that Allah judges them on their intentions providing that their efforts are sincere.

In some instances, Muslims who are not able to perform the hajj seek to join the pilgrims in a symbolic way by paying for someone else to attend in their place or giving to charity the money that they have saved for the hajj

There are various prescribed aspects undertaken by pilgrims performing the hajj. The preparation phase of the hajj takes place outside of Makkah.

This preparatory stage involves placing themselves in an appropriate disposition or attitude.

This involves a deliberate and conscious striving towards a state of purity.

This attitude is known as "ihram".

As a sign of their preparedness all normal clothing is replaced by a simple ensemble of two white cloths, one worn around the waist, the other draped over the left shoulder.

Women wear a plain garment covering all but their hands, their feet and their face.

As the pilgrim arrives in Makkah they begin to repeatedly pray the prayer known as "talbiyah"

Immediately upon arriving in Makkah pilgrims go to the Ka"bah and encircle it seven times.

This encircling is known as "tawaf".

The next event to follow is the procession known as the "sa"y".

This procession takes place between Safa and Marwah and is completed seven times.

This procession is based on the Qu"ranic tradition of Hajar"s search for water in the desert.

The next part of the hajj involves a journey to Mina.

In Mina pebbles are hurled a pillars to symbolise the rejection of the devil

After camping in Mina the journey continues to Mount Arafat.

On the plain of Arafat people stand from midday until sunset in a state of meditation

This is known as the "wuquf" or the standing before Allah.

The pilgrims then climb Mount Arafat where a sermon is preached.

The pilgrimage continues to Mina via Muzdalifah where night prayer is held

On the morning of 10 Dhul-Hijjah the pilgrims stand before dawn in a brief repetition of the "wuquf" before moving on towards Mina as the sun begins to rise.

In Mina the pilgrims camp for three days while offering the required sacrifice of an animal for Id-ul-Adha.

After this, men have their heads shaved and women are required to cut their hair by at least 2.5 cm.

The hajj then returns to Makkah for another encircling of the Ka"bah as the final event of the pilgrimage.

Having completed the hajj Muslims are entitled to take the name Hajji or Hajjah.

Students learn about:

ONE significant practice- Hajj

Students learn to:

demonstrate how this practice expresses the beliefs of Islam

How the Hajj expresses the beliefs of Islam

The essence of Islam is surrender to Allah

Surrender is epitomised in undertaking the Hajj

Captures desire and commitment to surrender fully to Allah

Hajj requires considerable sacrifice and commitment on the part of the pilgrim

Assists the pilgrim to attain the appropriate inner disposition of surrender

The rituals relate to a number of important encounters between Allah and humankind in ancient times

In undertaking the Hajj pilgrims are seeking to emulate the extent of submission displayed by their ancestors in these ancient times

The restoration of Adam and Eve and Allah"s forgiveness after their disobedience Submission of Ibrahim in being willing to sacrifice Isma"il

The provision of the Zamzam spring for Hajar and Isma"il in the desert

The ritual actions of the Hajj are based on these significant moments of encounter with Allah

The core beliefs of Islam are expressed and affirmed in undertaking these rituals

The Stand Before Allah

The stand before Allah known as "wuquf"

Central moment of the Hajj

Takes place at the Mount of Mercy on the plain of Arafat near Mina on 9 Dhul-Hijjah Takes place from midday until sunset

Pilgrims meditate, pray and concentrate their thoughts on Allah during the stand

A sermon is preached on the top of Arafat

The pilgrims spend the night in thanksgiving

The Mount of Mercy is where Adam and Eve sought restoration and forgiveness

Adam and Eve then built a shrine

The first building constructed in human history

The building was a shrine dedicated to the worship of Allah

Pilgrims seek the forgiveness of their sins and experience the beginning of a new life Sincere repentance as part of the Hajj wipes away all past sin and allows the Muslim pilgrim to feel totally cleansed and free from past transgression

This means a new start and a great sense of peace and wellbeing in perfect surrender to Allah

The Feast of Sacrifice

The day after the stand before Allah is the day of sacrifice "Id-ul-Adha"

Major festival of the Muslim calendar

Commemorates the time when Ibrahim was called to sacrifice Isma"il and overcame the temptations of the devil

Id-ul-Adha is celebrated by all Muslims

Involves the ritual sacrifice of an animal

The sacrifice calls to mind the Ibrahim"s surrender to Allah in resisting the temptations of the devil and being prepared to sacrifice his son Isma"il

Ibrahim was visited by the devil as he set out for Mina in obedience to Allah

The devil argued powerfully that Ibrahim did not need to sacrifice Isma"il

Attempted to convince Ibrahim that he was deluded

Ibrahim, however, remained faithful to Allah and continued on his way to offer Isma"il as sacrifice only to be stopped by Allah at the last moment.

Sacrifice symbolises the preparedness of Muslims to sacrifice all personal needs, wants and aspirations in service of Allah

Muslim"s life is totally at the service of Allah even to the cost of one"s own life if necessary

Hajar"s Thirst

Ritual centered on the tradition of Hajar and Isma"il"s wandering in the desert looking for water

Hajar and Isma"il face a testing time in the desert looking water

Hajar ran back and forth between the hills of Safa and Marwah looking for water

The angel Jibril appeared and showed her a spring

Spring known as the well of Zamzam

The spring became the water supply for desert travelers

The city of Makkah came to be built at the location

Example of the providence of Allah, coming to the aid of Hajar and Isma"il at the greatest time of need

Pilgrims travel on the walkway between the hills of Safa and Marwah

This action symbolises the search for the things of true and lasting value to the Muslim

Also the ultimate realisation that Allah will provide all that is needed

Pilgrims take water from the well of Zamzam to drink and to take home with them

Some also dip their clothes in the water

These clothes are often then kept to be used as burial shrouds

Stoning of the Pillars

Rejection of the temptation of the devil is symbolised by pilgrims in hurling stones at the pillars (jamaras) at Mina

Pillars represent the places where Ibrahim resisted the temptations and stoned the devil Ritual stoning symbolises rejection of temptation and surrender to Allah

Circling of the Ka'bah

Circling of the Ka"bah expresses obedience and submission to the will of Allah

Pilgrims circle the Ka"bah indicating their obedience to the call to complete the Hajj

The preparedness undertake the Hajj symbolises a Muslim"s submission to Allah

Sums up the essence of Islam

Conveys in the deepest sense the purpose of the Hajj

Students learn about:

ONE significant practice- Hajj

Students learn to:

analyse the significance of this practice for both the individual and the Muslim community

The significance of the Hajj for the individual

The Hajj is one of the five pillars of Islam "arkan-al-islam"

Requirement for all Muslim males to undertake the Hajj

Many women as well fulfil the requirements of the Hajj

Pillars of Islam are considered as foundational to Islam

They guide the Muslim in the way of submission to the will of Allah

Hard to overstate its significance for the individual Muslim

The devout Muslim will undertake the Hajj in obedience to the Qur"an

In order to more perfectly submit themselves to the will of Allah

Submission to Allah is the essence of Islam

Undertaking the Hajj is one of the important elements for Muslims to submit more fully and more perfectly to Allah

Hajj requires demanding preparations

Involves practical elements as well as preparing a proper inner disposition

Muslims must provide for their own needs during the Hajj

Also providing for the needs of their family while they are away

Considerable practical demands on the person undertaking the Hajj

The physical demands of the Hajj itself are challenging to all pilgrims

Devout Muslims will also undergo an inner or spiritual preparation

To undertake the Hajj without the appropriate attitude or disposition would be to render the experience useless in terms of its spiritual value

Therefore the devout Muslim will ensure that he or she is spiritually prepared for the Hajj before undertaking the pilgrimage

The magnitude of the preparations for the Hajj highlight its significance for the individual Muslim

Undertaking of the Hajj is an event of profound significance for the devout Muslim

Also involves testing of personal resolve and commitment involved in undertaking the Hajj

Elements of the Hajj centre on the act of rejection of the devil and remaining faithful in submission to Allah

Muslims required to overcome a number of challenges to their resolve and commit themselves seriously to undertaking the Hajj

Experience of the international community of Islam is another element of significance

Islam is spread widely throughout the world and Muslims are found in virtually every region

Hajj has attracts over two million Muslims from countries throughout the world

Profound and overwhelming sense of the diversity of Islam

Also an experience of the unity of the Muslim world

In Islam there is no distinction between people

No place for racism or prejudice

Muslim pilgrim experiences these elements of Islam in a profound and powerful way

The significance of the Hajj for the Muslim community

Public statement it makes about submission to Allah

Inspiration to others

Edification of the Muslim community

Witness to the principles of international and multiracial harmony

Each year over two million pilgrims gather in Makkah to undertake the Hajj

Event of epic proportions with considerable media coverage throughout the world

Witness to the principles of Islam expressed in undertaking the Hajj

Essentially the Hajj is an expression of submission to Allah

Important witness to the essence of Islam.

Essentially undertaken by individuals yet involves the community in many ways Community is involved with the preparation of the pilgrims before they leave

Community involved in supporting family member of the pilgrim

Special times of prayer during Hajj

Festival of Id-ul-Adha, the festival of sacrifice

Source of inspiration to others in the community

Community building takes place in association with the Hajj

Both at an international level and a local level

At an international in and through the contact with others during the Hajj

At the local level through the involvement of the local Muslim community with pilgrims who are undertaking the Hajj

Connection of the community provides an additional element of spiritual and community focus during the time of the Hajj

Provides a means to strengthen and deepen community life.

Witness to the international and interracial harmony which is integral to the Hajj Muslims gather from all corners of the world to undertake the Hajj

Provide a powerful witness to both the unity and diversity of the Muslim community throughout the world.

Witness to the diversity of Islam

All races and nationalities can come together with tolerance and respect in a display of racial harmony

No place for discrimination on the basis of race

Hajj provides a powerful witness to this fundamental element of Islam

Also shows the unifying power of Islam in being able to bring so many people of so many ethnic backgrounds together in a common act of submission to Allah.

Glossary

Arkan al-islam the pillars of Islam

Dhul-Hijjah twelfth month of the Muslim calendar, the month of the Hajj

Hajj the fifth pillar of Islam, the pilgrimage to Makkah

Hajjahone who has successfully performed the Hajj

Hajjione who has successfully performed the Hajj

Id-ul-Adhafestival of sacrifice

Ihramattitude or disposition needed to undertake Hajj

Ka'bah sacred shrine in Makkah

Makkah the sacred city of Islam, in Saudi Arabia

MosqueMuslim place of worship

Niyyah intention

Sa'y procession between Safa and Marwah

Talbiyah prayer prayed upon arrival in Makkah

Tawaf encircling of the Ka'bah

Wuquf the standing before Allah at Mount Arafat

Zamzam spring shown to Hajar by the angel Jibril, well located in Makkah

Specimen Questions

Question 4 - Islam (15 marks)(a) Describe ONE of the following significant practices within Islam: (3) Friday prayer at the mosque Funeral ceremony Hajj

(b) Explain the importance of ONE of the following areas to adherents of Islam: (6) Friday prayer at the mosque Funeral ceremony Hajj

(c) Analyse how ONE significant practice within Islam expresses the beliefs of Islam (6)Question 4 - Islam (20 marks)Outline the purpose and assess the significance of ONE of the following practices in Islam: Friday prayer at the Mosque Funeral ceremony Hajj

Sample Responses

Question 4 - Islam (15 marks)(a) Describe ONE of the following significant practices within Islam: (3) Friday prayer at the mosque Funeral ceremony Hajj

The Hajj is one of the five pillars of Islam (arkan-al-Islam). It is, therefore, one of the most important requirements of the Muslim faith. The Hajj is the annual pilgrimage to the holy city Makkah. All adult male Muslims are required to undertake the Hajj at least once in their lifetime if they are able. Many Muslim women also undertake the Hajj.

The Hajj takes place each year in the month of Dhul-Hijjah and involves pilgrims traveling to Makkah in Saudi Arabia where they carry out a number of important rituals such as the circling of the Kab'ah, the stand before Allah (wuquf) on the plain of Arafat, the stoning of the pillars at Mina and the sacrifice on the festival of Id-ul-Adha. Other rituals include the shaving of hair and drinking or collecting water from the well of Zamzam.

Muslims travel from all over the world to undertake the Hajj with over two million pilgrims taking part each year.

(approx 150 words)

(b) Explain the importance of ONE of the following areas to adherents of Islam: (6) Friday prayer at the mosque Funeral ceremony Hajj

The Hajj is one of the five pillars of Islam (arkan-al-Islam). It is, therefore, one of the most important requirements of the Muslim faith. The Hajj is the annual pilgrimage to the holy city Makkah. All adult male Muslims are required to undertake the Hajj at least once in their lifetime if they are able. Many Muslim women also undertake the Hajj.

As one of the five pillars, Muslims are required to undertake the Hajj in obedience to the Qur'an. It is an example of how a Muslim will submit their lives to the will of Allah. The commitment and dedication required to undertake the Hajj are understood as important disciplines in the goal of perfect submission to Allah.

Not only does the pilgrim have to meet certain practical requirements such as providing for their own needs and the needs of their family while they are away but the pilgrim must also undertake appropriate preparation to ensure they are come with the right disposition. In Islam, the intention that accompanies the action is of critical importance and if would be futile for a Muslim to undertake the Hajj without an appropriate inner or spiritual attitude.

Many of the rituals of the Hajj are related to the aims of rejecting the temptations of the devil and submitting to the will of Allah. Therefore, for the Muslim undertaking the Hajj, there is a strong sense of determination to fulfill the requirements of the Hajj as a sign of their rejection of the temptations of the devil.

The stand before Allah (wuquf) provides the pilgrim with an occasion of forgiveness of all past sins and an opportunity to begin life anew. Having received the forgiveness of Allah, the Muslim experiences a great sense of peace and wellbeing.

Muslims undertaking the Hajj also experience a profound sense of community with millions of Muslims from all parts of the earth coming together for the single purpose of submission to Allah. While there is a great diversity of race and nation, there is a powerful unity of purpose which creates a profound sense of community.

(approx 350 words)

(c) Analyse how ONE significant practice within Islam expresses the beliefs of Islam (6)The Hajj is a significant practice within Islam which is based on and consequently expresses a number of important beliefs. The essence of Islam is surrender to Allah and this surrender is epitomised in and through the Hajj. The rituals associated with the Hajj are based on a number of important encounters between Allah and human kind in ancient times. Accordingly in carrying out the rituals of the Hajj, a pilgrim is engaging with some of the important beliefs of Islam.

The central moment of the Hajj is the stand before Allah or "wuquf" which takes place on the at the Mount of Mercy on the plain of Arafat. The stand is designed to replicate for the pilgrim the time when Adam and Eve stood before Allah seeking restoration and forgiveness of their sins. The forgiveness granted to Adam and Eve provides assurance to the Muslim that Allah will also forgive their sins and allow them to begin with a fresh start to their life of submission.

Another important ritual of the Hajj is the festival of sacrifice "Id-ul-Adha". This festival recalls the events surrounding Ibrahim being called by Allah to sacrifice his son Isma'il. Ibrahim was obedient to the call of Allah even though he was strongly tempted by the devil to disobey the command. The fact that Ibrahim resisted the temptation and remained faithful to Allah's call is commemorated in the sacrifice of Id-ul-Adha.

The stoning of the pillars at Mina is another ritual drawn from the same tradition. In his rejection of the devil the tradition tells that Ibrahim threw stones at the devil. In expressing their rejection of the devil, pilgrims on the Hajj throw stones at pillars at Mina which symbolise the devil.

Another ritual involves pilgrims walking between Safa and Marwah to commemorate Hajar's search for water in the desert. This ritual focuses on the search for the things of lasting value and on the belief that Allah will provide all that is needed.

The circling of the Ka'bah is another ritual of the Hajj which once again expresses the idea of obedience and submission to the will of Allah. The circling of the Ka'bah expresses obedience in responding to the call to undertake the Hajj and symbolises a Muslim's submission to Allah which is the essence of Islam.

(approx 350 words)

Question 4 - Islam (20 marks)Outline the purpose and assess the significance of ONE of the following practices in Islam: Friday prayer at the Mosque Funeral ceremony Hajj

The Hajj or pilgrimage to Makkah is one of the five pillars of Islam "arkan-al-Islam" which all Muslim males are requires to carry out. Its purpose is essentially to facilitate the act of submission to Allah which is at the heart of Islam. It has enormous significance, not only for the pilgrim undertaking the Hajj but also for the wider Muslim community.

Examining the purpose of the Hajj in more detail will allow a greater appreciation of its significance. The purpose can be examined through considering the rituals undertaken during the Hajj and their meaning in terms of the faith of Islam. Such rituals include the stand before Allah "wuquf", the stoning of the pillars at Mina, the commemoration of the festival of sacrifice "Id-ul-Adha", the circling of the Ka'bah and drawing water from the well of Zamzam.

Each of these rituals have profound meaning and are closely related to important elements of the faith of Muslims. Therefore, in undertaking the Hajj and completing these rituals, the pilgrim is engaging with the most important elements of the tradition and moving towards a more perfect submission to Allah which is the ultimate goal of Islam.

The central ritual of the Hajj is the stand before Allah "wuquf", sometimes referred to simply as the stand. Its commemoration of the restoration of Adam and Eve and the forgiveness of their sin of disobedience is of profound significance to the Muslim pilgrim. The forgiveness and restoration experienced by Adam and Eve in ancient times give an assurance that Allah is willing to forgive people today.

The stand before Allah gives the pilgrim the opportunity of experiencing the love and forgiveness of Allah and allows them to be free from any past sin, beginning life anew and enjoying a great sense of peace and well being. It is evident, therefore that this particular aspect of the Hajj is of considerable importance as it centers on the great act of forgiveness.

In seeking a more complete and perfect submission to Allah the pilgrim is encouraged and enlivened by the forgiveness received and the opportunity of beginning anew.

A second ritual which is integral to the purpose of the Hajj and likewise of profound significance is the commemoration of the festival of sacrifice "Id-ul-Adha". This festival is one of the most important events on the Islamic calendar. It commemorates the obedience and submission of Ibrahim when he was called to sacrifice his son Isma'il.

The preparedness to obey and submit to the will of Allah regardless of the cost makes Ibrahim a model for the Muslim to follow and commemorating the festival of sacrifice highlights the significance of this disposition. The ultimate goal of Islam is submission to Allah and the example of Ibrahim is regarded as one of complete and perfect submission. The significance of this festival is that it expresses for the Muslim pilgrim the absolute and perfect submission to Allah to which all devout Muslims aspire. Accordingly, it is difficult to overstate the significance of "Id-ul-Adha" for the faith of a Muslim pilgrim and indeed for the wider Muslim community. While "Id-ul-Adha" is an integral part of the Hajj, it is commemorated by all Muslims, not just those undertaking the Hajj.

A third ritual, the stoning of the pillars at Mina is also connected to the story of Ibrahim and Isma'il. Tradition tells that Ibrahim was visited by the devil on his way to sacrifice Isma'il and tempted to abandon the task. The devil argued persuasively, however, Ibrahim remained obedient to Allah and rejected the devil's temptation, ultimately driving the devil away with stones.

Pilgrims on the Hajj throw stones at the pillars at Mina which symbolise the devil. In the ritual of throwing stones at the pillars, Muslims are emulating the rejection of the devil and the reality of temptation in their own lives. Thus the significance of the stoning ritual is the emphasis on the rejection of the devil's temptation. Temptation is an obstacle to the goal of submission and must be overcome. In rejecting the devil the Muslim is able to more sincerely submit to the will of Allah. Thus the ritual of stoning the pillars has significance in its representation of the struggle against temptation and the ultimate goal of submission to Allah. This fundamental goal of Islam underpins the ritual of the stoning and highlights its profound significance.

In the course of the Hajj, pilgrims walk between Marwah and Safa to commemorate Hajar's search for water in the desert. Ultimately the angel Jibril appeared and showed her the location of the spring now known as the well of Zamzam. This revelation saved the life of Hajar and her son Isma'il. Muslims see in this story the call to seek the things in life which are of true value as well as the assurance that ultimately Allah will provide what is needed.

For Muslims, these are important realities and their acknowledgement greatly assists their submission to Allah. Thus, like other rituals of the Hajj, the rituals relating to Hajar's search for water are significant in their connection to the ultimate goal of submission to Allah.

The circling of the Ka'bah which occurs at the beginning and end of the Hajj is a further example of a ritual which expresses the element of obedience and submission to the will of Allah. The requirement to undertake the Hajj is written in the Qur'an and the circling of the Ka'bah is essentially a statement of obedience to this requirement. The Hajj is a fundamental requirement of Islam, prescribed by the Qur'an. In the context of the faith of Islam there are few things that could be considered of greater significance.

In addition to the rituals particular to the Hajj, there are a number of other aspects which are of significance. For example, the amount of commitment and dedication required to undertake the Hajj is of itself a significant element.

The Hajj also provides a very significant experience of community. Over two million pilgrims take part in the Hajj each year. They come from all regions of the world and represent virtually every nationality. The experience of the Hajj is a significant expression of the diversity of Islam, yet at the same time it is a powerful witness to the unity of Islam with millions of people, of every race and nationality uniting together in one goal of submission to Allah.

In conclusion, it is evident that the Hajj is an event of profound significance for the Muslim. The rituals of the Hajj and the events that they commemorate express some of the fundamental beliefs of Islam. Therefore, the pilgrim, in undertaking the Hajj is engaging with these core beliefs.

The ultimate goal of Islam is submission to Allah. Submission to Allah is the central purpose of the Hajj. Each aspect, every ritual leads to a greater and more perfect submission on the part of the pilgrim. Therefore, the Hajj, the rituals involved and their meaning are of the greatest significance to the Muslim in their ultimate goal of submission to Allah.

(approx 1200 words)

Resources

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www.submission.orgwww.understanding-islam.comwww.discoverislam.comwww.emuslim.comwww.al-islam.org