Guia de Estudio Lapso 2

7/30/2019 Guia de Estudio Lapso 2

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UNIVERSIDAD RMULO GALLEGOS/ INGLS I/ LAPSO 2PROF. YOLY GARCIA

OBJ. 1

Verbos ModalesCan May Will Shall MustCould Might Would Should Ought toMay: (puede que, podra, quiz). Se usa para expresar Possibility/PermissionAffirmative: may Negative:may not Interrogative:May ...?I may finish tomorrowPuede que termine maana (quiz)

I may not work tomorrowPuede que no trabaje maana

May I use your telephone?Podra usar su telfono?

You may be wrongT podras estar equivocado

He may not be rightQuiz l no tenga razn

May you tell me something?Podra Ud. decirme algo?

He may go to Paristomorowl puede que vaya a Pars maana

They may not know thatEllos quiz no sepan eso May I ask you a question?Podra hacerle un pregunta?

That may be a mistakeEso podra ser un error

It may not be so easyPuede no ser tan fcil

May I interrupt you?Puedo interrumpirlo?

It may be very rainingPodra estar lloviendo

It may not be a good ideaPodra no ser una buena idea

May we suggest something?Podramos sugerir algo?

That may be a good signEsa podra ser una buena seal

It may not be permittedQuiz no est permitido

May they come to myhouse?Podramos ellos venir a mi casa?

She may give us a surpriseEsta podra darnos una sorpresaHe may not play in thestreetl no puede jugar en la calle

May you call me later?Podra Ud. llamarme ms tarde?

AffirmativeI

YouHeSheItWe

YouThey

may

gocomework livespeak ...

Negative

IYou may not gocome
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HeSheIt

WeYouThey

work LiveSpeak ...

Interrogative

May

Iyouhesheit

weyouthey

go ?come ?work ?live ?speak ?...

Verbos ModalesCan May Will Shall MustCould Might Would Should Ought to

Might : (podra, quiz). Se usa para expresar Remote Possibility (casi igual que elmay)Affirmative: might Negative:might not Interrogative:Might...?

I might finish tomorrowPodra terminar maana (quiz)

I might be restingtomorrowPodra estar descansando maana

Might I use your telephone?Podra usar su telfono?

You might be wrongT podras estar equivocado

He might not be rightQuiz l no tenga razn

Might you tell mesomething?Podra Ud. decirme algo?

He might go to Paristomorowl podra ir a Pars maana

They might not know thatEllos podran no saber eso Might I ask you a question?Podra hacerle un pregunta?

That might be a mistakeEso podra ser un error

It might not be so easyPodra no ser tan fcil

Might I interrupt you?Puedo interrumpirlo?

It might be very rainingPodra estar lloviendo

It might not be a good ideaPodra no ser una buena idea

Might we suggestsomething?Podramos sugerir algo?

That might be a good signEsa podra ser una buena seal

It might not be permittedQuiz no est permitido

Might they come to myhouse?Podramos ellos venir a mi casa?

She might give us asurprise He might not want thatl podra no querer eso Might you call me later?Podra Ud. llamarme ms tarde?


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Esta podra darnos una sorpresa

AffirmativeI

YouHeSheIt

WeYouThey

might

GoComeWork Livespeak ...

NegativeI

YouHeSheIt

WeYouThey

might not


Interrogative

Might

Iyouhesheit

weyouthey


Verbos ModalesCan May Will Shall Must
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Could Might Would Should Ought to p.ej.I can: (puedo/s)Affirmative: can Negative:can't / cannot InterrogativeCan ...?

I can drivePuedo/s conducir I cannot read No puedo/s leer Can you speak Spanish?Pods/sabs hablar espaol?You can play chessT puedes/sabes jugar al ajedrez

You can't say that No puedes decir eso

Can you play chess?Pods/Sabs jugar al ajedrez?

He can go if he wantsl puede ir si quiere

He can't finish this nowl no puede terminar esto ahora

Can we tell you something?Podemos decirte algo?

That can be very difficultEso puede ser muy difcil

She can't read withoutglassesElla no puede leer sin anteojos

Can she go out tonight?Puede ella salir esta noche?

It can be rainingPuede estar lloviendo

It cannot be so easy(algo) No puede ser tan fcil

Can it fly?(algo)Puede volar?

We can do that very easilyPodemos hacer eso muyfacilmente

We can't understand this No podemos entender esto

Can we start tomorrow?Podemos empezar maana?

Anybody can have badluck Cualquiera puede tener mala suerte

You can't be so crazy No puedes estar tan loco

Can I be with you?Puedo estar contigo?

The film can be veryboringEl film puede ser muy aburrido

They cannot live hereEllos no pueden vivir aqu

Can they stay with us?Pueden ellos quedrse con nosotros?

AffirmativeI

YouHeSheIt

WeYouThey

can


NegativeI

YouHeSheIt

WeYouThey

cannot

can't


Interrogative
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Can

Iyouhesheit

weyouthey



p.ej. I could : (pude/podra)Depende del contextoAffirmative: could Neg:couldn't /could not Interrogative:Could ...?I could finish tomorrowPodra terminar maana

I couldn't finish tomorrow No podra terminar maana

Could I finish tomorrow?Podra terminar maana?

You could work hereT podras trabajar aqu

That couldn't be possibleEso no podra ser posible

Could you come here,please?Podras venir aqu por favor?

He could win, if he triedl podra ganar si tratara

He couldn't get there ontimel no podra llegar all a tiempo

Could he lend me his car?Podra l prestarme su auto?

She could know thatElla podra saber eso

She couldn't dance lastnightElla no pudo bailar anoche

Could she dance last night?Pudo bailar ella anoche?

It could be very rainingPodra estar lloviendo

It coudn't fly(algo) No pudo/podra volar

Could we get a discount?Podramos obtener un descuento?

That could be a goodbusinessEse podra ser un buen negocio

They couldn't run so fastEllos no podran correr tan rpido

Could we start tomorrow?Podramos empezar maana?

This could be a good ideaEsta podra ser una gran idea

You couldn't call meUds. no pudieron/podran

llamarme

Could you call me?Podran/pudieron llamarme?

They could live hereEllos pudieron/podran vivir aqu

They could be kiddingEllos podran estar bromeando

Could they live here?Podran ellos vivir aqu?

AffirmativeI

YouHe

SheIt

could gocomework

livespeak


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WeYouThey

...

NegativeI

YouHeSheIt

WeYouThey

could not

couldn't


Interrogative

Could

Iyouhesheit

weyouthey


Verbos ModalesCan May Will Shall MustCould Might Would Should Ought toWillModifica al verbo que sigue: p.ej.I will go =Ir ,She will work =Ella trabajarAffirmative:

will Negative:

will not/ won'tInterrogative

Will ...?I will speak EnglishHablar ingls

I will not say that No dir eso

Will you come to the party?Vendrs a la fiesta?

You will understand soonT entenders pronto

You won't be heretomorrow No estars aqu maana

Will you play chess withme?Jugars al ajedrez conmigo?

He will go to Parisl ir a Pars

He won't go to Madridl no ir a Madrid

Will he visit the EiffelTower?Visitar l la torre Eiffel?

That will be very excitingEso ser muy emocionante

It won't be boring No ser aburrido

Will she go out tonight?Saldr ella esta noche?

It will be raining in a We will not stay inside Will it fly?


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minuteEstar lloviendo en un minuto No nos quedaremos adentro Volar?

We will do that very easilyHaremos eso muy facilmente

They won't understandthisEllos no entendern esto

Will they start tomorrow?Empezarn ellos maana?

Everybody will see thisTodo el mundo ver esto

She won't call anybodyElla no llamar a nadie

Will I be with you?Estar contigo?

We will be very tiredEstaremos muy cansados

They will not live hereEllos no vivirn aqu

Will they stay with us?Se quedarn con nosotros?

AffirmativeI

YouHeSheIt

WeYouThey

will


NegativeI

YouHeSheIt

WeYouThey

will not

won't

GoComeWork LiveSpeak ...

Interrogative

Will Iyouheshe

itwe

go ?come ?work ?live ?

speak ?...


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youthey

Verbos ModalesCan May Will Shall MustCould Might Would Should Ought toWould Modifica al verbo que le sigue . p.ej.I would go= Ira,She would work = Ellatrabajara

Affirmative: would Neg:would not/wouldn't InterrogativeWould ...?

I would speak EnglishHablara ingls

I wouldn't say that No dira eso

Would you come to theparty?Vendras a la fiesta?

You would understandsoonT entenderas pronto

You won't be heretomorrow No estaras aqu maana

Would you play chess withme?Jugaras al ajedrez conmigo?

He would go to Parisl ira a Pars

He wouldn't go to Madridl no ira a Madrid

Would he study French?Estudiara francs l?

That would be veryexcitingEso sera muy emocionante

It wouldn't be boring No sera aburrido

Would she go out tonight?Saldra ella esta noche?

It would be expensiveSera muy caro

We wouldn't stay inside No nos quedaramos adentro

Would it fly?Volara?

We would do that veryeasilyHaramos eso muy facilmente

They wouldn't see meEllos no me veran

Would they start tomorrow?Empezaran ellos maana?

Everybody would see thisTodo el mundo vera esto

She wouldn't call anybodyElla no llamara a nadie

Would I be with you?Estara yo contigo?

We would be very tiredEstaramos muy cansados

They wouldn't live hereEllos no viviran aqu

Would they stay with us?Se quedaran con nosotros?

AffirmativeI

YouHeSheIt

WeYouThey

would

gocomework liveSpeak ...


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NegativeI

YouHeSheIt

WeYouThey

would

not wouldn't


Interrogative

Wouldn't

Iyouhesheit

weyouthey


Verbos ModalesCan May Will Shall MustCould Might Would Should Ought toShall Este auxiliar es igual quewill - pero se est perdiendo en el ingls moderno-

Affirmative: shall Negative:shall not InterrogativeShall ...?I shall speak EnglishHablar Ingls

I shall not say that No dir eso

Shall I drive you home?Te llevo a tu casa?

We shall go to the moviesIremos al cineWe shall not be heretomorrow No estaremos aqu maana

Shall we eat now?Comemos ahora?


Should (debera). Se usa para expresar una obligacin menor
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Affirmative: should Neg:should not/shouldn't InterrogativeShould ...?

I should study moreDebera estudiar ms

I shouldn't waste my time No debera desperdiciar mi tiempo

Should you go there now?Deberas ir ah ahora?

You should drive carefullyT deberas conducir con cuidado

You shouldn't drink somuch No deberas tomar tanto

Should I help them?Debera ayudarlos?

He should eat lessl debera comer menos

She shouldn't go alonel no debera ir sola

Should he study this?Debera l estudiar esto?

That should be prohibitedEso debera estar prohibido

It shouldn't be permitted No debera estar permitido

Should she stay in bed?Debera ella quedarse en cama?

It should be closedDebera estar cerrado

We shouldn't stay outside No deberamos quedarnos afuera

Should it fly?Debera volar?

We should hurryDeberamos apurarnos

They shouldn't know thisEllos no deberan saber esto

Should they start

tomorrow?Deberan ellos empezar maana?Everybody should see thisTodo el mundo debera ver esto

She shouldn't say thatElla no debera decir eso

Should I be with you?Debera yo estar contigo?

They should be workingEllos deberan estar trabajando

They shoudn't live hereEllos no deberan vivir aqu

Should they stay here?Deberan ellos quedarse aqu?

Affirmative

IYouHeSheIt

WeYouThey

should


NegativeI

YouHeSheIt

WeYou

shouldnot

shouldn't

gocomework livespeak

...


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They

Interrogative

Should

Iyouhesheit

weyouthey


Verbos ModalesCan May Will Shall MustCould Might Would Should Ought toMust (deber). p.ej.I must = (debo). p/ Obligation/Assumption (obligacin ms fuerteque should)

Affirmative: must Neg:must not/ mustn't InterrogativeMust...?

A student must studyUn estudiante debe estudiar I must not waste my time No debo desperdiciar mi tiempoMust you go there now?Debes ir ah ahora?

An athlete must train hardUn atleta debe entrenar duro

You mustn't drink anddrive No debes beber y conducir

Must I call them?Debo llamarlos?

He must follow a dietl debe seguir una dieta

She mustn't see thisElla no debe ver esto

Must he study this?Debe l estudiar esto?

That must be nearEso debe de estar cerca (supongo)

You must not tell lies No debes decir mentiras

Must she stay in bed?Debe ella quedarse en cama?

It must be closedDebe de estar cerrado (supongo)

We must not steal No debemos robar

Must it be sent today?Debe ser enviado hoy?

We must hurryDebemos apurarnos

They mustn't speak thatwayEllos no deben hablar de esaforma

Must they start tomorrow?Deben ellos empezar maana?

Everybody must pay taxesTodos deben pagar impuestos

She mustn't arrive lateElla no deber llegar tarde

Must I be with you?Debo estar contigo?

They must get up earlyEllos deben levantarse temprano

The kids must not playhereLos nios no deben jugar aqu

Must they stay here?Deben ellos quedarse aqu?


12/39

AffirmativeI

YouHeSheIt

WeYouThey

must


NegativeI

YouHeSheIt

WeYouThey

must not

mustn't


Interrogative

Must

Iyouhesheit

weyouthey


Verbos ModalesCan May Will Shall MustCould Might Would Should Ought toOught to (debera). Se usa de forma similar al shouldAffirmative: ought to Negative:ought not to Inte:Ought + S + to ...?I ought to study moreDebera estudiar ms

He ought not to drink l no debera beber

Ought I to be here early?Debera estar aqu temprano?


13/39

We ought to finish this nowDeberamos termionar esto ahora

They oughtn't to play atwork Ellos no deberan jugar en eltrabajo

Ought we to leave now?Deberamos irnos ahora?

AffirmativeI

YouHeSheIt

WeYouThey

ought to


NegativeI

YouHeSheIt

WeYouThey

ought notto

oughtn't to


Interrogative

Ought

Iyouhesheit

weyouthey

to go ?to come ?to work ?to live ?to speak ?...

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL EXPERIMENTALRMULO GALLEGOS

CATEDRA: INGLES INSTRUMENTAL I

PROF. YOLY GARCIA

OBJ. 2

TIEMPO PERFECTO(PERFECT TENSE)


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Esta duda asalta a muchos hispano-parlantes y los incomoda a tal punto que no saben bien cul tiempo utilizar. Veamos...

PRESENT PERFECTEn ingls utilizamos el tiempo presente perfecto cuando existe una conexin o relacinentre el pasado y el presente. Tiene dos usos principales:

a) Lo utilizamos cuando nos encontramos interesados en elresultado presentede algoque ocurri enun momento no definido del pasado:- The secretaryhas decidedto look for a new job.

La secretaria ha decidido buscar un nuevo trabajo.- I'm afraid Ihave forgottenyour name.

Me temo que he olvidado tu nombre. b) Lo utilizamos para hablar acerca de una accin o situacin quecomenz en elpasado y an contina:- How longhave youworked here?

Cunto tiempo has trabajado aqu?- Shehas beenaway on business since last week.

Ella se ha ausentado por negocios desde la semana pasada.- I haven't seenSylvia for several years.

No he visto a Silvia durante varios.Con el presente perfecto utilizamosHow long...?(Cunto tiempo...?) en preguntasrelacionadas con la duracin yfor (durante) o since (desde) para las respuestas.- How longhave you workedat OM Personal?

Cunto tiempo has trabajado en OM Personal?

Observa que usamosfor para expresar la duracin de una accin, ysincepara indicar cundo comenz la accin.- I've workedherefor twelve months (for twenty years, etc).

He trabajado aqu durante doce meses (durante veinte aos, etc) - I've workedheresinceJanuary (since1990,sinceChristmas, etc).

He trabajado aqu desde Enero (desde 1990, desde Navidad, etc)A menudo el presente perfecto se utiliza con los adverbios just (justo) , yet (an) , still(todava) , already (ya) , ever (alguna vez) , never (nunca) , recently (recientemente) ,lately (ltimamente) , so far (hasta aqu) , up to now(hasta ahora) . Observa algunos

ejemplos:- They've just signedan important contract.

Ellos acaban de firmar un importante contrato.

(RECUERDA: Present Perfect + JUST >> Acabar de hacer algo)- Sheilahasn't received an answer yet.

Sheila no ha recibido respuesta an.- Have youever used this type of machine? Has utilizado alguna vez este tipo de mquina?- We've had good resultsso far. Hasta aqu hemos obtenido buenos resultados.


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Para acontecimientos que estn interconectados en dos tiempos distintosPresente Perfecto conecta el presente con el pasado. Experiencias Ive been to New York. He estado en Nueva York. Para algo que empez en el pasado y continua en el presente Ive lived in Madrid

for 13 years. He vivido en Madrid 13 aos

Para algo que ocurri en el pasado que tiene consecuencias en el presente - Ive broken my leg. Me he roto la pierna.

Pasado Perfecto conecta el pasado con otro pasado previo. I last visited New York in 1991, but I had visited it several times before that. Visit Nueva York por ltima vez en 1991, pero lo haba visitado varias veces antes.Futuro Perfecto conecta el futuro con otro tiempo, presente, pasado o futuro. Onthe 30th of November, I will have been here for 6 months. El 30 de noviembre, habrestado aqu 6 meses." (No estamos seguros de cuando empieza este periodo detiempo.)

Diferencias: La diferencia principal entre estos tres tiempos verbales son: laestructura, que utiliza el auxiliar have, had, o will have con la forma del participio pasado (de verbos regulares o irregulares), otra diferencia importante es que,a menudo, con una sola oracin de presente perfecto, pasado perfecto o futuro perfecto, puedes comunicar la misma idea para la que necesitaras dos oraciones distintas.

Por ejemplo, Ive been to New York (He estado en Nueva York.) I went to NewYork. Now, I have experience. (Fui a Nueva York. Ahora, tengo experiencia.) Ivelived in Madrid for 13 years (He vivido en Madrid 13 aos.) I came to Madrid 13years ago. And I still live here today. (Vine a Madrid hace 13 aos. Y todava hoyvivo aqu.) Ive broken my leg (Me he roto la pierna.) I broke my leg. I cantwalk. (Me he roto la pierna. No puedo andar.) El problema aqu es que es ms fcil para los alumnos decir dos oraciones simples que una compleja, as que puede ser unreto conseguir que pasen a las oraciones ms complejas.

Estos tiempos verbales perfectos tambin se utilizan centrndose en la actividadque est en progreso y realizndose hasta un momento en particular en el tiempo,o en la idea temporal de algo que va hasta un momento concreto en el tiempo.

Presente Perfecto ContinuoIve been living in Spain for 13 years. He estado viviendo en Espaa 13 aos.

Ive been rushing around all morning so Im exhausted now. He estado toda lamaana corriendo por todos lados as que ahora estoy exhausto.Future Perfect Continuous Tense. I WILL HAVE BEEN SINGINGHow do we make the Future Perfect Continuous Tense?

The structure of the future perfect continuous tense is:

subject + auxiliary verbWILL +auxiliary verbHAVE +

auxiliaryverb BE + main verb

invariable invariable past participle

present participle


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will have been base + ing

For negative sentences in the future perfect continuous tense, we insertnot betweenwillandhave. For question sentences, we exchange thesubject andwill. Look at theseexample sentences with the future perfect continuous tense:

subject auxiliaryverb auxiliaryverb

auxiliaryverb

mainverb

+ I will have been working for four hours.

+ You will have been travelling for twodays.

- She will not have been using the car.

- We will not have been waiting long.

? Will you have been playing football?

? Will they have been watching TV?

When we use the future perfect continuous tense in speaking, we often contract thesubject and auxiliary verb:

I will I'll

you will you'll

he willshe willit will

he'llshe'llit'll

we will we'll

they will they'll

For negative sentences in the future perfect continuous tense, we contract withwon't,like this:

I will not I won't

you will not you won't

he will notshe will not

he won'tshe won't


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it will not it won't

we will not we won't

they will not they won't

How do we use the Future Perfect Continuous Tense?We use the future perfect continuous tense to talk about a long action before some pointin the future. Look at these examples:

I will have been workinghere for ten years next week.He will be tired when he arrives. Hewill have been travellingfor 24 hours.

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL EXPERIMENTALRMULO GALLEGOS

CATEDRA: INGLES INSTRUMENTAL I

PROF. YOLY GARCIA


18/39

OBJ. 3

AFIJACIONES

Formacin de Palabras: Identificar Afijos para inferir palabras desconocidas,

teniendo conocimiento previo de la raz de una palabra.AffixAn affix is a morphemethat is attached to a base morpheme such as arootor to a stem,to form a word. Affixes are divided into several types, depending on their position withreference to the root:PrefixIn linguistics, a prefix is a type of affix that precedes themorphemes to which it canattach. Prefixes arebound morphemes (they cannot occur as independent words).While most languages employ both prefixes andsuffixes, prefixes arecrosslinguistically less common. Some languages employ mostly suffixes and almost no prefixes at all.The use of prefixes has been found to correlate statistically with other linguisticfeatures, such as a verb-object word order and the use of prepositions.Interestingly, "pre-" is a prefix meaning "before". Hence, the word "prefix" itself contains a prefix.In theIndo-European languages, prefixes are mostlyderivationalmorphemes (inflection is most often marked with suffixes).Suffixsuffixis a letter or group of letters added at the end of a word to make a new word. Herewe look at 5 more commonsuffixes.

In grammar , a suffix a form of affix follows themorphemeto which it attaches.Suffixes can be inflectionalor derivational. Suffixes may bederivational, like English-ness -, or inflectional, like English plural-s and past tense-ed .A suffix can have a grammatical (derivationalor inflectional) function. In this example:The weather forecaster said it would be clear today, but I can't see clearly at all.The suffix-ly modifies theroot-wordclear to make it from anadjectiveinto an adverb.Alternatively, a suffix can have a semantic function. In this example:The weather forecaster said it would be clear today, but I think it's more like clearish!the suffix-ish modifies the root-wordclear , changing its meaning to "clear, but not veryclear".Affixes are central to the process of concatenation*.

affix example

prefixundo prefix + root

suffixlook ing root + suffix

*Concatenationis a standard operation in computer programming languages (a subsetof formal language theory). It is the operation of joining twocharacter stringsend toend. For example, the strings "foo" and "bar" may be concatenated to give "foobar". In
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivation_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivation_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivation_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivation_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflectionalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflectionalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjectivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concatenationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_string_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivation_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivation_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivation_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflectionalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjectivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concatenationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_string_(computer_science)


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programming languages, string concatenation is a binary operation usuallyaccomplished by putting a concatenationoperator between two strings (operands).For example, the following expressionuses the "+" symbol as the concatenationoperator:

print "Hello " + "World";

which produces the output:Hello World

ism (ESPECIALLY DISAPPROVING) combining form.Used to form nouns which describe social, political or religious beliefs, studies or waysof behaving

fanatic ism fogey ism sex ism femin ism Buddh ism

-ist combining form.Used to form adjectives and nouns which describe (a person with) a particular set of beliefs or way of behaving. Marx ist philosophya femin ist a sex ist a Dao ist

-ize, British and Australian usually-ise combining form added to adjectives to form verbs meaning to cause to becometo modern ize (=to make modern)to central ize

-less(WITHOUT)combining form used to form adjectives meaning without (the thing mentioned)Something without meaning is meaning less .

He has no friends at all - he is friend less .

-ment combining form used to form nouns which refer to an action or process or its result

strong govern ment successful manage ment a great achieve ment a bitter disappoint ment

To see many examples of the use of thesesuffixes, see the Web Concordancer . In the"Search string" box, select "ends with". Typeism, ist, ize, ise, lessor ment into the'search string' field, select any corpus in the 'select corpus' field, and then click on the'search for concordances' button.

The British Council is not responsible for the content of external internet sites.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_operationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_operationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator_(programming)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expression_(programming)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expression_(programming)http://www.edict.com.hk/concordance/WWWConcappE.htmhttp://www.edict.com.hk/concordance/WWWConcappE.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_operationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator_(programming)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expression_(programming)http://www.edict.com.hk/concordance/WWWConcappE.htm


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A suffix is something which goesat the end of a word.

It usually a group of letters such as-lessor -able The suffix usually changes the meaning of the word - or it makes a new word.

EXAMPLES hope hopeless change changeable help helpful

USE

Sometimes adding a suffix changes the spelling of the original word.You can work out the meanings of long words if you can spot prefixesand suffixes.You can have more than one suffix - as inhope+less+ness.Here are some more common suffixes - plus what they mean.-ismoften turns a verb into an abstract noun, as in 'baptise' becomesbaptism.It can do the same for nouns, as in 'hero' becomesheroism.-ment means 'a condition' or 'a result' - as in govern + ment =government -lyoften turns a noun into an adverb or adjective, as in 'hour' becomeshourly, and

'mother' becomesmotherly.-able means 'worth', as in love + able =loveable, or 'worth loving'.-lesschanges a word into its opposite, as in 'hope' becomeshopeless.-nessmeans a 'state', 'condition, or 'quality', as in kind + ness =kindness.-ingcreates a present participle out of a verb, as in swim + ing =swimming.-ishmeans 'having the character of', as in self + ish =selfish -ouscreates an adjective, and means having the quality of, as in adventure + ous =

adventurous

Prefixesand suffixes can be added to the same word.Here's an example which creates one of the longest words in the English language.

antidisestablishmentarianism Here's the word with the prefixes and suffixes shown:

anti-dis-establishment-arian-ism

It means 'Opposition to the idea that the Church should cease to be formallyrecognized by the State'.Phew!

Taken From: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.Compiled by: Prof. Yusara Reina.Es decir,

Los Prefijos: son partculas que se le anteponen a una palabra (raz) para formar

una nueva palabra, semnticamente diferente.
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Por ejemplo: Si al sustantivo computer se le agrega el prefijo mini, se forma una palabra nueva:minicomputer,que le da otro significado al sustantivo inicial.

El lenguaje de la Ciencia y la tecnologa y de cualquier otra disciplina senutre continuamente con el uso de afijos en general y de prefijos en particular.

Prefijos negativoscomunes en Ingls son un-, im-, in-, il-, y ir- y des-. Algunos deestos prefijos slo estn unidos a un sustantivo o un adjetivo, mientras que algunos sloestn unidos a un verbo. No es posible predecir si el prefijo negativo de un-, in-, o dis-esusado con una palabra en particular. La forma correcta debe ser aprendida.

1. El prefijo negativo un-

Este prefijo est normalmente unido a un adjetivo o un sustantivo para formar unadjetivo o un sustantivo.

Words Meaning

Unauthorized (Adj.) For which official permission has not been given

Unbelievable (Adj.) Too difficult to believe

Uncountable (Adj.) Too many to be counted

Undamaged (Adj.) Not damaged or not spoiled

Undesirable (Adj.) Not wanted

Unemployment (N.) No work, job

Unforgetable (Adj.) That will stay forever in memory

Unkind (Adj.) Not friendly

Unlucky (Adj.) Not lucky

Unpopular (Adj.) Not popular

Unrelated (Adj.) Not related or not connected

Unreliable (Adj.) Not reliable

Unsatisfied (Adj.) Not satisfied

Es importante distinguir el prefijo un- 'no' negativa del prefijo in- hacer lo contrariode" lo que normalmente se une a un verbo. La palabra resultante sigue siendo un verbo.


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Words Meaning

Undo (V.) To cancel the effect of something

Undress (V.) To remove one's clothes

Unroll (V.) To open something that is rolled up

Untie (V.) To remove somebody or something that is tied

Unwrap (V.) To undo the covering that wraps something

2. Los prefijos negativos in-, im-, il-, ir-

Este prefijo est normalmente unido a un adjetivo. La palabra resultante siguesiendo un adjetivo.

Prefiixes + initialconsonant of the attached

root

Words Meaning

il + l illegal (Adj.) Against the law, notlegal

il + l illiterate (Adj.) Not able to read orwrite

im + b imbalanced (N.) Not balance

im + p impossible (Adj.) Not possible

im + m immeasurable (Adj.) No able to be measuredir + r irregular (Adj.) Not regular

ir + r irresponsible (Adj.) Not responsible

in + other consonants incomplete (Adj.) Not complete

in + other consonants int olerable (Adj.) Not tolerable

in + other consonants incorrect (Adj.) Not correct


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2. Los prefijos negativos in-, im-, il-, ir-

Este prefijo est normalmente unido a un adjetivo. La palabra resultante siguesiendo un adjetivo.

Prefiixes + initial consonantof the attached root

Words Meaning

im + p import (V.) To bring goods from a foreigncountry

in + other consonants inf lame (V.) To cause strong feelings, especiallyamong a lot of people

in + other consonants incorporate (V) To make something part of the whole

in + other consonants in j ect (V.) To put in at speed a drug or othersubstance into somebody orsomething

in + other consonants inhale (V.) To breathe in

in + other consonants intend (V.) To have a particular plan in mind

Este prefijo est normalmente unido a un verbo, un adjetivo o un sustantivo. Las palabras resultantes pueden ser un verbo, un adjetivo o un sustantivo.

Words Meaning

disappear V.) become no longer visible

disarm take weapons away from someone

discard (V.) throw something away

disbelieve Refuse to believe

disclose Reveal, make something known

discontinue (V.) To stop doing something

discount (N.) To reduce the price

discourage (V.) To take away someone's confidence or somebody's


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hope of doing something

discover (V.) To find or learn about a place or an object for thefirst time

discredit (V.) Damage the good reputation

discredit (N.) Loss of reputation or respect

dishonest (Adj.) Not honest

disloyal (Adj.) Not loyal, not faithful

dissatisfied Not satisfied

A continuacin se presentan los prefijos mas usados en las ciencias de la computacin:

EJEMPLOS:

- NEGACIN:Unmagnetized,un punched,incomplete,im possible,irregular,

non programmable,disconnect

- LOCALIZACIN:Interactive,transfer, extrinsic,extraordinary,subway

- TIEMPO Y ORDEN:Prefix,antecedent,postdate,primary, primitive,retroactive

- NUMERO:Monochromatic,binary, , triangle,quadruple,pentagon,hexadecimal,

multi plexor

TAMAO:Semiconductor,maxicomputer,microcomputer,mega byte

PREFIXESNEGACINUN-NON-IM-DIS-

TIEMPO Y ORDEN

PRE-

ANTE-RETRO-POST-

NUMEROMONO -BI-HEX-OCT-MULTI-

TAMAOMICRO-MULTI-SEMI-

LOCALIZACININTER-SUPER-TRANS-EX

EXTRA-SUB-


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Los Sufijos:son partculas que se le agregan a las palabras (raz) para formar una nueva palabra. A diferencia de los prefijos, que fcilmente se separan de las palabras, lossufijos al separarse de las palabras lo que queda es una voz truncada, es decir que carecede valor semntico.

Existen los llamados sufijos inflexionales como: -s (tercera persona), -ed(pasado), -ing (presente participio); los cuales no alteran bsicamente el significado dela palabra. Por otra parte estn los sufijos derivacionales que nos sirven para enriquecer el vocabulario, los cuales se nombraran a continuacin.

En el lenguaje computacional los sufijos mas usados son los siguientes:

EJEMPLOS- Sufijos que forman nombres: performance, independence, programmer, compiler,execution, clenliness, magnetism, relationship.

- Sufijos que forman verbos:computerize, automate, calculate, simplify, harden

- Sufijos que forman adjetivos:Logical, circular, magnetic, divisible,danger ous,careless,yellowish,interactive, processing.

- Sufijos que forman Adverbios:Electronically, logically,comparably, helpfully.

TALLER PRCTICO N 1

Economic Growth

SUFFIXSUFFIX

SUSTANTIVOS-ance-ence-or-er-ist-ness

VERBOS-ize-ate-fy-en

ADJETIVOS-able-ible-less-ic-ical-ish-ive

ADVERBIOS-ly


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Many accounts of the Venezuelan eco nomy today dismiss the country's currentrapid economic expansion as an "oil boom" that will end in a disastrous bust,similar to what happened in the 1970s and early 19 80s. 3 It is therefore worthlooking at Venezuela's growth in both current and historical perspective to see if there is any basis for this commonly held view.

Latin America as a region has suffered a sharp slowdown in economic growth in1980, from which it has yet to recover. For the 26 years from 1980-2006 ,per capita GDP has grown only about 15 percent, as compared to 82 percentduring just the 20 years from 1960-1980. This is the worst long-term growthperformance for more than a hundred years, although the last three years haveshown a significant improvement.

Venezuela was no exception to this trend, although its decline from peak GDP in1977 was sharper than most of the region, and lasted longer. As can be seen inFigure 1 , real GDP per capita declined by 26 percent from 1978 to 1986. It hit bottom in 2003, 38 percent below its 1978 peak.

Since the first quarter of 2003, the economy has grown by a remarkable 76percent. 4 There are several issues that arise when looking at this growth in bothcurrent and historical perspective.

First, it must be noted that there are serious measurement problems with thedata prior to 1984 .5 Without going into all of the measurement problems, thereis a general problem that in an oil economy, consumption and therefore livingstandards can rise with the price of oil even as oil GDP declines in real terms.This is because the rising price of oil can allow the producing country to buy more internationally, even while the volume of oil produced (which is what realGDP measures) is constant or declining. In fact, during the 1970s it was

precisely the decline in output from Venezuela and other OPEC nations thatcaused oil prices to rise. These relationships can be seen in Figure 1 . From 1970to 1985, real oil output fell by 70 percent, while consumption and non-oil GDProse. Oil prices spiraled enormously during this period, increasing by 948percent from 1970 to 1980.
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Oil prices collapsed beginning in 1981, and the Venezuelan economy went down with them. 6 Is this sort of unraveling ahead in Venezuela, as many analystspredict? Of course, the future of oil prices is difficult to project. The July 10short-term outlook of the US Energy Information Agency projects oil prices at$65.56 per barrel for 2007 and $66.92 for 2008. 7 The risks of unanticipatedsupply shocks seem to be mostly on the downside, which would increase prices.Most importantly, there is the potential for adverse supply shocks from theMiddle East, where the Bush Administration has threatened to bomb Iran if thestandoff over that country's nuclear program cannot be resolved; and thegeneral risk of widening war, terrorism, or rebellion there carries an unknownrisk for other major world suppliers in the region. However, there is always therisk of an unexpected downturn in oil prices. If such an unanticipated reductionin oil prices is temporary, Venezuela would seem well-prepared to withstand it.The government has about $25 billion, or about 14 percent of GDP, ininternational reserves. This is much more than is needed maintain a safe level of reserves for imports or other needs. As discussed below, the country also hasrelatively low levels of public and foreign public debt, and if necessary could borrow rather than cut government spending or public investment enough toseriously slow the domestic economy. The government also budgets

conservatively for oil prices that are far below current prices: for 2006, thegovernment budgeted for oil at $26 per barrel, whereas the average price of
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Venezuelan crude oil was $60.20 (see below). The probability of an economiccollapse brought on by falling oil prices therefore appears to be very small.

It is also worth noting that the current economic expansion is far greater than

the 1973-1977 upturn, when oil prices were also rapidly rising. As noted above,since the first quarter of 2003, Venezuela's real (inflation-adjusted) GDP hasgrown by 76 percent; during the 1973-1977 expansion it grew by 31 percent. Thisis despite the fact that oil prices actually rose even more, and to a higher level inreal terms, from 1973-1980 than in their present climb from 1998. Althoughsome of the recent expansion is clearly a rebound from the 2002-2003 oilstrike/recession, there was also a significant downturn prior to the 1973-1977expansion (see Figure 1 ). Thus the current economic expansion has seen rapid

growth even for an "oil boom," and even given its recovery from the oil strikeand recession. It seems likely that the government's expansionary fiscal andmonetary policies, and perhaps other policies (e.g. exchange controls sinceFebruary 2003 which have kept more capital within the country) may havecontributed to the rapid growth of the present expansion.

Figure 2 shows Venezuela's real quarterly GDP from 1998-2007 (first quarter) 8. As can be seen from the graph, the trajectory of the economy appears to be very heavily influenced by external shocks, especially political instability and strikes.Chvez's first year (1999), which began with the price of Venezuelan oil at itslowest point in 22 years, was marked by negative growth. But the economy began to grow in the first quarter of 2000 and continued through the thirdquarter of 2001. The next few months were a period of the most extremepolitical instability: in December of 2001 the Venezuelan Chamber of Commerce(FEDECAMARAS) organized a general business strike against the government.This political instability, with much capital flight, continued through April2002, when the elected government was overthrown in a military coup. The

constitutional government was restored within 48 hours, but stability did notreturn, as the opposition continued to seek to topple the government by extra-legal means. Growth remained negative through the summer and fall of 2002,and then the economy was hit with the opposition-led oil strike of December2002-February 2003. This plunged the economy into a severe recession during which Venezuela lost 24 percent of its GDP. The economy began to recover inthe second quarter of 2003 and has grown very rapidly since then.

While some macro-economic policies may have contributed to the economy'spoor performance for brief periods for example the government's temporary
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pro-cyclical fiscal policy at the beginning of 2002 it is clear that not only theprice of oil but political instability played a very large role in Venezuela's business cycles over the past eight years. After the failure of the oil strike inFebruary 2003, the opposition especially after an agreement reached with thegovernment in May 2003 began to focus primarily on electoral means of dislodging the government. This culminated in a presidential recall referendumin August of 2004. Thus, the political situation stabilized considerably in mid-2003 and has continued to stabilize throughout the current economicexpansion.

The big upswing from the first to second quarter of 2003 was driven by therecovery of oil production that was cut off during the strike. But the economy'sdouble digit growth continued up to the present, with the result that annualgrowth was 18.3 percent in 2004, 10.3 percent in 2005, and 10.3 percent in2006. This growth has been concentrated in the non-oil sector of the economy, with the oil sector barely growing at all for 2005-2006 (see Table 1 ).
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As can be seen in Table 1 , the private sector has grown faster than the publicsector over the last 8 years, and therefore the private sector is a bigger share of the economy in 2007 than it was before President Chvez took office. 9

Table 1 also shows the sectoral growth of Venezuela's economy over the last 8 years, through the first quarter of 2007. The growth has all been during thecurrent economic expansion the four years from Q1 2003 to Q1 2007. Thefastest growing sector during this period has been finance and insurance, whichgrew 240 percent during this period. Other fast-growing sectors includedconstruction (144 percent), trade and repair services (127.5 percent),communications (99.5 percent) and transport and storage (87 percent).Manufacturing has done better than the overall economy, with 91 percent

growth, but this is not enough growth in this sector to contribute to a process of serious diversification away from its dependence on oil.
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In subsequent sections, we will look at the trajectory of Venezuela's foreign anddomestic debt, balance of payments, foreign exchange reserves, inflation,investment, government budget, and other indicators to assess whether thereare any serious economic imbalances that would justify the prevailing view thatthe current expansion is headed for some sort of collapse. From what we seen sofar, however, there is at least a prima facie case that this is not true. Rather itappears that the Venezuelan economy was hit hard by political instability priorto 2003, but has grown steadily and quite rapidly since political stability beganimproving in that year.

Social Spending, Poverty, and Employment

The Chvez government has greatly increased social spending, includingspending on health care, subsidized food, and education. The state oil company alone was responsible for $13.3 billion (7.3 percent of GDP) of social spendinglast year 10.

The most pronounced difference has been in the area of health care. In 1998there were 1,628 primary care physicians for a population of 23.4 million.Today, there are 19,571 for a population of 27 million. In 1998 there were 417emergency rooms, 74 rehab centers and 1,628 primary care centers compared to

721 emergency rooms, 445 rehab centers and 8,621 primary care centers(including the 6,500 check-up points, usually in poor neighborhoods, and thatare in the process of being expanded to more comprehensive primary carecenters) today. Since 2004, 399,662 people have had eye operations thatrestored their vision. 11 In 1999, there were 335 HIV patients receivingantiretroviral treatment from the government, compared to 18,538 in 2006. 12

The Venezuelan government has also provided widespread access to subsidized

food. By 2006, there were 15,726 stores throughout the country that offeredmainly food items at subsidized prices (with average savings of 27% and 39%compared to market prices in 2005 and 2006, respectively). 13 These plusexpanded special programs for the extremely poor (e.g., soup kitchens and fooddistribution) benefited an average of 67 percent and 43 percent of thepopulation in 2005 and 2006 respectively. 14 These do not include the 1.8 millionchildren that were beneficiaries of a school food program in 2006, compared with 252,000 children in 1999. 15

Access to education has also increased substantially. For example, the numberof students in Bolivarian schools (primary education) increased from 271,593
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for the 1999/2000 school year to 1,098,489 for the 2005/2006 school year. 16

Over one million people also participated in adult literacy programs. 17

The government has also increased its collection of non-oil taxes on

businesses, 18 which had been avoiding their taxes, as is common in most of Latin America. 19

Table 2 shows the central government's social spending from 1998 to 2006.There has been a massive increase, from 8.2 percent of GDP in 1998 to 13.6percent for 2006. In real (inflation-adjusted) terms, social spending perperson 20 has increased by 170 percent over the period 1998-2006. But this doesnot include PDVSAs social spending, which was 7.3 percent of GDP in 2006. With this included, social spending reached 20.9 percent of GDP in 2006, atleast 314 percent more than in 1998 (in real social spending per capita).

The poverty rate has decreased rapidly from its peak of 55.1 percent in 2003 to30.4 percent at end of 2006, as would be expected in the face of the very rapideconomic growth during these last three years. Table 3 shows the poverty ratesince 1997, by household and population. If we compare the pre-Chvez poverty rate (43.9 percent) with end of 2006 (30.4 percent) this is a 31 percent drop inthe rate of poverty, which is substantial. 21 However this poverty rate measures

only cash income it does not take into account the increased access to healthcare or education that poor people have experienced. As we have shownpreviously, taking the most conservative estimate of just the value of the healthcare benefits what the poor would have spent on health care in the absence of these new programs would lower the measured poverty rate by about 2percentage points. 22 Of course, this is a very conservative estimate of the valueof just the increased health care benefits to the poor, since in the absence of these benefits, most poor people would simply have gone without health care,

and therefore suffer from worse health, lower income, and lower life expectancy.So the value of these health care services is much greater than the amount thatthey would have spent out-of-pocket in the absence of the governmentprograms. 23 The situation of the poor has therefore improved significantly beyond even the substantial poverty reduction that is visible in the officialpoverty rate, which measures only cash income.

In evaluating government policy with respect to poverty, it is also worth notingthat sharp spike in the poverty rate at the end of 2001 (39 percent) to its peak of 55.1 percent in the second half of 2003 is overwhelmingly attributable to the
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opposition oil strike of 2002-2003. There is little doubt that poverty would beeven lower today if not for the enormous economic damage caused by thisstrike.

Unemployment has also dropped sharply during the current economic recovery. As can be seen in Table 4 , the unemployment rate has fallen from 18.4 percentin June 2003 to 8.3 percent in June 2007, 24 its lowest level in more than adecade. If we compare to the beginning of the Chvez administration,unemployment stood at 15 percent in June 1999. By any comparison, the officialunemployment rate has dropped sharply. Of course, an unemployment rate of 8.3 percent in Venezuela, as in developing economies generally, is notcomparable to the same rate in the United States or Europe. Many of the people

counted as employed are very much underemployed. But the measure isconsistent over time, and therefore shows a considerable improvement in thelabor market. This can be seen in other labor market indicators. For example,employment in the formal sector has increased to 6.06 million (2006), from4.41 million in 1998 and 4.72 million in 2003. As a percentage of the labor force,formal employment has increased significantly since 1998, from 44.5 to 49.4percent.

As can be seen in Table 4 , there has been an increase of about 1.9 million jobs inthe private sector and 478 thousand jobs in the public sector since 1998.Employment as a percentage of the labor force has increased by 1.5 percentagepoints since 1998. Private employment was a slightly larger percentage of thelabor force (75.2 percent) in 2006 as compared to 1998 (74.9 percent).However, both of these indicators probably understate the improvement in thelabor market since the number of people who were out of the labor force foreducation as access to education was increasing -- rose by 3.4 percentagepoints, relative to the labor force, during this period.
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PRACTICAOBJ. 1 Y 2

ACTIVIDAD:

1.- IDENTIFICAR FORMAS Y CLAVES GRAMATICALES DE TIEMPO ENEL TEXTO. LUEGO ESCRIBIR Y TRADUCIR CADA ORACIN.

A.- ORACIONES CONJUGADAS CON LOS VERBOS MODALES (WILL,WOULD, CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT, SHOULD, OTROS)

FORMULA: SUJETO + VERBO MODAL+ VERBO + COMPLEMENTO

EJEMPLO:VERBO MODAL WILL1.- Many accounts of the Venezuelan economy today dismiss the country'scurrent rapid economic expansion as an "oil boom" that will end in a disastrous bust, similar to what happened in the 1970s and early 19 80s.

TRADUCCIN:Muchas cuentas de la economa venezolana hoy, minimizan la rpida expansineconmica actual del pas como una gran "bonanza petrolera" queterminar enuna desastrosa bancarrota, similar a lo ocurrido en la dcada de 1970 y principiosde 1980.

B.- IDENTIFICAR ORACIONES CONJUGADAS EN EL TIEMPO PERFECTO.(PRESENTE PERFECTO, PASADO PERFECTO, OTROS)

EJEMPLO:PRESENTE PERFECTO1.- Latin America as a region has suffered a sharp slowdown in economic growthin 1980, from which it has yet to recover.

TRADUCCIN:America Latina como regin ha sufrido una fuerte desaceleracin en elcrecimiento econmico en 1980, de la que an no se ha recuperado.

TALLER PRACTICO N 3


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OBJ. 3

EXERCISE1. Ubique en el siguiente texto las palabras prefijadas. Ingrese en la tabla esas

palabras segn sea el tipo de prefijo.

Administrative processPlanning

Planning is the function of management that involves setting objectives and determininga course of action for achieving these objectives. Planning requires that managers beaware of environmental conditions facing their organization and forecast futureconditions. It also requires that managers be good decision makers.

Planning is a process consisting of several steps. The process begins withenvironmental scanning. The act of analyzing the critical external contingencies

facing an organization in terms of economic conditions, competitors, and customers. ,which simply means that planners must be aware of the critical contingencies facingtheir organization in terms of economic conditions, their competitors, and their customers. Planners must then attempt to forecast future conditions. These forecastsform the basis for planning.

Planners must establish objectives, which are statements of what needs to be achievedand when. Planners must then identify alternative courses of action for achievingobjectives. After evaluating the various alternatives, planners must make decisionsabout the best courses of action for achieving objectives. They must then formulatenecessary steps and ensure effective implementation of plans. Finally, planners mustconstantly evaluate the success of their plans and take corrective action when necessary.

There are many different types of plans and planning.

Strategic planning is the process of analyzing competitive opportunities and threats,as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the organization, and then determining how to position the organization to compete effectively in their environment involvesanalyzing competitive opportunities and threats, as well as the strengths and weaknessesof the organization, and then determining how to position the organization to competeeffectively in their environment. Strategic planning has a long time frame, often threeyears or more. Strategic planning generally includes the entire organization and includesformulation of objectives. Strategic planning is often based on the organizationsmission, which is its fundamental reason for existence. An organizations topmanagement most often conducts strategic planning.

Tactical planning. Intermediate-range planning that is designed to develop relativelyconcrete and specific means to implement the strategic plan is intermediate-range (one

to three years) planning that is designed to develop relatively concrete and specific
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means to implement the strategic plan. Middle-level managers often engage in tactical planning.

Operational planning. Assumes the existence of goals and objectives and specifiesways to achieve them. Generally assumes the existence of organization-wide or subunitgoals and objectives and specifies ways to achieve them. Operational planning is short-range (less than a year) planning that is designed to develop specific action steps thatsupport the strategic and tactical plans.

Organizing

Organizing is the function of management that involves developing an organizationalstructure and allocating human resources to ensure the accomplishment of objectives.The structure of the organization is the framework within which effort is coordinated.The structure is usually represented by an organization chart, which provides a graphicrepresentation of the chain of command within an organization. Decisions made aboutthe structure of an organization are generally referred to asorganizational design. Thematching of organizational form, such as structure, reporting relationships, and information technology, with the organizations strategy. decisions.

Organizing also involves the design of individual jobs within the organization.Decisions must be made about the duties and responsibilities of individual jobs, as wellas the manner in which the duties should be carried out. Decisions made about thenature of jobs within the organization are generally called job design decisions.

Organizing at the level of the organization involves deciding how best todepartmentalize, or cluster jobs into departments to effectively coordinate effort. Thereare many different ways to departmentalize, including organizing by function, product,geography, or customer. Many larger organizations utilize multiple methods of departmentalization.

Organizing at the level of a particular job involves how best to design individual jobs tomost effectively use human resources. Traditionally, job design, the process of putting together various elements to form a job, bearing in mind organizational and

individual worker requirements was based on principles of division of labor andspecialization, which assumed that the more narrow the job content, the more proficientthe individual performing the job could become. However, experience has shown that itis possible for jobs to become too narrow and specialized. For example, how would youlike to screw lids on jars one day after another, as you might have done many decadesago if you worked in company that made and sold jellies and jams. When this happens,negative outcomes result, including decreased job satisfaction, organizationalcommitment, increased absenteeism, and turnover.

Recently many organizations have attempted to strike a balance between the need for worker specialization and the need for workers to have jobs that entail variety andautonomy. Many jobs are now designed based on such principles as empowerment, job


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enrichment motivate employees by giving them the opportunity to use the range of their abilities. , and team work cooperative effort by the members of a group or team toachieve a common goal. . For example, HUI Manufacturing, a custom sheet metalfabricator, has done away with traditional departments in order to focus on listeningand responding to customer needs. From company-wide meetings to team huddles, HUIemployees know and understand their customers and how HUI might service them best.[3]

Leading

Leading involves the social and informal sources of influence that you use to inspireaction taken by others. If managers are effective leaders, their subordinates will beenthusiastic about exerting effort toward the attainment of organizational objectives.

The behavioral sciences have made many contributions to the understanding of thisfunction of management. Personality research and studies of job attitudes provideimportant information as to how managers can most effectively lead subordinates. For example, this research tells us that to become effective at leading, managers must firstunderstand their subordinates personalities, values, attitudes, and emotions.

Studies of motivation and motivation theory provide important information about theways in which workers can be energized to put forth productive effort. Studies of communication provide direction as to how managers can effectively and persuasivelycommunicate. Studies of leadership and leadership style provide information regarding

questions, such as, What makes a manager a good leader? and In what situations arecertain leadership styles most appropriate and effective?

Controlling

Controlling involves ensuring that performance does not deviate from standards.Controlling consists of three steps, which include establishing performance standards,comparing actual performance against standards, and taking corrective action whennecessary. Performance standards are often stated in monetary terms such as revenue,

costs, or profits, but may also be stated in other terms, such as units produced, number of defective products, or levels of quality or customer service.

The measurement of performance can be done in several ways, depending on the performance standards, including financial statements, sales reports, production results,customer satisfaction, and formal performance appraisals. Managers at all levels engagein the managerial function of controlling to some degree.

The managerial function of controlling should not be confused with control in the behavioral or manipulative sense. This function does not imply that managers should

attempt to control or manipulate the personalities, values, attitudes, or emotions of their subordinates. Instead, this function of management concerns the managers role in
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taking necessary actions to ensure that the work-related activities of subordinates areconsistent with and contributing toward the accomplishment of organizational anddepartmental objectives.

Effective controlling requires the existence of plans, since planning provides thenecessary performance standards or objectives. Controlling also requires a clear understanding of where responsibility for deviations from standards lies. Twotraditional control techniques are budget and performance audits. An audit involves anexamination and verification of records and supporting documents. A budget audit provides information about where the organization is with respect to what was plannedor budgeted for, whereas a performance audit might try to determine if the figuresreported are a true reflection of actual performance. Although controlling is oftenthought of in terms of financial criteria, managers must also control production andoperations processes, procedures for delivery of services, compliance with company

policies, and many other activities within the organization.The management functions of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling are widelyconsidered to be the best means of describing the managers job, as well as the best wayto classify accumulated knowledge about the study of management. Although therehave been tremendous changes in the environment faced by managers and the tools used by managers to perform their roles, managers still perform these essential functions.

TABLA N 1PREFIJOS

2. Ubique en el siguiente texto las palabras con sufijos .Ingrese en la tabla esaspalabras dependiendo de la estructura gramatical que forme.

PREFIJOS NEGACIN LOCALIZACIN TIEMPO ORDEN TAMAO


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TABLA N 2

SUFIJOS

SUSTANTIVO VERBO ADJETIVO ADVERBIO

Compiled by: Y. G.

Documents

Guia de Estudio Lapso 2