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IWMI is a Futures Harvest CenterSupported by the CGIARI n s t i t u t e
Water, Food andEnvironment
III World Water Forum
GroundwaterGovernance
in Asia
th17 March 2003Room E, Kyoto InternationalConference Hall [KICH]
IWMI Website: http://www.iwmi.org
1545 - 1600 Tushaar Shah IWMI-India The Challenge of Groundwater Governance in Asia
1600 - 1610 Aditi Mukherji IWMI-India Groundwater Socio-ecology of South Asia: Results of a Survey of 2630 Tubewell Owners in Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bangladesh
1610 - 1617 Asad Qureshi IWMI-Pakistan Protecting Food and Livelihoods Security through Conjunctive Water Management: The Challenge of Groundwater Governance in Pakistan Punjab
1617 1624 M Mainuddin IWMI-SE Asia Poverty Alleviation versus Mass Poisoning: The Dilemma of Groundwater Irrigation in Bangladesh
Technocratic Approaches
1625 - 1632 Shilp Verma IWMI-India More Crop per Drop: Can Micro-Irrigation Help Alleviate the Groundwater Depletion?
1632 - 1639 Dinesh Kumar IWMI-India Micro-management of Groundwater: IWMI's Experiment in North Gujarat
1639 - 1646 Shamjibhai Antala Saurastra Lok Manch Can Mass Movement for Decentralized Water Harvesting and Recharge help Cope with Groundwater Depletion? Lessons from Western India
Regulatory Approaches
1655 - 1702 Chetan Pandit Ministry of Water Sustainable Groundwater Management: Should India Resources, GoI pursue Aggressive Regulation?
1702 - 1709 Ajaya Dixit Nepal Water Debates over Groundwater Institutions in Nepal: Do Conservation Western Models Apply to Nepali Conditions?Foundation
1709 - 1716 Jinxia Wang Center for Chinese Sustainable Groundwater Management: How Agricultural Policy, Effective has Groundwater Regulation been in North CAS China Plains?
1716 - 1723 Christopher Scott IWMI-India Sustainable Groundwater Management: Have Property Rights Reforms helped in Mexico?
1723 - 1730 Eran Feitelson Hebrew University Sustainable Groundwater Management: Has of Jerusalem Regulation worked in Israel, the Mecca of Water Management?
1730 - 1742 Marcus Moench ISET Need to Search for Adaptive Approaches1742 - 1755 Tushaar Shah IWMI-India Strategic Approaches to Indirect Management of the
Groundwater Economy
1800 - 1830 Open Discussion Facilitated by Dr. Frank Rijberman (IWMI)
Time Speaker Affiliation Title
The Challenge
Is Asia Meeting the Challenge?
Search for Strategic Approaches
Water, Food and Environment
th17 March 2003; 15:45-18:30
Groundwater Governance in Asia
ORGANISATION International Water Management Institute [IWMI]CONVENER Dr. Tushaar Shah [ ]CONTACT Shilp Verma [ ]VENUE Room E, Kyoto International Conference Hall [KICH]
[email protected]@cgiar.org
World Water ForumThe 3rd
March 16-23, 2003 in Kyoto. Shiga and Osaka, JapanWorld Water Council3rd World Water Forum
2
Groundwater research in Asia has tended to deploy too much hydro-geology and too little social science, and virtually no hydro-institutional and policy analysis that blends the physical with the social in a unified framework. Most Asian countries have strong national research establishments in groundwater hydrology. As a result, the science of groundwater relationships is fairly well understood; however, the social science of groundwater institutions and policies remain enigmatic. The contribution of science to evolving effective mechanisms for the governance of groundwater has been far more modest that it can be. Groundwater science establishment talks little to policy makers; while the former is interested primarily in the resource, the latter are concerned with the people. This gap between the world of science and the world of policy action is already proving lethal for Asia's aqvatic environment as well as the livelihoods of its poor.
This discussion group aims to generate, discuss and propagate alternative approaches to groundwater governance by studying the groundwater economy as a socio-ecological system. The basic premise is that good science and informed policy discussion can stimulate strategic players in the Asian water scene to forge groundwater governance mechanisms which are suited to Asia's genius and its contextual realities. Doing this requires that, as in research establishments in the North, science in Asia focuses on the 'bigger picture'of policies, institutions, resource management strategies all of which are at the heart of good groundwater governance.
GROUNDWATER GOVERNANCE IN ASIA
GROUNDWATER SOCIO-ECOLOGIES OF ASIA
Problems, Opportunities and Sustainable Alternatives
3
Arid q q q o q q q q
Humid q q qq qq
Coastal plains qq q qq o q
Inter-Montane q qq o q
Valleys
Hardrock Areas qq O q qqq
SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND MANAGEMENTCHALLENGES
HYDRO-GEOLOGICAL
SETTINGSOptimizing Conjunctive
Use**
SecondarySalinization
***
NaturalGroundwater
QualityConcerns
Resource Depletion*
MajorAlluvialPlains
Arid alluvial plains
Humid alluvial plains
Hard rock areas
Inter-mountainous valleys
Coastal plains
The central aim of the group discussion then is to understand the barriers to proactive groundwater governance in those parts of Asia where groundwater socio-ecologies face serious threat. Several possibilities need exploration:
1. General apathy and lack of political will, or mass-resistance to certain interventions;
2. Primary solutions identified based on best practices elsewhere in the world do not easily fit and need to be 'adapted' or even re-engineered to fit the Asian context;
3. New solutions grounded in the Asian reality need to be explored and 'extracted';
4. Local approaches-and popular responses-to groundwater problems in worst-hit groundwater socio-ecologies need to be studied seriously for their potential to offer large-scale solutions;
5. Cross-learning amongst Asian sub-regions needs to be explored to forge new, context-specific solutions.
IWMI's past research to understand the dynamics of groundwater socio-ecologies indicates some recurring patterns. In much of South Asia, for example, the rise and fall of local groundwater economies follow a 4-stage progression outlined in the figure below which is self-explanatory. It underpins the typical progression of a socio-ecology from a stage where unutilized groundwater resource potential becomes the instrument of unleashing an agrarian boom to one in which, unable to apply brakes in time, it goes overboard in exploiting its groundwater.
Population Pressure Drives Groundwater Expansion
The four-stage framework outlined in the figure emphasizes the transition that Asian policy makers and groundwater managers need to make from a resource development mindset to a resource management mode. In stage I and early times of stage II, the prime concern is to promote the profitable use of a valuable, renewable resource for generating wealth and economic surplus; however, in stage II itself, the thinking needs to change towards careful management of the resource. In South Asian countries, vast regions are already in stage III or even IV; and yet, the policy regime ideal for stage I and II have tended to become 'sticky' and to persist long after a region moves into stage III or even IV. IWMI's recent work in North China plains suggests that the story is much the same there as well. The critical issue to address is: does stage IV always have to play out the way it has in the past? Or, are there adaptive policy and management responses in stage II that can generate a steady-state equilibrium which sustains the groundwater-induced agrarian boom without degrading the resource itself ? Why do we not see, anywhere in Asia, an initiative designed to achieve such steady-state equilibrium?
The challenge of this session is of exploring what works in the Asian context and what does not, and to understand why. And to produce useful outcomes, such research has to rest on all the three pillars of groundwater governance: technical relationships, institutional variables, and management and policy analysis.
*Pakistan includes data for Pakistan Punjab only
@ Number of pumps in Pakistan multiplied by 3,as average capacity of pumps is 3 times that of India
# Pump data not available for Indian states ofRajasthan, Kerala and Himachal Pradesh
4
Density of Population ( person/sq.km)Below 150
150 - 300
300 - 500
500 - 1000
Above 1000
No Data
Number of Energized Pumps 1Dot = 5000
1000 Kilometers1000 0
RISE AND FALL OF GROUNDWATER SOCIO-ECOLOGIES IN SOUTH ASIAE
XA
MP
LE
S North Gujarat, Coastal Tamilnadu, Coastal Saurashtra, Southern Rajasthan; Hebai, Shanxi, and Henan Provinces in North China
Haryana, Punjab, Western Uttar Pradesh, Central Tamilnadu; Bangladesh; Pakistan Punjab
Eastern Uttar Pradesh; Western Godavari; Central and South Gujarat; Northern Sri Lanka; Chao Phraya in Thailand; Baluchistan
North Bengal and North Bihar, Nepal Terai, Orissa, Vietnam
The `Bubble' Bursts; Agri. Growth Declines; Pauperization of the Poor is Accompanied by Depopulation of Entire Clusters of Villages. Water Quality Problems Assume Serious Proportions; the `Smart' begin Moving out Long before the Crisis Deepens; the Poor Get Hit the Hardest.
Crop Diversification; Permanent Decline in Water Tables. The GW-based `Bubble Economy' Continues Booming; But Tensions Between Economy and Ecology Surface as Pumping Costs Soar and Water Market become Oppressive; Private and Social Costs of GW use Part Ways.
Skewed Ownership of Tubewells; Access to Pump Irrigation Prized; Rise of Primitive Pump Irrigation `Exchange' Institutions. Decline of Traditional Water Lifting Technologies; Rapid Growth in Agrarian Income and Employment
Subsistence Agriculture; Protective Irrigation Traditional crops;Concentrated Rural Poverty; Traditional Water Lifting Devices using Human and Animal Power
CH
AR
AC
TE
RIS
TIC
S
Subsidies, Credit and Donor Support Reluctantly go; NGOs, Donors Assume Conservationist Posture Zoning Restrictions begin to Get Enforced With Frequent Pre-election Relaxations; Water Imports begin for Domestic Needs; Variety of Public and NGO Sponsored Ameliorative Action Starts.
Subsidies, Credit, Donor and NGO Support Continue Apace; Licensing, Citing Norms and Zoning System are Created but are Weakly Enforced. Groundwater Irrigators Emerge as a Huge, Powerful Vote-bank that Political Leaders can not Ignore.
Subsidies Continue. Institutional Credit for Wells and Pumps. Donors Augment Resources for Pump Capital; NGOs Promote Small Farmer Irrigation as a Livelihood Programme.
Targeted Subsidy on Pump Capital; Public Tubewell Programmes;Electricity Subsidies and Flat Tariff.
INT
ER
VE
NT
ION
SS
TA
GE
S
The Rise of Green Revolution andTubewellTechnologies
Stage I Stage II
Groundwater-basedAgrarian Boom
Stage III
Early SymptomsGroundwater Over-draft
Stage IV
Decline of theGroundwater Socio-ecologywith ImmiserisingImpacts.
5
IWMI-Tata WATER POLICY PROGRAMElecon, Anand-Sojitra Road Vallabh Vidyanagar, 388120, Gujarat, IndiaTelephone: 91-2692-229311-12-13Fax : 91-2692-229310E-mail:Website:
[email protected] http://www.iwmi.org/iwmi-tata
HEADQUARTERS
REGIONAL OFFICE FOR ASIA
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REGIONAL OFFICE FOR AFRICA
KENYA
GHANA
REGIONAL OFFICE FOR INDIA
REGIONAL OFFICE FOR PAKISTAN, CENTRAL ASIA AND MIDDLE EAST
UZBEKISTAN
REGIONAL OFFICE FOR SOUTHEAST ASIA
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International Water Management Institute
IWMI is one of the 16 Future Harvest Centers supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). The research program of IWMI centers around five core themes: Integrated Water Resource Management for Agriculture; Sustainable Smallholder Water & Land Management Systems; Sustainable Groundwater Management; Water, Health and Environment; and Water Resources institutions and Policy.
Sustainable Groundwater Management
The goal of IWMI's research in groundwater is to contribute to achieving sustainable use and management of groundwater in ways that promote food and livelihood security for the poor women and Men in Asia and Africa. Under IWMI's strategic plan 2000-2005, ongoing research under this theme has five priorities: [1] Assessment of the extent of groundwater use, its economic value and contribution to agrarian wealth creation; [2] Understanding Basin level impacts of local water harvesting and recharge; [3] Exploring linkages between groundwater irrigation and rural poverty; [4] Analyzing approaches to conjunctive use of surface and groundwater; and [5] Identifying practical approaches to sustainable groundwater management through comparative analysis of institutions and policies.
IWMI-Tata Water Policy Program
The IWMI-Tata Water Policy Program was launched in 2000 with the support of Sir Ratan Tata Trust, Mumbai. The program presents new perspectives and practical solutions derived from the wealth of research done in India on water resource management. Its objective is to help policy makers at the central, state and local levels address their water challenges in areas such as sustainable groundwater management, water scarcity, and rural poverty by translating research findings into practical policy recommendations.
