Grammar Ancient Egypt

8/12/2019 Grammar Ancient Egypt

1/89Publ

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An elementary grammar of the ancient Egyptian language in the

hieroglyphic type / By P. Le Page Renouf ...

Renouf, P. Le Page (Peter Le Page), 1822-1897.

London : S. Bagster and sons, 1875.

http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015074816169

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M J L B J H

fiifi

ggqgan-p-nno-in'nnp,-

munmmmnmmnfififiififfihufiimfifiin

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S I C S .

G R A MM AR

PT IA N A N GU A G ,

T P

E N 0 U F .

M AJ S T I N S P C T O R S O F C HO O L S .

oelestibusuna.

} & ( 3- T IB l R I X I I J) C ) IJ 5 ,

T R R O W .

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H , S Q ., L . D. ,

THI C O U N TR Y

scHO O L O F

O G ;

Y O B L IG D AN D

I N D,

pt em be r, 1 87 5.

\ O> \ I,o e iee ne ,fi rtwm ,a ge m ,ln/ e re,

erstoodtoprecedethesingleconsonantin the

e r(a s in the Co pt ic: 1 , t ,a nd ina f e wwo rds

tters.

ginwithtwo consonants,whichsometimesproduces

und.In casesofthiskind itisnot unusualtofind(as

moftheword beginningwithavowelintendedto

oconsonants.

nces

l l f

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MA R .

gq25tm a purse

o

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MA R . I 1

ADJ C T IV S .

gpytian. emininenounsandad ectives

,e nd ina ,a s lagse nta s ister,X a re t ,a wido w,la ne f rit ,go o d, Z a a t ,g rea t .

t ive susual ly e nd in%no r%in ,a ndta ke the

determinativeofplurality.

nomittedin writing.Thus-

ndwrittenm[l @l=

I '

0 ?a ?a

on | |

,

xressed bitsideoram beinthrice

ds.Theplural of$25set,a region,maybe

nias 1%netarni,thefeminine

res.Theendinga ti,oras itisoften

ularandmasculinenounsa dualsense.Thedual

herepetition ofanideogram,asnetiirni, two

Therelationsof caseareexpressedbyparticles

with,etc.O fissometimesunderstood.

1ne t i r,d iv ine,a nd lQsnte n ,ro ya l,f o l lo wthe

e.

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M MA R .

mmaticalformsindicatingdegreesofcomparison.

d ectivesandverbsissusceptibleof themeaning

w w v x

e m etne bta sesX e rsute n

B eautifulmorethananywomanwife. steemeaoytkeking

?

ba k-e f ne b

t . o v e dm e kism a e sty m ore tha na ny kisse rv ant .

?~t i l 0 '

au - te na ai- kuru - ke r

ur gods.Thouart


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MA R . I 3

aysexpressedbymeansofciphers. Thefollowing

valuesasfaras theyareknown:

-X m e nnue ight

pa tun ine

_ a u ttwe nty

ndtwentywereread, asafterwardsinC optic,tenone,

0,and90, closelyresembled5,6,7, 8,and9.

_ te ntho usa nd

s B a hundre d

undred

hundre d

bersissimple enough.Q5nnnr?is 4359.

,% a nd72-hav e un ity fo rnum era to r.T he cipher

torisplacedunder0 re,whichsignifies part e.g.,

2- 0 l -o _ _ g o i

nfor3,o1s4,o-_4,ando0_ 4.

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M M AR .

y p la cing O \ ne e hbe fo re the ca rd ina l,a s in the la st

p t io n Io ?0 : ?ne e ha d,ne e hse n ,nee hX e ne t,fi rst

is byplacingthesign{5, oneofthephoneticvalues

cipherrepresentingthecardinal number,e.g.,'6 second,

(1se hex te ne htX Vf ( e ps iusDe nhrna le rIII.

o mm o nly writ ten[U E E O H I6 in the 145thcha pte ro f

t, nenesecond.Thelatter

undasan adverb(iterum)oraverb(iterare).

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MA R . I 5

unsareasfollow

ura l

( ma e )

E 0 M 1@ Wa n

this,these, andthefeminineM3tenare ofboth

at,those,and enenthose,likethearticles, precede

lowit.

monstrativepronoun,[I pathis,these,thesame,

easubstantiveverb,to connectthesub ectand

e.g.

9 : 3 MW U R P M ?

u N u t t e ma - k p u B e - X t e n

ch mymotherthesame(is)N at.Thycitythe sameisbachtan

m y m o the r,Ba chta n isthy city.

people.

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A M MA R .

ounsin mostcommonuseisasfollows :-

ukI

o u

tthan

g e nt u se t s i e

oundinthisseries.

ny ou

/ e y

softheuse ofthesepronouns:-

M 5 M 3 @ s t- l l

C 7 6

ntufentuk-a meri

o Itke sa me iske tko u(a rt )m y so no e lo v e a

o ua rtm y be lo ve dso n

_ '- -@ >- m G

x '

rsat

e s la ug / te r.

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MA R . . I 7

thedifferentpersonsare:-

e rson l II n

a t / 3M te n

,,m m se n

m se t

s o r pc s et u

ception,havenoi ndependentexistenceaswords

havethe forceofpossessivepronouns,butwhen

estheyhave theforceofpersonalpronouns as:

a be - f e m sne f - te n

hisfather.Hewashes inyourhlood.

M M M q- n < ~

- Q l l [ i a ?

m -se na mtu-na m -e kp ir

ne o f the m .B e twe enthe m twain .Do no tthengo o ut .

dtothebasec> tuformaseries ofindependent

t u a, I , Q U t u h , t ho u , Q a t u , h e o n p re -

eobtainanotherseriesidenticalwith thefirst,exceptas

o otherserieshavebeenpointedout,one formed

tu ,e tc.,a ndthe o the rby pre fix ingkto e ntua ,

nsoftheseserieshavenotbeen actuallyfoundinthe

tedwhethertheR doesnotdischargethefunction

einstanceswhenit issupposedtoformani ntegral

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MM AR .

n inde fin ite pro noun l ike the re ncho n.

ntionedwemustadd haaandU 5ha,

e firstpe rso n.T he firsttwo a re o n ly a ppe ndedto v e rbs.

beenfoundasanindependentwordis et,

sa n inde pe ndentpe rsona lp rono un .

nappendedtothedemonstrativepronouns

theirf e m inine sta ' ,1m ,a ndto

seriesof independentpossessivepronouns.

Q U l R W Q In QR Q Q A

tai-f

ther..H 's

k ni i R Q Q A - i nn

pnai-f' ahau

'r.H is lo ad .He 'so x en .

s inatwo-foldconcord.The initialletter1),t orn

er,and inthesingularbythe genderofthething

dependsinlike manneruponthepossessor.

takesthe personalsuffixes,astes-a,I

yself,etc. Pronounsofthisseriesare oftenadded

v e rbso rno uns,a s90HQX e pe rt ese ,se lf - ex istent ,

o wnmo uth .

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MA R . I 9

chieflysomedenotingpartsofthehumanbody,

enaccompaniedbypersonalsuffixes,thus,Qfi hra-a,

uth,aresometimessimplyequivalenttothe

,ev e ry f ace ,isuse d in thiswa y in the sense o f e v e ry

~w\~\en, 0cm,Qm' enti,who,which.

asthesenseof arelativepronoun.

ever,whatsoever,all,is auniversalrelative.

pronouns5 ina,one, whichisfrequentlyused

inde fin ite a rticle ,wne h ,e ve ry ,e a ch ,$536 te nna,

w, hi,femininehetanda hetta,

spondingtotheGreekdewa.

, E B E se p ,o the r,x i i ,such ,m e n,

hese

sense o f what ,ho wgre at) \ \ n m a ,who ?

ax,%ma,

Thedemonstrativepronounspa

ith aninterrogativesense,particularlywhenfollowed

whichis commonlyplacedafterinterrogative

s,a nda d e ct ive sa re useda spre pos it io ns,co n unc-

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A M MA R .

.

tianwordsusedasprepositions,it isnecessaryto

ntendedtopoint outthedirectionofa verbalaction,

ation betweentwonouns.Inthe formercasethey

n otherlanguages.B utinthe lattertheymustbe

ectivesorpronounsinconcordwith theformerofthe

ent.

hedirectionofa verbalaction(suchasgiving

dre ma ins inva ria ble ,a sQM N %M AM Afiy lt a ta n

to Ra .

tionbetweentwonounsitsignifies ofInthe

M AG/ W e nt im p liesa f e m in ine a nd6 o rM gnua p lu ra l

ait:~wvv\

Q Q \\

u te ntpe tsate nt T a hut i

s mo t ke r H o ri o n o f He a ve n B o o k of T / o t k ,-

k fi .

Asari tauinunetarusbau

l e o f O s i ri s t w o la n ds o f t / e g o a s , ' ga t es

entsofbothgendersand numbers,aent

hnumbers.

fthe relativepronoun,isequallyusedto express

case.

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MA R . 2 I

sitionin asentence,signifiesoffrom, in,

ationsof the atinablativecase.

M e g: - ihh?

-na e m t'ruu

fromitsegg,' Iameomefromtheends of

Q ( 2. 3- ) Z - O O 0

pest - e f se x a e m Xe sbe t

h its f o uro ve rh isha th pa in te d inb lue

a n

D _

me r-a m a .- se ne m ha s.e m X e se f - a

the y e om e

eh,-

.

ram,wheneverit isfollowedby

srelationtoan antecedent.

o

kua a m - te n

ee 1(am)oneof you

u

dfromit.Thosewho areinHeliopolis.

ofthe72ndchapterof theB ookoftheDead

:-

D

e m

ilein thisland.

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A M M AR .

\ N V \

tapen

ilewhich isinthis land.

delivermeinthisl andfromthecrocodilethe

tarytotheverb deliver.Inthesecond instance

cedentthecrocodile.

resometimesomitted,butunderstoodafter~H-k)

e ha 9-e ha 'ne,e v e ry p la ce thoue nte rest

einP

ving, concealing,avenging,andsomeothers,k

nse o f f ro m orhy .% ; a n e m ?tf e- f in the te xts

ta,istranslatedbyimpelr613 warpds.Thefollowingare

I

fl @ e s

e pe rm a.- a a n

eweredonehy me.N 01

s i n rs

fannehem- tuapi-1

do f Osir is f ro m him,no tta ke na wa y ism y he ad

l l 3

DT 0 I

a B a bs.a nx em be se k

mB aha,wholivethonthe entrailsof

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MA R . _ 2 3

r R

he gre at udgme nt.P rote ct ingthe so no f the unf ro m

i 5Q i :\ 77 - - C :

msta pe sm a T a hut i

fprayingforaslab andinhstandfromThoth.

Truthsrefusesto allowthedepartedtopass

Q

AM A C ' @ 1 I

re tu i- kx e nt- e khe r- a

otthenameof thyfeetthouwalhestoverme

h ichthouwa lhe sto v e rm e .

nscriptioncorrespondstotheGreek65s andb'vrcos-

lshewits use:-

E < e > : @ 2 - .

to lqo hant ine .to f etchgra nite .Ia m

-- - -fl

eftu-f ehar-efer pet.hu

usagainsthisenemies..Herose uptoheaven.Driving

R

r-e f e rte m

uho f the wa teringp lace .Ath iswi l l . o rthe sa ke of no t

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M MA R .

a R @ B i l l

rer _ nukHorseAset

e eo m e tha go df o re v er.Ia m Y o rusthe sono f Is is ,

the rOsir is

oval,takingaway,preventing,and thelike,O

-a he rsba unuAme nt i

frommybodyatthegates ofAmenti

1 AA .

e f

fromhishoafy.

@

tuat

se e ingthe lo rdsof the ne the rwo rld .

helpstocompletetheconstructionofa verb.

therelationbetweentwo nounsitisl engthenedto[lo

tecedentisplural, toQ?)[10%,

.T he co nstructio n ise x act ly the sam e a sf o r

J

mesuemtuat

and.Thosewho areinmisfortuneinthe netherworld.

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MA R . 2 5

tenO 657%m a y ene ral lbe tra nsla te dbthe en It lVC

e irbul l ,l i te ra l ly the bu l lwh ich

his tothemor theirmilk.

the do o rsf o rit o ri tsdo ors , a iX tua ru ,_

greatgeographicalinscriptionof Abydos,is

mapt-settheirlist. Thismodeofexpressionis

ewand tothelaterThe pleonasticuseofthepronominalsuffixbeforearualso O ccursinthe

I ? iM m e sha u-se na rutheirdo o rswhicha re to them ,

; thy d iscip le s ,who are to the e.

e rbe ca me a u.B o th f o rmsho we ve ra re

medocument.

pe use da sa prepo s itio n is upon ,a s I :

yabyss,and withapluralantecedent mor

reuponearth.

rher isabove,upon,and other

d.A kingsitsQ mR A.hernest-efuponhis

eirchildren@iie-sgxwher pestflsenupontheirback

her~senupontheirface mentravelQgagher uat

to be@fi

breast

erpasetast atthealleyofPersea trees

rbya tomb.Atempleis situated

mehton thenorthofanotheredifice.

a te nt .O ne drinksQQ

A c :

routofthe sourceofthestream

ANWW tas?hermu nutfe-f,fromtheessenceof his

ysoflifeherhruu-a enaux

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M MA R .

fe.Theprince wasdrivingouti? a{GM/wQ6

meof noon.ThemagistratesconsultQQ herpaentiarin naataia,aboutthatwhich the

oughtQU her-e/eforthee,likethe Greek

e ha sbe e ngiv e nto Horus -he r-e so na cco unt

ntitisgenerallyaccompaniedbythedetermi-

he f o llo winga re e x a mple so f itsuse withp lu rala nte cede nts

da y s)wh icha re o ve rthe y e ar,v i ._ ,the

WMheraxant-senthosewhich areontheirbellies.

nemiesare prostrateillX erretni-h

e rte ht i- hunderthy sa nda ls the Osir ise a ts

e hattn ie ntHa t-he runde rtha tsy ca m o re o f

n in the ta le we ntto walk0 x e rpa as

the e lderbro therwa ssta nding


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MA R . - ' , 2 7

o doubtby itsv owe lso unda swe lla sby its

from


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M MA R .

ua sera ue n 'pa R a ,o f a da ughte ro f the un-god .T he

ento theeI1nesu-setaboutthem.

te.T he lo cko f hair is i?db T

, , ,,

kAsa r 1 I1C the t im e o f Osir is .

m-ffromtheday(which) theyare

v i u pa s y v wvra v .

anarm)hasthesense ofreaching,touching,as far

e rm enre np ituat unt i l the ye a ro ne.In

~wwfi il a um en isuse dco ncurre nt ly with the o lde rf o rm .

o tha lone a ndwhenpre ce de dby &, O

cing, o ppos ite

sifiedas aprepositionsignifyingby,from,

r speakingofitis inconnectionwiththe

repositionsareformedlike kemxeft

fasimpleprepositionwith anotherword.Themost

sitionsareasfollow:-

causeof.

emahau,against.

mhah,before.

f.

m i ds t .

onto.

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MA R 2 9

.

ithout.

n .

t the ba cko f be h ind ,a f ter.

to,accordingto, with.

.

e,between.

po f ,Ov e r-

eh i nd .

amerelationtoI erma,that:2

m ,a nd0e r.Its ign ifie swith in the

andhasreferencetoan antecedent.

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A M MA R .

rallywrittenaor :__-_:Iwithout thevowel,addedtoprepositionsprobablymodifiesthe senseineveryinstance.Thisis

egards. orQinn-tn,which signifies

htbe greatlyincreasedwerewetoincludeevery

n languageismostconvenientlytranslatedbya

xcept,for instance,isexpressedmostcommonlyby

ss im lbVa , a wo rdv e rs im ila rin itsd if f e re nt

pivew,andnotablysovinthe primitivesenseof

n, failing,and4%:X enanotknowing,

otionwithout.

u ,tho ugha v a rianto f th iswo rd( ha rpe, gy pt ia n Inscrip t ions II.p l .41 ,l ine 20) in

Ritua lsubst itu te sf oritswe l l - kno wnhom o phe ne : m a .

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MA R . 3 I

O N ] U N C TIO N S .

ppearonthelistof gyptianPrepositions

,eitherthroughthe suppressionofthenounor

n,orby accompanyingaverbinsteadofanoun. In

ssometimesmodified aprepositionofplacebecoming

nstancesignifiestherein suchaphraseas

p la ce the re,tha t is ,in it .e rm a is

gto the co nte x t ke m ha h0Z2e rha t

m X e twhe n, ? t e rs ince ,wh i ls t ,a s '

to ad ectivesbyprefixingthepreposition

hestdegree(cf.theHebrew w),as

ent.

re m a de by pre fix ingR to wo rds,a ske m

R IR e m ne m twice .

ativeadverbinthesenseof as,lik e,attached

osition,incomparisons.

MAa R R _.._ aR ..

a'.em Ptah

ownlikePtah.

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A M MA R .

e cto f a v e rb - '

i R m

ra ' .ka m u

nasablack pig.

ng orbecomingthesenseof as becomes

ty.

ne m ua u

ran ofifeer.

< > QR I A

rpete m se x e n

nteredintoheavensuddenly.

ondsinthetablet ofC anopustotheGreek

vovova-avefaigbwys,ue'rekdew609Tollaevaovmoo-nor.

fkem, ismoreapparentafterverbsof

E K L R R Z

rue ntie m X e t-e f e m X e t

swho (a re)withh im ,W hen

l l :

pe rx eriue m ne ta rue m

camethecattleofthe gods

r- f

nd)hisswine.

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MA R . 3 3

va le ntto the He brew i i?o rthe Gre ek

sely a kin to & e m .T he drunka rd isto ld -

r-efma pamauem

outitsgod, asal ousew ' l ou bread.

ma keg,[lma sxera,

ke, areveryfrequent. romthederivednoun

ess, copy,thecompoundkem ma

omamen,\@ mam,

the latte rf orm sco rre spo nd ing in the ' QX t o f

totheGreekadverbsciwa-rws andaot'ws-

e ly .

ormofa particle,whichalsoappearsas

a e s- .O ne o f the m ostco m mo n

behold,butlikethe Greek1'65whichcorrespondsto it

opus,itsuppliestheforce ofmanyothercon unctions.

p tio n ustna me d itco rrespo ndsto m i.

shabituallyomittedbythe gyptiansbetween

fsaying inthisyearandin thismonth,they

p tte a e m a a kpe n in th isy e a r,in

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M MA R .

oughtit necessarytoexpressthecon unction,they

herorghena betweennounsandthelatter

s.

tionalnatureofg isveryevident,forthe

earswithoutsuffixes,theverbalnotionbeing expressed

nthe R itual(chaptersi.2 3andlxxii.10) itissaid

m er-e f he na a qe r

pleasesandentersinto

reoulsed.

ntree.In anotherchapter(cxii.7)Horus

a -51e m X e n

e (a nd)m y oro therf ro m Che n

a-a .... ..

e ct to m e ,a ndm a y he withme ... ...

un-sen,butfortheprepositioni

ifItwerea noun.

esse dby II %re -pua ndkIU e m re - lnu .

\u

e m t

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M AR . 3 5

xtraditionclauseoftheTreatybetweenR ameses

,andhavereferencetodesertersfromthe landof

aphreferringtodeserters fromthelandofC hetathe

ows:-

f e m X e m t

,he ithy thre e .

o pusy [1%U Q0330u ite na ne rre -pu

brassc orrespondstovriiknvmhbvnv1)X aA/cfiv.

alioquin, else,otherwise,e.g.,

ener ari

ichy o ushal ldo

m.-u

Isha llte l l the irsto ry [ to the h ing ,m y ma ste r .

expression.Ire signifiespart,divi-

morenotionsexcludingeachotherare spokenof

s thealternative. Thismaybeplacedeither

orphrasesopposedtoeachother, anditis some-

\

nylanguages(compare115523,5 ,guoa,cheque,

eco m esa co n unct io n .T h is is the ca se in gy pt ia na s

n.

a de riv e dm ea n ing in the He bre wIN ,a co nstructno un ,s ign if ying wi l l,cho ice ,a nd in the

tiveofvote.

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M MA R .

?

' .u

artforsakingletters.

Men, hasthesenseof quia,because, as.

W 4 1>

efnebenari-tu

ty a ho v e h isserv a nte v e ry,a swa sdo ne

g l re

-a a m x ue m a b-e f a qer- ka X e rl ie n -cf

wasdevotedaeeordingtohis heartIthroveheforehis ma esty.

ovedmemorethananyof hisservants,ashis behests

day,andasI wasentirelydevotedtohis will,Igrew

orehim.

herelativepronounin uropean

riousimportantcon unctionsbyitscombinationwith

ds,as

que ,beca use.

eryfrequentlyintheinscriptionofC anopus,and

dstotheGreekvreisiy, ewei, L 670,51mgand66076.

nfrequentlyoccursin thelettersofthefirst allierpapyrus.Inothercopies of

ted,butwithoutachange ofmeaning thesecondverbbeingimmediately

s in nglish,I hearyouhavegivenupliterature,or inHebrew,seePs. ix,21,

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54/89

M AR . 3 7

tis usedliketheGreek 5ninquotinganother

3

\

e pe ru -a e m tem a e n- se m

ad e my ra r s fo rm a ' or s i n th e to wn 0 f z ' l e fl y ' a, qe .

e thatinApoc.iii, 17,Myst 5narko fimseiia ai

,Iam rich,& c.[

etimesfoundatthebeginningof letters.B utthis

piesofletters whichsuppressthepreliminaryformula,

nAmen-em-An,oftheroyalwhitehouse,says tothe

he re gu la rp la ce of g? isa f te ro ne o f the v e ra d 'e e aa ' .

sa y ,isuse dconsta nt ly in the sense o f that .

em,ea,orJ ere,Q ; km,and

itive,andinitssimple formisonlyplaced

erson.Theseverbsaregenerally(notto sayinvariably)

ss i ve s e ns e e . g. , R R K L e m X e m -

bemistakenbyyou.k emam-eflet

{T if k50e m 6e a a e m Z'e e a -

rtbe ca rrie do f f by yo urwo rds.

uffixesofthesecondpersonthe anlautofthe

ngthened,andthedeterminativesignof negation

co me sa m .

221,III,360) .B utthe firsto f the se m ay be a v a rio usre a d ing ,a ndthe

e ,Aby do sI,46)appe a rsto be ide ntica lwithC54%6Z 9[we e n-m e .On

softenwanting, asintheexamplegivenin thetext,whichappearsquite

fromthe apparentphoneticvariantslJ

ing{ e e m z a

a a nt ' y a d as m ak a rfi r d c i k ' m k ar s ' ya ' , t h ey s a y, W h at w i ll t h e ki n g do t o u s i

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M MA R .

onmagnificeturcortuum.

wn-e na a ca n,ne m a gn ifica ve ris

ta r51a

na m e of the gre atgo a .

Q%-5O QT

e m t'e ttune btue r- a

a rt ly the wo rclsa lle v i la ga instm e ,that is -

mentinaccordancewit/ allthemalignantaccusationsurgeaagainstme.

negativeparticles, itisimportantto observe(1),

ctsasingleidea orextendstotherelation ofthe

(2) ,whethe rthe phra se inwhichthe ne ga t io na ff e ctsthe

bordinate.Thenegationof asinglenotionis

first meaningofwhichisprivation. Itformswhat

mpounds,exactlylikethe Greekdprivative,e.g.,

,igno ra nt,unkno wn,Al l a nne t 'e ne ,unple a sa nt

- se pnev e r.\ %a n- tuo r

@ _

mpounds.Thesehaveverycommonlya pro-

ss lv e s ignifica tio n ,e .g .a \ \ a be a n - t x e sef - e f,

unds,inwhichthe transformationofanideaintothe

maybeeither sub ectsorpredicatesofabsolute

snotformreal compoundswithwords,

egationof thecopulaofaproposition.The

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M AR . 3 9

ntocombinationisalwaysdependentuponsome

m Xe rt ine tar

econdtimeinHades.

she sf o re ignkings@ W R I - (3m a r se ne m te m

ottobe.

wifefor theyoungerbrotherofthetale

ne.

ttogoout duringhisabsence.

H l l

n thee .

nslatebyadirectnegative,as shedidnot

hichR 181isattachedis grammaticallysubordinate

e

te t - e f

ttingwaterupon.his hand.

ngto h im ,i .e .,[d idno t l is te nto him .

rb ine y P a pyrus,p late 9 ,l ine 6 ,is a kC 76te m -e h ,tha ttho u

slipofthescribe.

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A M MA R .

theantecedentsofhypotheticalsentences,

em-ek kanen,ifthoudost notfaint,

ehtem-efiem-saAsari,

othnotcomeafterO siris.

usedininterrogativesentenceswhena

d thus,Doyoucarry,tem-ek

inksta ndwh ichd ist ingu ishe sy o uf ro m the ro we r?&c.

ndermanymasters,manysupe-

h instance s15 , a rf ro m 1t. 3x v

angry?

m o r

kt'anre

picture,youdonotsay no[doyou?

n ,a re f o rmso f the pa rticle wh ich ino rd inary ca se s

) ,whe nthe nega t iono f the co pula isa bsolu te .Ido

whichtheparticleaffectsthe copulaofasubordinate

verbwhich maynotbetranslatedinthe indicative

sofits use:

a a stne h ,Ikno wno tany p la ce.

ripaidrot-tipeh-u,my feet

-f e rte su ,he wil lno trise .

he n~a e rta s 'em -e f e r a m it,Isha l lno t

t .

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MA R . 4 I

isused(like 013)whenanaffirmative

oftenthereforetobetakenas implyingastrong

y e a se m-e ke r a e a x e t- a ,

do f Che ta P

ostof theinstanceswhereitoccurs tothe

secasesare petitionsorwishesthatsomething

gk ka re m a t-a e m nem le tm e no t

AQk _ 3M a re sere a - e a he rs aa - e r ,

y o urdoo rs .a n .figAU Q?a x e a t- e / e fiera e sa- r a ,do no twa lkupo nm y clothe s/I

stancesr-n-sis attachedtoaverbin asub-

brother-in thetalewasthree yearssearching

a X-e f a re ke m -e f ,@ 776 m i.,un y

outthevalue newofthesignI inthewordssignifyingiterareare

o gra phy IDe r km .III,p late 18 ,isde cis iv e .1RA

herformof thenotionrepetere.

e B ut le rP apy rus is[ lm AU , f ro m whence it f o l lo wstha t

hervariants showingthat:ansep, whilst

nco unt le ss insta nce sg iv e the e quiv a lento f - ..J .withN \ N \ N \ e ra ,a ndo f

s hm a ri c a nd a h id i c, s e e c h wa r t e , o p ' s el e G r am ma t ' k , p. 3 0 0) , a nd i t

hebase periodstheAAMMisvery commonlyreduplicated

ofvariantsofthesetimesthat someveryeminentscholarspersistin

no the rv e ry im po rta ntte st im ony to the v a lue o f A .is f o und in the Co pt ic

e riv e d f rom a \ \ a re - t2 , usta s6T 15de riv e d f ro m a \ \ e m l ,Alre a dy

indthe v aria ntsa %= Qa a ,the 12be ingdro ppe dby a ss im ila -

aperiphasisof thepossessivepronounfound-inthemostancientperiods.

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M MA R .

escribedin theirtriumphalinscriptionsasdestroying

rbeingable toescape, mkggam

oftheR itualberecitedoverthe departed

0

ba nsprusu

firewi thoutthereapproachingh 'm

pulaofan independentsentence,W ischiefly

ebestperiods)i nsolemndeclarations,rather

id?

x a ert 'e t tu

donotmake myselfdeaftothewords

QQP

a'.-s

oryinthetelling ofit.

onfessioninthe125thchapterof theR itual

eof suchdeclarations,whichareverycommonin

tionsofsovereigns,e.g., thatofThothmesIII,

s annals,followthesamerule.

y the com po undA a na s,o ra s it iswritte n

W W m d 5 , ' I Wi l l no t a ll o w th e e to p a ss , A W W

unlessthoutellestmyname.

aryverban,hasthe senseofaninter-

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M AR . 4 3

?? ? f .. . M TN Q R E Q :

a nXiu .

h isso u lo f the l iv ing?

M '

e X - te n

uaware?

alor hypotheticalparticle?

_. _ lJ I

e na te Xu

oudrinhestwith atoper.

Qcfia nA __ IlQ,l

l ll % ] O U U

mmahetar ta-kher-ck

hesecrets oftheAmmahet.T/Vouldstthou turnthyface?

ethings werebeingdone.

f the na ture o f a n in te r e ct iona swe l l

monlyfoundintheapodosisof hypotheticalor

tleastin anequivalentposition.O h,R a,says

a l/ .1

een identifiedwithasupposedauxiliaryverb[I .Itis muchmore

augmentedformofthe prepositionO .Inalmosteveryinstance itmaybe

m-I (withacausalmeaning)followedby agenitivecase, Inthecaseof thisbook

ngwithatoper, & c.Ido notpositivelydenytheexistenceofa verb

asyetinsufficient.Therearealso veryimportantformsandq

retospeak inthepresentwork. Theexplanationshithertogivenare,I

able.

ralother examplesofthisparticlemaybefound.

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A M MA R .

H -- -

[ 3i G k

m se xe tka

hroughthe reprohateheingswithheadsreversed,ohthen

./

e ing it issa id in the M a g ica lHa rrisP a pyrus :

R - ? C i li aO R R

u

thehankof theriver,ohthen

U R d

land,ohthen

re po s it io n Qa ccide nta l ly o mitte d in the M .ishe re suppl ie d .Ido no ta gre e

translatorofthisdocumentinidentifying@k \Iwith the

mimponere.This isderivedfromT0011.ohturare,claudere. The

y pt ia na re writte nwith the s ignsc5312te m a.X

tcut orthrust(seeDO rbineyPapyrus,V,5), andthenotionof

gha 'ro po s,d vhdho s, usta s: 21ki9Qa \ \ tmu

M '

s sharp-horned.Theverb65Q tmubyitselfis usedinthe

y,a s inP a p . a l l ier,IV,23 ,I.T o be s i len t is IQf e m -n -

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62/89

M AR . 4 5

usedadverbiallyinthesenseof again,once

rinthe tale,aftermentioningcertainconditions

by h issen io r,a ddsU K 50

lllive again!

alparticlesatthe beginningofasentenceisno

e gyptianlanguage..ThetaleoftheTwo B rothers

cewith-

W

e nhruX e pe ru

da y Iwa s[ca m e .

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M MA R .

S .

areaandhad, thevarious

efrequentlyomitted.Thelatteris veryfrequently

dressingthedeparted.isoftenrepresented

eI 26thchapteroftheR itual.

@ Q R m il [ 1 %

i l l

emIhit ua

s it t inga tthe he a do f the ba ch

e ct ion the de m onstrat iv e prono un%pa ha sin

ofvocativeforce.

nalsuffixesinm

us./

e r e ct iona lco me ./

@ m utt ,a re a lso f o und

e !

xpressionswillbenoticedin thesectiontreatingof

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MA R .

essesbeingoractionwithoutany referenceto

ofthespeaker.It hasnotenses,moods,voices, or

he perso nale nd ings,so ind ispe nsa ble to the Indo-

he e m it icv e rbs,a re f o re ignto it .T he pro no m ina l

endedtotheverb havetheappearanceofpersonal

hese,however,in someessentialrespects.

onouns,andassuchtake theplaceofthe

sno te x presse d.W he nthe sub e ct ise x pre ssed

Wesay flux-sentheylive,but

minim max-senwould

Inthisconstructionthenoun isnotthe

heverb, butwhatgrammarianscallthenominative

cessarilyappendedtotheverbitself,but may,

o rse para te d f ro m itby pa rticle s e .g .,

o r

e m 'm Ho rus.

q

ce d ' O s ' r ' s .

othe verbs,eitherdirectlyorwith theinter

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M MA R .

e prese ntthe ob e cta swe l la sthe sub e cto f a v e rb.

duntad eamdii.

perateosdeusille

uti, occiditeosThoth.

i ii ii qi t 0' q R A

t-u i-a e r

quendum(et) ,oedesmeiadamhulanaum:

hR i R D it 1

O

upfine f er

umcoronamhancnohilem

oq h hl

u

docurruum.

ights ign if y tho uha stwov e n usta swe l la s

resenceofasuffixdeterminesthe personspoken

arilyimplya personalverb.Itis consistentwitha

u- s ,l ike the C o pt ice q,6C ,

ng,aswellas heis, sheis.

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M MA R .

rycasetobegatheredfromthe contextorthe

esamelaws ofhumanthoughtregulateall

nsentencesareingeneralveryshort andeasyof

nce sbe twee nthe gy pt ia n la ngua ge ,o nthe o ne

o pea na nd e m it ic,o nthe o ther,is tha tthe d ist inct io n

wordscan hardlybesaidtoexist atallin thelatter.-

otherfamiliesof languageslies,asitwere, below

vealedbyitsdevelopmentstoscientificenquiry,is

in gy ptia nwith the wo rd ina ctua luse . ro m o ne

m it icro o t ,wh ich is itse lf no pa rto f spe echa ndha sbuta n

nouns,ad ectives,adverbs,andotherpartsof speech

gyptianwordtakenbyitselfis nopartofspeech,

notionwhichit representsispotentiallynoun,verb,

T husa n iscom m o nly a na d e ct ive in the

ensignifiesa greatone,magnas.Itis anadverb

ective,anditis averbinthe sentence2%:U Jugane-ehaaeih-ehdonot magnifythyheart.Thenotionexpressed

o nly de term ineda stha to f a v e rb in the strictse nse

y the pre se nce o f a sub e ct .W henno sub e ct(no uno r

mayindeedhavea verbuminfinitum,butthisis

unoran ad ective(participle).Intheinvocationof

3?22666W a ha e / pe re rnna n

eavenlyabyss, 'orwhenthedeceasedsays

h se s n a 6 p er e r n se x e R a %

ofsuffixesnotto beaersonalverb.

o f a v icto rio usking %A0%hna ha

no sta nd ingbe fo re h im ,wo u ldright ly B e re ndere d in

gerundiveconstruction.

itssub ecteitherimmediatelyorthroughthe

MMMen, oritsaugmentedformaan, as

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67/89

A M MA R .

a ,QAB M 69$t 'e tia nRa . In gy ptia n

holesentencemaybethesub ectofaverb, andone

mmaticallysubordinatedtoanother.

ustmentionedarewhollyirrespectiveoftime

eptibledifferencebetweenthemis thatMalways

erb,whilstn asinvariablyprecedesthesub ector

lattermaybe fromtheverb.

naccompaniedbyanauxiliaryverb, andis

tetoit.

ean be,gun be,$5ar 'do,

aertagive,make. Thesewords,togetherwith

n[3%paandthe prepositionsg?herand er,play

ctionof gyptiansentences.Thecombinations

wordswiththe principalverbalnotionwillbe best

wingexamples:

g oe s o ut .

-e f ,she sei e supo nh im .

tsta y.

e t,he

O a s ?

wnhisloaduponthe ground.

Q a u- a e rs e m er t a a nt

ountainofthecedar.

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68/89

MA R . 5 I

m 5% X e ? xe m iu

e re shal lno tbe ho st i l i t ie sbe twee nthe m ev e r.

le O 3%....m ksO M

n en X e a e k @1 / p a [a m k a m ' e 1 @e , th e g re a t ki n g of

e a n in roa dupo nthe la ndo f gy pt .

%a m 6% a- f Jinx e r/ z e _&,h isso u l l iv e th f or

wn

e rpa f Z z ka ' ,the y o uthe nte re d in to h issta b le .

millhrf:

s e m 'ke y x e pe / ue m 1m @ 12@ e su,the sm e llo f the lo cko f

s.

m X674,O ne wa sfighting .

ched .

?e npa ne dra 'a km 67/ um a m ?the

rongly.

e 7 2 B g x m

ofB achtanwaslyingonhis couch

: Q MM 2 14 Z z fi ai e n u er Z e f e n{ e n- 6f , on e

y.

yreadsapsen, signifiestwice,and indicatesthatthewordafterwhich itis

in pa n ish e staba e 1re y durm ie ndo e nsu le cho. v e nthe re nch

hesamething, tantandtais representingthe atinstans andstabam.

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69/89

A M MA R

s52a c' r ' f se g fe m ,the dea f m a n he do th

givesacausativesensetothe verbwhichit

e n ( m -d e r c Z - u p er - e7 e m re - d,

om mymouth.

= O % Q A A _O E T _ Q A

Z

uX e pe ruua e nm a cm 67/ a u_ -e f e ra n

go dm ade to e x ista la rge strea m be twe e nh im a ndh ise lder

wshiscattle oAll 13kqgQ mkmlm67{fai- usferempa 'senZ z /m ',tomakethemlie downintheir

- f @e r g i - u p a f m z ' , h e ma d e sh a rp h i s pi k e.

vesignificatlon,and1svery commonlyplaced

ssivesense.

m we f e m pa utne 'u / u ,he isasso ciate d

ods.

e n ke n -c f e r d u f ' a C fi m su h is

nsuto be transpo rte d .

d z m ie n ,the ro ya lscribe ca m e .

arfromexhaustingthecatalogueofforms

anlanguagetoexpresswhatweshouldcall the

mand betweenhiselderbrother,as inHebrew.

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M AR . 5 3

b,but theotherformswhichare foundaremerely

e,andwi llnotpresentanydifficultiesto thestudent.

haracteristicoffuture timearethoseinwhich the

sbetweenanauxiliaryandthe verb.Thepresence

dicationofpasttime. Theprepositiong?

ndthe verbmostfrequentlyimpliespasttime

thecaseif theclauseinwhich itoccursis the

mporallyconditioned e.g.,

herhena- k

e n e sf o rlh [sha l lha v e ane x p lana t ionwith the e

h-ef,inhispresence, aswellasthe context

thatwemusttranslate g?D\/@ QIshall

Isha l lha v e had butth isusage o f a f o rm o rd ina ri ly

timeisnot peculiarto gyptian.TheGreekaorist

n a t in ) isuse d in the sa me m a nner,a ndspe akso f

fithad reallyhappened.

weentheprotosisandapodosisof thesentence

dby the m e re ux ta po sit io no f the two cla use s,the first

n.Thisauxiliaryis verycommonlyusedin

concurrentlywithotheraction. orinstance,in

sthesonofAbna-

u .s . he rre t - t i - a e m x et

as f ol l o r l n g t he h i ng o n my fi e e 4 1 1 7 1g

afety,health,wordsconstantlyaddedafterthementionof theking.

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A M MA R .

@ a l l?

hemse-hertema

aio t ,o ne sa tdo wnbe fo re the town

s , l u M

e t- t i - a e m ba hhe n-e f a ha -na

nmy f e e the o re h ism a e sty wa s

a .. . : - . .. . . 4 3%

e nne f e r

Memphis.1

a m

- ' O IM M Iiuna ntuhe rhe m se - tuher a rhe na e m re np itV

ha ruhe n in the 5thy ea r

W I Q R

N M - J

a ha e na n-na hake tu IIIa m

toolsitI carriedofthreecaptivesthere,

.

yparallelinstancesfromthesameinscription

The clausebeginningwith'ggunasanauxiliaryis

yanotherclausementioning-asN dGAondactionperformed

t but ine ithe rca se itm ay be re ndere dby the

sicallanguages,e.g., O

seter aqerager,Amabatilleeamvehe-

e to the town.1 N a m e o f a sh ip .

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MA R . 5 5

ngactionpastin atimeitselfpast, isrenderedin

useof thedemonstrativepronoun[3%pawiththe

o, aftertheprincipalverbalnotionof theclause,e.g.,

@ Z lhs-n

Xa tbu

househeslew

< ~ > > h ?

a se ta uu

wherto the do gs.

m e O

ne r ute n- se -nene r

aa7come

kem-nefsu her

M e i 'u 'tne s,he f o undh im in

-tuer

tinto

for expressingtheimperative,optative,or

sameformswhichexpressthe indicativemaybytheir

g i t - _ '

rensense Tus


73/89

M MA R .

bappearssometimestobeusedinter ectionally,

expressiveofabsolutecommand,as @-

he rin te r e ct iona lf o rms,sucha sd , R me i,m d ',dm m d,a re pre fixe dto v e rbsuse d ina n im pe ra t iv e se nse .T he

sasverbsthe senseofcome.Theinter ectional

mesfollowedbythepronominalsuffixofthesecond

heprepositionO W,to as%Amag-676k,

hisremindsusof theHebrew31?,which

way.

uentlyplacedbeforethecrude and,therefore,

b,as inAem(m, asinItalian, non

rudeformoftheverb isgenerallyprecededby

61/,g?[261,or kem.Theusual sense,however,

emisparticipial,or gerundive.

rthepassivesignification,thoughtheadditionof

yfrequently,thoughbynomeans always,coincident

tiscertainlyfrom thisancientformthatthe C optic

rticipialtermination017'.

passiveparticipialsense,asin thecommon

,belovedofhisfather.

toaverbby prefixingtheletter[lto it,as

e .T h is le t te r5ha sbe co m e ha rde ne dto a in

k iu d e, 2 0 9 . w a ld , A uq f ii / r l ' c / e r e / r uc / , 3 2 8 .

s ista,which neverbecameobsolete.Thevowela'wasweakened

knownlaw. Thechangefrommto minthedevelopmentoflanguagecannot

who kno wthe o rig ino f ng l isha ndGe rma n icpart icipia le nd ings ine da nd .

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M AR . 5 7

atthewholetheoryof theverbs,likeother

Grammar,issusceptibleofconsiderablemodification

eshevidence.

n gyptiansentenceisconstant.Whenthe

ede sitssub e ct .T he v erbto be isv e ry co mm o nly

edwhentheindependentpronouns76nah, 2 ;

placeisconsequentlyatthebeginningof asentence

ms,thecopulatowhich isunderstood.Thus-

r X e f t u - f

m ing f o rth f ro m the ho ri o na ga insth is f o es.

esepersonalpronounsisnotto beconsideredasits

rto f a no un- te rm .If ,f orinsta nce ,C ] ?we re

ustquote dthe sense wo u ldbe I(a m )he who co me th

&c.,no t Ico m e f o rth f ro m the hori o n .

fasentenceimpliestheellipsis oftheverb

alledverbumsubstantivumorasanauxiliary

remoterob ectsofaverb arenounstheformer

e cta ndthe latte rco me sla st .

R N S ?

n

ehungry,watertothe thirsty,

t

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M MA R .

mewhetherthesub ectbeanoun orapronominal

to f the v erb ,whe the rina no b e ct ive o rina re ce pt iv e

sentedbya suffix.Threesuffixesaretherefore

e whe nthe v e rbha sbotha ne a rera nda re m o te o b e ct ,

lightsyllablesofthenature ofsuffixescanbeplaced

.Whenasuffixrepresentingthe remoterob ectis

sitionsuch asilk,12, %& c.,thesupportis a

regroup isplacedlast.B utthesupportofthe

er,andeveni arisinsufficient,and theyrequire

ssibletothe verb.Iftherebe onlyoneitcomesnext

re be mo re thano ne the y hangupo ne acho therin the

ct ,2ne a re ro b e ct ,3 re m ote ro b e ct ,e x ce ptwhenthe

onp lu ra l is the sub e cto f the v erb .In th isca se it is

thefollowingexamplesthecomplementofan

inthesameway astheremoterob ectofatransitive

sdeus.

v i d et e u m o l d eu s .

e t i lle e um .

ditevosme.

m -e f- e s ,he m-ne f -e s ,ca pta v it i l le ea m ,

esmayofcourse occurinasentence. Iamherespeakingonly ofthose

cta ndthe two o b e cts .

rdscanno ta lwa y sbe shown in ng l ishaswe l la s ina a t inv ers io no f the se

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M AR . 5 9

o e go a dte.

eniuntadmedii.

/aemxesefa,applauduntei dii

umQsiridis.

a he sa,a dsta nte iDe ca n i.

a -a r -e f T ah a t ' s e ma - X e m t As a r ~

htowardsitThoth, ustifyingQsirisagainsthisfoes.

- ef Ira ise m y se lf upo n it.

( tha t) Im a y l iv e upon it .

,d ir ig ite m e a d i llud .

ar-ef-tehhetara,spectatemeinillo,vos,dii.

W M 31e

a ,de v ora ture nim in i l lo m e mbrum Dei o l is?

nineexamples,ofwhichthis isthelastcited (theyaretakenfromthe R itual,

x x x,21 x v i i i,37_ ; x x v i ,4 lx x xi i ,2 x cix ,g8 x cv ii ,2 x ci i i,3 ) ,issu f ficie ntto

ofqar-efIt ismerelytheaugmentedformofthe preposition

slastexampletheantecedentreferredtois thefeastofdemons.In the

tecedentisI set,an alley,hereprobablytheMilkyWay. Thewordis

and5,wherethe sameideaisdeveloped).Atc. xcix,28,theantecedent

cf. c.lxxii,I, 2.At0. lxxxii,2,theabominablethingwhich thedeceased

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M MA R .

e - u ' - f, p r ms t it i t mi h i o l d eu s m an u s

- ,de turm 11a qua qua e e st in te.

,duxdeorum,faucesmeos.

e m -nd- se e nne dru ,Ire pea t

__ ....

: : e f use 1m 1m m m ,d ixe runte a mih iscriba e .

withtheverb bymeansof[lm issometimesplaced

fromthe verb,andattheend ofasentence.

atedasstrong prepositions.

unctions,andprepositionsnecessarilydepends

whichtheyhavereference.

larlyin theearlierinscriptions,areoften made

uld actuallycomebeforethem.Thesuccessorsof

led %'Hors'su,instead ofk

',sharp-horned,forthe

anadverb,and qualifiesthefollowingwordasif

ax fe ,swift-handed,insuch

f .._ __ _D is f e t(cf .T od .cx lv ,57 ,with

C o pt icTO T its ign ifie sha nd,no t a rm._O ne o pe nsthe e -no f the go d

scarry ro dso rva se s in their- - '81c.

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M AR . 6 1

dentlyofthesuffixesattachedtothemrarely

eymayconsistentirelyofvowels.

oot,stem,and completewordithasbeensaid

gyptian.Thecompletewordisin mostcasesthe

hisisnot, however,alwaysthecase.Thereare

ipbetweentheparticles & em,arn,

k) ] te f e t,a sto re house ,a nd II

weentheverbsaon, ant,

a nd IQa rna rn ,de v oure r.

ormsaresimplerthan others.Thelesssimpleforms

he lengtheningofthewrittenvowelsor bythe

Manywordsofthe gyptianvocabularyare

duplicationconsistsinthe repetitionoftheentire

onosyllabic,orintheadditionof asyllable

palletters oftheprimitiveform.If theprimitive

plicationof itadmitsofonlyone additionalsyllable,

ofoneoftheoriginal syllables,oritmaybe formed

theconsonants.

nsofthe reduplicationofmonosyllabicforms,or

sonant:-

ha .

e X .

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79/89

M MA R .

en,l yehenen.

m,rerem,

e nse,[ im p ?se fle s,a 5686.

? 2 h e he s .

PA sexes.

arnamu.

k% lgge n iam u.

: IJse m am u.

econsonantsarereduplicatedas inthefollowing

h e te h te h .

m,A stenemem.

otexceedthreesyllables.The simpleformof

h ich ,l ike the co gnate C o pt icTe ttg ,is

o rda sJ [1%Z Z \ 4%if ha a ha ha oa ,

onfusionproducedbyupsetting,isnoexampleof

nseof theword,butof thattendencyinlanguage

sas topsy-turvy,higgledy-piggledy.

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MA R . 6 3

withthelettera tarefeminine,but some

te rm ina t io n,e .g .,Ite t ,a ha nd,Q Qgta t ,a n

nenemy,Mala?test,a hillyregion,

asculinenounstheQ issometimesanaddition

m ,e .g .,[ a e e pe t,C o m pare dwith i h ip -

ndofa wordhasastrongtendencyto redupli-

a a g , e mw,a P ho e nix ,M g)

VHZ Z L ,37-7716,a na rm,A

not confinedtowordsbeginningwithtwo

sfoundevenat thebeginningofwordsbeforethe

the ca se with the v o we lka .M a isa lso

cally,andsometimesitisinterpolatedbetweenthe

tfrequent,butthey occurinsufficientnumbers

the gyptianlanguageisnotasrepugnantto

tance,of the emiticlanguages.B utthecomposition

anwordsisof averyelementarycharacter,asinthe

nd ,f ro m 2Xe rt ,a ndhm .

l is t ,l i tera l ly tha to nwh ichh isna m e is.

uline(cf. Todt.xcix,linesI and2),cannotpossiblybe thephoneticvariantof

a d ingo f W hlCh isse t .

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A M MA R .

y,fem-re,besilent,

fi(Gem-re,find speech.

-m,adoration,literallybreathingthe

ria l .

eartobe compoundwords.

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M AR . 6 5

G O B S E R V ATI O N S .

posethatthe gyptianlanguagewasatanytime

mtheoperationsof thosephysiologicallaws,nowso

parativephilology,throughwhichin thecourseof

alanguageisgraduallyandinsensiblyalteredand

nlanguagewasnotmorestationarythananyother

tthelanguageofthe inscriptionsoftheR oman

upt andbarbarousstyleoforthography,identicalin

withthatofthe earliestperiods:butattheR oman

sa de a d langua ge ,l ike the a t ino f m ode rn inscrip tio ns,

ycenturies.Thereis evidencewhichproves

im e o f e t i I,in the XIX thDy nasty ,phone t ic

difiedthelanguage. Theprogressofthisdecay is

waysisinsuch cases,bytheabsenceof aseriesof

helivingspeechascontrastedwith eruditecomposition.

he redto ,a sm o dern ng l isha nd re nchwrit ing

hasceasedtorepresentthetrue pronunciation

tself, howeverextinctitmayotherwisebe, continues

henew onewhichhasbeengraduallygeneratedfrom

itsstrength. atinhadlongbeendead before

Ita l ia n, re nch,a nd pa n ish a ndwe m a y be qu ite

gyptianutterlyperishedasaliving languagelong

awnupin Demotic.Thelater gyptianinscriptions,

omanperiods,are,therefore,ofveryinferior

er times.Theirauthorityreposesingreat

ancesof thisinanarticle publishedintheZ eitsohriftfarAegyptisehe

so-oalledenigmatiealwriting.

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83/89

M MA R .

dtradition, andissofar ofimmensevalue but

esinwhich theabsenceoflivingtraditionhas been

unauthorisedinventions.Theragefor novelties

ewritersof thelaterinscriptionsseriouslydetracts

htotherwisebegrantedtotheir evidence.

ebest periodsacertainamountofcriticism is

rentevidencedrawnfrompublicinscriptionsis an

de:butaccidentalerrorsareoccasionallyfound

Theerrorof onemonumentmaybecheckedby

uments.Manuscriptsinthe cursiveor,asit is

character,havetwoimportantadvantagesover

ettersarewrittenin theirexactorderwithoutthe

tyleso oftenpaystonotionsofartistic symmetry

which arecommonlyomittedintheseverestyle

nsuppliedbythemanuscripts.

unerealpapyri,whichwerenot expectedto

aftertheyweredepositedintombs, areoftenmost

f themostevidentblunders.Thecollationof

eforthe rightunderstandingofthese'texts.'It

wereoftenwrittenbypersons whodidnotunderstand

anuscriptswhich wepossessarefull ofblunders

nfrom thatofincorrectcopying.The mostrapid

uscriptsisdictation.A carelessorunintelligent

morei ncrediblenonsensefromdictationthanthe

pyistwould becapableof.Wemustbeware of

orantand idlescribesintoa systemwhichcould

theendto anyscientificinquirywhichallowed

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84/89

T R I T

D G PT IA N I T R A TU R E .

F AR C HAIC C L A S IC S .

A M M AR . A n l e me n ta r y Gr a mm ar a n d R e a di n g B o o k

e ,in the Cune if o rm Cha ra cter: co ntain ingthe m o stco mple te y l la ba ry y e t

ve a lso a sa Vo cabu lary o f bo thAcca d ia nandAssy ria n .By R e v .A.H . A C E ,

o m para t ive P h i lolo gy ,Ox f o rd .( e co nd d it ion ,R e v iseda ndC o rre cte d .)

oN T H A S Y R I AN AN G U AG AN D Y L L AB A R Y .

C E ,M .A.,De puty P ro f esso ro f Co m pa ra tiv e P h i lo lo gy ,O x f o rd.Qua rto,

T , s e le c te d a nd a r ra n ge d w it h P hi l ol o gi c al N o t e s . B y

D G , M . R . A . . , A s sy r ia n x h ib i ti o ne r , C h r i st s C o l l eg e , C a m br i dg e , et c . N e w V o lu m e

. A N L E M N T A R Y MA N U A O F T H G P TI AN

t h an i nt er li ne ar y R E A DI N G B o o x. B y P . E PA G R E N O U F , . R . . . P ri ce 5 s. 6 d.

. o r t he U s e o f t u de n ts . P ar t 1 .: T e xt ,

ation.PartII. :TextandTransliteration.PartIII. :TextsDissectedfor

mna t iv e s with isto f y l la bic igns,a nd isto f gy pt ia n o v e reigns.

b y . B I R C H , L . D . Qu a rt o , C l o t h, 1 2 s.

H E T . T h es e s he e ts h a ve b e en p r ep a re d t o en a bl e t he

ress,bytranslatingashortpassagefrom somewell-knownText.In heet

yrianand gyptian,willbegivenan interlineatedText,withspaceleftbetweenthe

d thefollowing heetswillcontainanotherportionof Text,fortranslation,and

f thepassagegivenintheprecedingsheet. O n\N ritingPaper,2a.each.

I T R A T U R E : e ct ur es d el iv er ed a tt he R o y al I n-

. A C E ,M .A.,De puty P ro fe sso ro f Co m pa rat iv e P hi lo logy ,Ox f o rd .Author

r T he P rincip leso f C o m para t ive P h i lo lo gy r & c.De m y 8vo ,C lo th ,4s.

T A H I TO R Y O F G PT .R e de e ct ur e,

e Ho use o f the U n iv ers ity o f Ca m bridge ,o nthe 26thM a y ,I876.B y .B IR C H ,

a ppe r,Is .6a .

T H P A T : b ei n g n g li s h Tr a ns l at i on s o f th e A ss y ri a n

ts.P ub l ishe dunde rthe sa nct io no f the o cie ty o f B ib l ica lArcha eo lo gy.

lothextra.C loth,3s.6a. eachvolume.

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T IO N AR Y ,B io graph ical ,H isto rica l ,a ndM y tho-

e g y pt i an , A ss y ri a n, a n d t r us c an M o nu m en t s an d P ap y ri . B y W . R . C O O P R ,

. A . . , e c re t ar y o f th e o c ie t y of B i b li c al A r ch m ol o gy . C l o t h e xt r a, I 5 s .

E D E . T r an s la t io n o f th e I ns c ri p ti o ns . e e

G P TI AN O B E L I K S , b yw .R . C O O P R , M . R . A. . , . R . A. . , e cr et ar yo f

Archa eo lo gy. e co nd d it ion .P rice 2s.6d .

l i t t le bo o kiswe l lt im e d,a ndco nta insa l la ndm ore tha nm ostpe o p le wa ntto knowo nthe sub e ct .It is

reference.Mor1 2'ngPost.

TIM S O F AB R AHAM.B ytheR E V.H N R Y

IN S ,M e m bero f the o cie ty o f B ib l icalArcha e olo gy ,e tc.P ro f use ly Il lustrate d inChro m o -

Quarto,C lothextra,163.

raphyof Abraham,butgivesanaccountof thecivilisedworldin whichhe

a stto gy pto nthe W e st ,d ra wnf ro m the e x istingre sultso f gy pto lo g ica l

h,andelucidatesthetrue positionandcharacterofthepatriarch. Theillustrations

raphicpointof view,asspecimensofthe leadingracesoftheearlyworld.

oftenrisesintoeloquence thematerialsadmirablyarrangedandofhistoricalinterest. Academy.

siderablevalue.- eetalor.

excellentdraughtsman,hasaddedmuchtothevalueof thebookbyheliotypeplates,representing

terestingB abylonianseal-cylinders. TheologicalR eview.

e - stude nts ,p re a chers ,a ndte ache rs. T he Christ ia n .

d in d ee d i mp o rt a nt b o ok . L z ' e mr y C / z e r el m an .

flbo o kisa bo o kf orscho lars . T / e x po s ' lo r.

A T R . T h e Hi s to r y, A r t , an d P al a eo g ra p hy o f t he

ledthe U tre chtP sa lte r,with th re e a cs imile P la te s.B y W A T R D

. R . . . , e n io r A ss i st a nt o f t he D e pa r tm en t o f Ma n us c ri p ts i n t he B r i ti s h Mu s eu m

he Brit ishArchae o log ica lAsso cia tio n ,e tc.C lo the x tra ,129 .

A N D I L U M I N A T IO N S . A n I n tr od uc ti on t o th e

nuscripts : witha d ict io na ry of ub e cts in the Brit ishM use um .By W A T R

H , . R . . . , e n io r A ss i st a nt o f t he M a nu s cr i pt D e pa r tm e nt i n t he B r i t i s h Mu s eu m a n d

E R , e n iorAss istant in the M a nuscrip tDe pa rtm e nt in the B rit ishM use um.W ith Il lustra t io ns

lothextra,16s.

I E in t h e Ti m e of O u r o r d. T r an s la t ed f r om t h e

D L I TZ S C H . C r ow n 8 0 , C l ot h, 2 s. 6 d.

V R Y A N D . A Hi st or y of t he a cr ed c ri pt ur es i n

lectintowhichTranslationshavebeen made.Illustratedby pecimen

racte rs , e rie so f Alpha bets ,C o lo ure d thno gra ph ica lM a ps,T a b les ,Inde xe s,e tc.

lework,which hasbeenoutofprint forsomeyears,havecomeintoour hands.C loth,Tl.In. 6d.

O R D . M o ml m en l al . C o n fi r ma t or y o f th e O l d T e st a -

lectionofthemostimportantrecentDiscoveries,especiallyin WesternAsiaand

highestattainableantiquity confirmatoryandillustrativeofthe tatementsofHoly

y W I L I A M HA R R I R U L E , D . D. C r o wn 8 V 0, C l o th e x tr a , 53 . -

C O R D . H is to ri ca l. C r o w n8 V0 , C l o th e xt ra , 5s .

T R A N D O N S ,

R o w, O N D O N .

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87/89

F MI C HI GA N

A R Y

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88/89

u.~14AI -W W

'-v o .fw_ '_ __ _ N w~

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89/89

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uv rt i i f i ...

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m m ....i t ....1 .2 .5 .1 !.r52...: 1 If Inst i ll I .. .$1 ., .Ir .f ! .r l49 ..fnwt la vm hP -m l

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Grammar Ancient Egypt