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4.01 Classification4.01 Classification
HistoryHistory
Two Kingdoms – Plants and AnimalsTwo Kingdoms – Plants and Animals
Three Kingdoms – Plants, Animals and ProtistsThree Kingdoms – Plants, Animals and Protists
Five Kingdoms – Plants, Animals, Protists, Fungi Five Kingdoms – Plants, Animals, Protists, Fungi and Moneraand Monera
Why do the kingdoms keep changing?Why do the kingdoms keep changing?
Taxons of ClassificationTaxons of Classification
KingdomKingdom
PhylumPhylum
ClassClass
Order Order
Family Family
Genus Genus
SpeciesSpecies
Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature
Two name system of classification.Two name system of classification.
Examples:Examples:
Homo sapienHomo sapien
Canis familiarisCanis familiaris
Felis domesticusFelis domesticus
Quercus albaQuercus alba
Basis of Classification:Basis of Classification:
Evolutionary phylogenyEvolutionary phylogeny DNA/biochemical analysisDNA/biochemical analysis EmbryologyEmbryology MorphologyMorphology
Phylogenetic TreesPhylogenetic Trees
Used to show Used to show relationships relationships between organisms.between organisms.
Who evolved first.Who evolved first.
Which organisms are Which organisms are either very closely either very closely related or distantly related or distantly related.related.
Phylogenetic Trees con’tPhylogenetic Trees con’t
Which phylum is the Which phylum is the most closely related most closely related to the Chordata?to the Chordata?
Which phylum Which phylum evolved first? evolved first? Between Arthropoda,Between Arthropoda,Annelida and Annelida and Mollusca? Who Mollusca? Who evolved first?evolved first?
Biochemical AnalysisBiochemical Analysis
Biochemical or DNA Biochemical or DNA similarities help to similarities help to demonstrate demonstrate relatedness between relatedness between organisms.organisms.
(cytochrome C is a (cytochrome C is a protein found in the protein found in the mitochondria)mitochondria)
EmbryologyEmbryology
Similarities during Similarities during embryological embryological development can development can demonstrate how two demonstrate how two organisms are organisms are related.related.
MorphologyMorphology
Similarities in the Similarities in the structure of these structure of these frog skulls ( 6 frog skulls ( 6 different species) different species) show how closely show how closely they are related.they are related.
Cell TypesCell Types
ProkaryotesProkaryotes- No nucleus (no No nucleus (no
nuclear membrane)nuclear membrane)- RibosomesRibosomes- No membrane No membrane
bound organellesbound organelles- Small & primitiveSmall & primitive- Circular DNA (one Circular DNA (one
chromosome)chromosome)
Cell Types con’tCell Types con’t
EukaryoticEukaryotic- Nucleus (nuclear Nucleus (nuclear
membrane)membrane)- Membrane bound Membrane bound
organelles, have organelles, have ribosomesribosomes
- Large & complexLarge & complex
Overview of the Eukaryotic Overview of the Eukaryotic KingdomsKingdoms
Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista
Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista
- Unicellular and multicellularUnicellular and multicellular- Heterotrophic and autotrophicHeterotrophic and autotrophic- Sexual and asexual reproductionSexual and asexual reproduction- Close association with waterClose association with water- Often referred to as the “dumping Often referred to as the “dumping
ground”ground”- Ex: algae, protozoans, fungus-like Ex: algae, protozoans, fungus-like
protistsprotists
Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi
- Unicellular (yeast) though most are Unicellular (yeast) though most are multicellularmulticellular
- HeterotrophicHeterotrophic
- Reproduce asexually (spores) and Reproduce asexually (spores) and sexuallysexually
- Cell walls made of chitin (polysaccharide)Cell walls made of chitin (polysaccharide)
Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae
- Autotrophic (carries out photosynthesisAutotrophic (carries out photosynthesis
- True roots, stems, leavesTrue roots, stems, leaves
- MulticellularMulticellular
- SessileSessile
- Chloroplasts and cell walls- Chloroplasts and cell walls
Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia
HeterotophsHeterotophs Able to move at some point in their lifeAble to move at some point in their life MulticellularMulticellular
4.02 Analyze essential life 4.02 Analyze essential life functions of specific functions of specific representativesrepresentatives
Transport: How organisms move food and Transport: How organisms move food and wastes throughout their bodies.wastes throughout their bodies.
Excretion: How organisms get rid of their waste Excretion: How organisms get rid of their waste and balance their fluids.and balance their fluids.
Regulation: How organisms control body Regulation: How organisms control body processes – i.e. hormones and nervous systemprocesses – i.e. hormones and nervous system
Respiration: How organisms exchange gases Respiration: How organisms exchange gases (O(O22 and CO and CO22) with the environment) with the environment
Con’tCon’t
Nutrition: How organisms break down and Nutrition: How organisms break down and absorb foods.absorb foods.
Synthesis: How organisms build Synthesis: How organisms build necessary molecules.necessary molecules.
Reproduction: Continuation of the species Reproduction: Continuation of the species thru sexual or asexual reproduction.thru sexual or asexual reproduction.
Growth and DevelopmentGrowth and Development
Unicellular ProtistsUnicellular Protists
Examples: Amoeba, Paramecium, EuglenaExamples: Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena
Transport, Excretion and Respiration: Transport, Excretion and Respiration: osmosis, diffusion, active transportosmosis, diffusion, active transport
Nutrition: food vacuolesNutrition: food vacuoles
Reproduction: mostly asexual, binary Reproduction: mostly asexual, binary fissionfission
Annelid WormsAnnelid Worms
Transport: five “hearts, dorsal and ventral Transport: five “hearts, dorsal and ventral blood vessel, closed systemblood vessel, closed system
Excretion: nephridia, “kidney-like” Excretion: nephridia, “kidney-like” structures found on every segmentstructures found on every segment
Regulation: dorsal “brain, ventral nerve Regulation: dorsal “brain, ventral nerve cordcord
Respiration: breath through their skinRespiration: breath through their skin
Worms con’t Worms con’t
Nutrition: crop (storage), gizzard (grinds), Nutrition: crop (storage), gizzard (grinds), intestine (chemical digestion)intestine (chemical digestion)
Reproduction: worms are hermaphroditic, Reproduction: worms are hermaphroditic, exchange sperm and lay eggsexchange sperm and lay eggs
Development: from eggsDevelopment: from eggs
InsectsInsects
Transport: open circulatory systemTransport: open circulatory system
Excretion: Malpighian tubulesExcretion: Malpighian tubules
Regulation: hormones, nervous system, Regulation: hormones, nervous system, pheromonespheromones
Respiration: tubes called tracheaeRespiration: tubes called tracheae
Nutrition: insects have a wide variety of Nutrition: insects have a wide variety of mouth parts to eat a variety of foodsmouth parts to eat a variety of foods
Insects con’tInsects con’t
Reproduction/Development: Reproduction/Development: metamorphosismetamorphosis
Incomplete: egg Incomplete: egg young young adult adult
Complete: egg Complete: egg larva larva pupa pupa adult adult
AmphibiansAmphibians
Transport: closed circulatory systemTransport: closed circulatory system
Excretion: kidneys/urinary bladderExcretion: kidneys/urinary bladder
Regulation: hormones (control Regulation: hormones (control metamorphosis), nervous systemmetamorphosis), nervous system
Respiration: gills, lungs, skinRespiration: gills, lungs, skin
Nutrition: larva (herbivores), adults Nutrition: larva (herbivores), adults (carnivores)(carnivores)
Amphibians con’tAmphibians con’t
Reproduction: sexual, external fertilization Reproduction: sexual, external fertilization and developmentand development
Development: metamorphosisDevelopment: metamorphosis
Egg Egg larva larva
adultadult
MammaliaMammalia
Transport: closed circulatory systemTransport: closed circulatory system
Excretion: kidneys Excretion: kidneys
Regulation: hormones, well developed Regulation: hormones, well developed nervous system (developed senses)nervous system (developed senses)
Respiration: lungsRespiration: lungs
Nutrition: digestive tracts vary according to Nutrition: digestive tracts vary according to what the animal eatswhat the animal eats
Mammalia con’tMammalia con’t
Reproduction: sexual with internal Reproduction: sexual with internal fertilizationfertilization
Development: Development: External External duck billed platypus and spiny duck billed platypus and spiny
anteater lay eggsanteater lay eggsInternal Internal Marsupials – partial placentalMarsupials – partial placentalMost mammals have a well developed Most mammals have a well developed
placenta (uterus)placenta (uterus)
Non Vascular PlantsNon Vascular Plants
Mosses and liverwortsMosses and liverworts
Transport: no xylem and phloem, must use Transport: no xylem and phloem, must use osmosis and diffusionosmosis and diffusion
Respiration: gas exchange through Respiration: gas exchange through diffusiondiffusion
Synthesis: carry out photosynthesis and Synthesis: carry out photosynthesis and make sugars and other macromolecules make sugars and other macromolecules
Non Vascular PlantsNon Vascular Plants
Reproduction: fertilization requires water Reproduction: fertilization requires water for sperm to swim to eggfor sperm to swim to egg
Development: moss cycle between a Development: moss cycle between a sexual phase with egg and sperm and an sexual phase with egg and sperm and an asexual phase that makes sporesasexual phase that makes spores
GymnospermsGymnosperms
Means “naked seed”, includes the conifersMeans “naked seed”, includes the conifers
Transport: xylem and phloemTransport: xylem and phloem
Respiration: CORespiration: CO22, H, H22O and OO and O22 move in and move in and
out of leaf through stomataout of leaf through stomata
Synthesis: photosynthesisSynthesis: photosynthesis
Reproduction: sperm is now inside a pollen Reproduction: sperm is now inside a pollen graingrain
Gymnosperms Gymnosperms
Pollination – sperm moves from male Pollination – sperm moves from male cones to female cones via windcones to female cones via wind
Fertilization – sperm and egg unite on the Fertilization – sperm and egg unite on the female cone and produce seedsfemale cone and produce seeds
AngiospermsAngiosperms
Flowering plantsFlowering plants
Transport: xylem and phloemTransport: xylem and phloem
Regulation: plant hormones like auxin, Regulation: plant hormones like auxin, cause stems to bendcause stems to bend
Respiration: stomataRespiration: stomata
Synthesis: photosynthesisSynthesis: photosynthesis
Reproduction: pollination and fertilizationReproduction: pollination and fertilization
AngiospermsAngiosperms
Pollination occurs through wind and Pollination occurs through wind and pollinators like bees, hummingbirds and pollinators like bees, hummingbirds and batsbats
Seeds develop in an ovary that aids seed Seeds develop in an ovary that aids seed dispersal.dispersal.
Ovary can become a fruit or some other Ovary can become a fruit or some other structure that aids dispersalstructure that aids dispersal
4.03 Adaptations affecting 4.03 Adaptations affecting survival and reproductive survival and reproductive successsuccess
Form Form And And
FunctionFunction
Feeding AdaptationsFeeding Adaptations
Mosquitoes mouth is Mosquitoes mouth is adapted to suck adapted to suck bloodblood
Snakes jaws unhinge Snakes jaws unhinge to take in whole preyto take in whole prey
Reproductive Reproductive AdaptationsAdaptations
Male birds using Male birds using elaborate mating elaborate mating displays or rituals to displays or rituals to attract females.attract females.
Reproductive Reproductive AdaptationsAdaptations
Male frogs have thumb Male frogs have thumb pads to hold onto pads to hold onto female when mating. female when mating. Ensures egg and Ensures egg and sperm will meet.sperm will meet.
Adaptations to Life on LandAdaptations to Life on LandPlantsPlants
1.1. Vascular Tissue – xylem and phloem – Vascular Tissue – xylem and phloem – transport materials and supporttransport materials and support
2.2. Cuticle – waxy covering to prevent Cuticle – waxy covering to prevent dehydrationdehydration
3.3. Pollen – allows fertilization without Pollen – allows fertilization without waterwater
Adaptations to Life on LandAdaptations to Life on LandAnimalsAnimals
1.1. Gills become lungsGills become lungs
2.2. Moist skin becomes thick with scales or Moist skin becomes thick with scales or other coverings – prevent dehydrationother coverings – prevent dehydration
3.3. Internal fertilization –Internal fertilization –
4.4. Amniote eggAmniote egg
5.5. Legs move under the animal to allow Legs move under the animal to allow easier movementeasier movement
VirusVirus
Protein coat (capsid) Protein coat (capsid) surrounds core of surrounds core of nucleic acid (DNA or nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)RNA)
Needs a host cell to Needs a host cell to reproduce (invades)reproduce (invades)
Specific for a particular Specific for a particular hosthost
Able to mutate Able to mutate HIV, Flu, smallpoxHIV, Flu, smallpox
BacteriaBacteria
ProkaryoteProkaryote
Able to mutate Able to mutate (resistance to (resistance to antibiotics)antibiotics)
StreptococcusStreptococcus
SalmonellaSalmonella
BotulismBotulism
MRSA (staph)MRSA (staph)
Co-evolutionCo-evolution
When two species When two species evolve togetherevolve together
Mantis mimics orchidMantis mimics orchid
Co-evolutionCo-evolution
Fly orchid looks and Fly orchid looks and smells similar to smells similar to female wasp. Male female wasp. Male “mates” with it and “mates” with it and transfers pollen from transfers pollen from one flower to the one flower to the next.next.
4.04 Health and Disease4.04 Health and Disease
Role of genetics and the environmentRole of genetics and the environment
1.1. Sickle cell anemia and malariaSickle cell anemia and malaria
2.2. Lung/mouth cancer and tobacco useLung/mouth cancer and tobacco use
3.3. Skin cancer sun exposureSkin cancer sun exposure
4.4. Sun exposure and vitamin D and folic acidSun exposure and vitamin D and folic acid
5. Diabetes (environment and genetics)5. Diabetes (environment and genetics)
6. PKU and diet6. PKU and diet
Immune SystemImmune System
Antigens – foreign Antigens – foreign protein (bacteria, protein (bacteria, virus, fungus, virus, fungus, transplanted organ)transplanted organ)
Antibodies – proteins Antibodies – proteins your body makes to your body makes to defend itself against defend itself against antigensantigens
Cells of the Immune Cells of the Immune SystemSystem
B cellsB cells
- Make antibodies- Make antibodies
T cellsT cells
- Help B cells make Help B cells make antibodiesantibodies
- Kill infected cellsKill infected cells
Types of ImmunityTypes of Immunity
Active Active
Your body makes the Your body makes the antibodiesantibodies
Ex: having the disease, Ex: having the disease, getting a vaccinationgetting a vaccination
PassivePassive
You get the antibodies You get the antibodies from another sourcefrom another source
Ex: from mother thru Ex: from mother thru the placenta or the placenta or mothers milk, from a mothers milk, from a shot (rabies shot)shot (rabies shot)
VaccineVaccine
Given a shot of dead or Given a shot of dead or weakened pathogensweakened pathogens
Your body makes Your body makes antibodies in antibodies in response to the response to the antigensantigens
You are left with You are left with memory cellsmemory cells
NutritionNutrition
What makes up a healthy diet?What makes up a healthy diet?
What is poor nutrition?What is poor nutrition?
obesityobesity
malnutritionmalnutrition
iron or calcium deficiencyiron or calcium deficiency
vitamin deficiencyvitamin deficiency
Parasites - Parasites - PlasmodiumPlasmodium
Malaria caused by the Malaria caused by the protist, protist, Plasmodium.Plasmodium.
Vector: MosquitoVector: Mosquito
Symptoms: fever, chills, Symptoms: fever, chills, headache, nauseaheadache, nausea
Treatments: Treatments:
1.1. PreventionPrevention
2.2. Antimalarial drugsAntimalarial drugs
3.3. No vaccine No vaccine Plasmodium destroying red blood cells
Toxins - environmentalToxins - environmental
Lead Lead - - Heavy metal, builds up over timeHeavy metal, builds up over time Exposure more serious in childrenExposure more serious in children Symptoms: reduced IQ, slowed body growth, Symptoms: reduced IQ, slowed body growth,
hearing problems, behavior or attention hearing problems, behavior or attention problems, failure at school, kidney damage problems, failure at school, kidney damage
Sources: paint, plumbing, toys, dinnerwareSources: paint, plumbing, toys, dinnerware
Toxins - EnvironmentalToxins - Environmental
MercuryMercury – – Heavy metal, builds up over timeHeavy metal, builds up over time Sources: glass thermometers, electrical Sources: glass thermometers, electrical
switches, fluorescent light bulbs, fishswitches, fluorescent light bulbs, fish Symptoms: numbness or pain in certain parts Symptoms: numbness or pain in certain parts
of your skin, uncontrollable shake or tremor, of your skin, uncontrollable shake or tremor, inability to walk well, blindness and double inability to walk well, blindness and double vision, memory problems, seizures and death vision, memory problems, seizures and death (with large exposures) (with large exposures)
Very dangerous for fetuses dev. brainVery dangerous for fetuses dev. brain