Intro/overview of animals and plants and kingdoms

There are 3 major domains of organisms, Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

What are some characteristics shared by Archaea and Eukarya?

What are some distinguishing characteristics of organisms in Domain Archaea?

UnicellularExtremophilesHistones associated with the DNA Circular chromosomes

What are the 4 kingdoms of Domain Eukarya?

ProtistaFungiPlantaeanimalia

The organisms of which of the Eukaryotic kingdoms lack a cell wall?

animalia

How might protists obtain nutrition?

Heterotrophs ( animal like)Autotrophs (plant like)Decomposers(fungus like)

Which of the eukaryotic kingdoms have only cellulose cell walls?

Plantae

There are 4 major plant phyla: name 2 of them

BryophytaPterophytaConiferophytaAnthophyta

Provide an example of a plant in phylum bryophyta

MossesLiverwortsHornworts

Pine trees and evergreens are types of gymnosperm or angiosperm?

Gymnosperm

What evolutionary milestone separates the Bryophytes from the other 3 plant phyla?

Vascularization ( presence of vascular tissue)

Both gymnosperm and angiosperm use seeds for reproduction. What is the difference between the seeds in these plants?

Angiosperm produce seeds in fruit while gymnosperm produce naked seeds.

Plant reproductive cycles alternate between sporophyte and gametophyte generations. What is the only plant phyla that spends the majority of its life in a gametophyte stage?

Mosses ( bryophytes)

Which of the plant phyla contains the greatest number of species?

Angiosperm(anthophyta) or flowering plants

Which of the following adaptations allows plants to uncouple reproduction from water?

C. pollen and seeds

Bryophytes and pterophytes have flagellated sperm that must swim through nearby water sources in order for fertilization to occur. Seeds and pollen allow fertilization to occur to through wind, water, and pollinators.

There is only one animal phyla contains animals that are sessile or basal. Which one is it ?

Porifera ( sponges)

What type of symmetry to organisms in Phylum Porifera (sponges) have?

Asymetry

How does the symmetry of an organism relate to its mode of nutrition?

Asymmetry ( filter feeders; food comes to them)

Radial Symmetry ( food comes to them)Bilateral Symmetry ( allows coordinated

movement to go get food )

What systems evolved to support cellular respiration in multicellular organisms?

DigestiveRespiratory Circulatory

In reference to cellular respiration, what does the digestive system contribute?

Glucose

In reference to cellular respiration , what is the contribution of the circulatory system?

Transports oxygen from the lungs to the cellsTransports glucose from the small intestine

to the cells

What is the major oxygen transporter in animals?

Blood (double points : hemoglobin protien)

What 3 systems assist the digestive, circulatory, and respiratory systems as they support cellular respiration?

Endocrine systemNervous systemMuscular System

Another Possible ( immune system)

What is the role of the endocrine system in helping support cellular respiration?

Controls the release of pancreatic hormones (like insulin and glucagon) that regulate glucose homeostasis

What are zymogens?

Inactive precursor enzymes that are turned on usually by hydrolytic processes to change its conformation and reveal the active site .

Name one example of a zymogen (double if you can tell the function)

PepsinPepsinogen ( Stomach; activated by HCl released from chief cells; protein digesting enzyme)

TrypsinTrypsinogen and chymotrypsin chymotrypsinongen (protein digesting enzymes; stored in the pancreas but released into the small intestine)

Angiotensinangiotensinogen ( renin activated ; hormone induces vasoconstriction when low blood pressure is detected)

Name one example of a countercurrent exchange system in animals

Gills (osmoregulation)Kidney function (hydrobalance)Thermoregulation (heat)

Name a molecular example of structure fits function

EnzymesWaterPhospholipidDNA

Using enzymes, explain how structure fits function.

Enzymes are proteins with specific active sites that allow them to work on specific molecules. When the enzyme is denatured the active site is changed inhibiting protein function.

How does the structure of a phospholipid contribute to the properties of the cell membrane?

Phospholipids are amphipathic which means they have a hydrophobic side ( phosphate head) and a hydrophilic side ( fatty acid tail). These phospholipids form a bilayer as a cell membrane and control what can enter or exit the cell. Molecules that are small nonpolar molecules ( hydrocarbons, CO2, H2O) can cross easily whereas the hydrophobic interior hinders ions and hydrophilic molecules from crossing.

How does the structure of a vessicle or vacuole help it transport substance in and out of the cell?

The membranes of vessicles and vacuoles are made of phospholipids. This enables easy merging (fusion) with cell membrane to release substances into or out of the cell.

Name two organ systems in which some component of is based on movement of materials across a cell or organelle membrane.

DigestiveNervousCirculatoryRespiratoryMuscularEndocrineImmune

Explain how the nervous system may function in moving things across membranes.

Neurons communicate with other cells at synapses

What is the function of plant roots in reference to photosynthesis and respiration?

Water absorption ; water needs to be split during light dependent reactions

What is the function of the stem for photosynthesis and respiration?

Transports water from the roots to the leaves Transports food(glucose) from the leaves to

through out the plant Double ( herbaceous stems will perform

photosynthesis)

What is the role of the leaf in supporting photosynthesis and respiration?

Site of photosynthesis

What are some plant adaptations that provide defense mechanisms?

Thornsspinespoison nectarbitter taste

What are some plant adaptations that aid in reproduction?

FruitPollen and seedsFlowers

Why are flowering plants the most successful group of plants?

The presence of the flower attracts pollinators

What are some flower features that attract pollinators?

ColorNectarScent

What is the benefit of the fruit?

Reward for animals to take the seed away from the parent plant.

What are some adaptations that enable plants to live in the tropical rainforest ?

Carnivorous plantsBroad leavesVines and tendrils

Why would it be better to have broad leaves in the tropical rainforest as opposed the small, thin leaves?

Broader leaves trap more sunlight

The opening and closing of stomata in plants regulates what in plants?

Gas exchange ( O2 and CO2)Transpiration ( water loss)

Plants growing on the floor in a deciduous forest are adapted to their habitat in which of the following ways?

a.They grow best in the shadeb.They use the forest litter as a source of

nutritionc.They take advantage of the greater light

intensity before the trees fully developd.They don’t require UV light for photosynthesise.They form mutualistic associations with

deciduous trees

C. deciduous trees lose their leaves in the fall. Plants growing on the forest floor would do best to take advantage of greater light on the floor in late winter and early spring before the trees regrow their leaves.

All of the following are true of water potential except

a.Water moves from an are of low water potential to an are of high water potential.

b.Water potential represents the sum of osmotic(solute) potential and pressure potential

c.Adding solute to water lowers the water potential.

d.In plant cells, the cell wall exerts a positive pressure potential on the water in the cell.

e.By definition, the solute potential of pure water is equal to zero.

AWater potential predicts the direction water

will passively flow. Osmotic pressure(solute concentration and physical pressure determine water potential. Generally water will flow from high water potential to low water potential

Therefore is water potential greater in the soil around the roots or in the roots themselves?

In the soil

Is solute concentration greater in the root or the in soil?

In the roots

Why would the roots have a higher solute concentration than the surrounding soil?

Roots store excess sugar as starch.

What two things form symbiotic relationships with plant[roots]?

Bacteria and fungi

Mycorrhizae are mutualistic associations between fungus and roots. Explain benefits that each receive from this relationship

Plant provides the fungus with a steady supply of sugar. The fungus increases the surface area for water uptake and supplies the plant with phosphate and other minerals absorbed from the soil.

What role does bacteria play nutrition?

Nitrogen fixationAmonificationNitrification

The ground tissue of a leaf as region called the mesophyll with two distinct parts found in dicots , palisade mesophyll(top) and spongy mesophyll(bottom). Both of the mesophyll layers contain the pigment chlorophyll. How do these structures facilitate photosynthesis?

Palisade is more densely packed with together to absorb sunlight for photosynthesis

Spongy is more loosley arranged to allow air space whether it be O2 or CO2 . This also allows for vascular bundle which contains xylem and phloem.

What is the differnce between xylem and phloem?

The energy requiring process employed by plant cells to undertake active transport

a.Uses ATPb.Is a proton pumpc.Concentrates positive charge to the outside of the celld.Creates an electrical gradiente.All of the above

E

A plant cell placed in distilled water will

a.Expand until the osmotic potential reaches that of distilled water

b.Become more turgid until the osmotic potential reaches that of distilled water

c.Become less turgid until the osmotic potential reaches that of distilled water

d.Become more turgid until the pressure potential reaches that of solute potential

d

In the absence of impermeable barriers, water in one area will move to an area of ___ water potential

a.Equivalentb.Higherc.Lowerd.varying

c

Growth of a shoot tip toward the light is an example of what kind of tropism?

phototropism

How does phototropism give a plant an adaptive advantage to survive?

Light=food; grow toward what can help make food

What is the common ancestor of plants? What kingdom does it fall in?

Green algae, protists

Plant ___ help coordinate growth, development, and responses to stimuli.

Hormones

All of the following enhance the uptake of water by a plant’s roots EXCEPT

a.Root hairsb.The large surface area of corticol cells.c.Mycorrhizaed.The attraction of water and dissolved

minerals to root hairse.Gravitational force

E