2009 Integrated Science Unit 4: Study of the 5 Kingdoms 1) Monerans (Prokaryotes) 2) Protists 3) Plants 4) Animals 5) Fungi

2009 Integrated Science

Unit 4: Study of the 5 Kingdoms

• 1) Monerans (Prokaryotes)

• 2) Protists

• 3) Plants

• 4) Animals

• 5) Fungi



What is a prokaryote??

• Prokaryote- organism that does not have a nucleus or organelles in its cells (bacteria)

• Eukaryote- nucleus + organelles


Chapter 16: Prokaryotes (Monerans)

Prokaryotes are known for causing disease:

ex. tuberculosis, strep throat, STD’s, etc…..

Most are not harmful & sometimes helpful

ex. certain E. coli help vitamin production/ digestion in humans

Globally, bacteria are essential to the cycling of nutrients through the biosphere (nitrogen)


Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & VirusesFocus on bacterial positives

http://peer.tamu.edu/curriculum_modules/Environ_Hazard/images/nitrogencyclesmall.jpg


Chapter 15: Three Domain System of Classification

Domains are a category above kingdoms.3 Domains of organisms: 1) Archaea—prokaryotes

2) Bacteria—prokaryotes

3) Eukarya—protists, fungi, plants, animals (all eukaryotes)


Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & Viruses

Archaea vs. Bacteria

1) Archaea—many are extremophiles

can live in harsh environments (Early earth??)

(high temp., salinity, little oxygen)



Archaea vs. Bacteria

2) Bacteria—

Different info in their DNA and RNA from Archaea.

Cell walls different from Archaea.

Antibiotics can kill bacteria.



Focus on Bacterial ReproductionBinary Fission:

mechanism: DNA copied….move to opposite ends of cellcalled binary fission

Potential:

1 cell 68 billion cells

in 12 hours




Bioremediation:

Humans use prokaryotes to remove pollutants from water/air/soil

ex. sewage treatment

Pseudomonas has been used to clean up oil spills.



Pharmaceuticals:

Bacteria can be used to make vitamins, proteins, & antibiotics.


Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & VirusesFocus on disease

Disease defense:

barriers: skin, mucous lining

immune system: chemical & cellular defense

antibiotics:

prevent or slow the growth of bacteria

***not useful with viral diseases


Video

• The Good and Bad Side of Bacteria


Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & VirusesFocus on viruses

-viruses are NOT considered living cells

-viruses must use a host cell to reproduce

-viruses are composed of a small section of DNA or RNA and a protein coat



micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/virus.html

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/virus.html



2 reproduction methods (use host cell to reproduce):

1) Lytic Cycle: virus invades a cell, destroys it, and spreads



2 reproduction methods:

1) Lysogenic Cycle: virus injects its genes into the host.



Infection example:

Herpes virus that causes cold sores may

stay dormant in your DNA and only reproduce during times of stress.


Common Cold


Influenza


Polio


Hepatitis


Ebola


Measles


Mumps


Kuru


Video

• Virus video


KINGDOM

PHYLUM

GENUS

FAMILY

CLASS

ORDER

SPECIES

DOMAIN

Let’s shift to PROTISTS- Ch. 17


Kingdom Protista (ch. 17)

• “Stuff” kingdom


Kingdom Protista

1) Most diverse eukaryote kingdomeukaryote = nuclear membrane

2) Most protists are unicellular

3) Most are free-living (not parasitic)

4) Protist cells are very complex (perform ALL functions of the cell)


Grouping Protists by nutrition3 Major categories:

1) animal-like = protozoans

2) fungus-like

3) plant like = algae


Grouping Protists by nutrition1) animal-like = protozoans

heterotrophs: get energy & organic molecules by eating…

bacteria

other protists

decaying matter

found mostly in aquatic environments


Grouping Protists by nutrition1) animal-like = protozoans

Grouping by motility (how they move)

a) zooflagellates (flagella)

ex. Giardia

b) pseudopodia

ex. amoeba

c) ciliates

ex. Paramecium

d) no movement = apicomplexans (parasites)

ex. Plasmodium (causes malaria)


Zooflagelletes


Amoeba with Pseudopods


Ciliated Paramecium


Apicomplexans



2) fungus-like



Grouping Protists by nutrition2) fungus-like

heterotrophic…….get food & energy by decomposing DEAD organic matter

NOT to be confused with fungi, though they are similar


Grouping Protists by nutrition2) fungus-like

Major types:

plasmodial slime molds

cellular slime molds

water molds/ downy mildews





Grouping Protists by nutrition3) plant like = algae

autotrophs…….chloroplasts use sunlight to make food (unicellular, colonial, OR multicellular


Grouping Protists by nutrition3) plant like = algae

TYPES:

euglenoids

dinoflagellates (plankton, red tide, bioluminescence)

diatoms

seaweedsbrown algae

red algae

green algae

Documents

2009 Integrated Science Unit 4: Study of the 5 Kingdoms 1) Monerans (Prokaryotes) 2) Protists 3) Plants 4) Animals 5) Fungi