Goal 2

Goal 2 Expansion and ReformManifest DestinyTheory that the US should expand across the continentAmericans deserve it. OSullivan, God given right to possess the landLouisiana Purchase Doubles U.S. and purchased from France War of 1812Ended impressment and most border disputes/skirmishes with the British Lure of the WestAbundant resources GoldLand and potential Adventurefrontier Exploration MormonsReligious group founded by Joseph Smith, 1827 Broke off of the Protestant Church in America Smith was killed by a mob denouncing his views Brigham Young led the group the group West to Utah, 1847 Formed a thriving community Extensive irrigation and farmingPermanently altered desert settings with bringing in the water from the surrounding mountain streams Resist government intervention as they feared the results/persecutionTexasImmigrants from U.S. move into Mexican TexasWelcomed by Mexicans and hoped to make it a buffer with the more aggressive Native AmericansStephen Austin leads the settlers and settled Austin, Texas Mexico tries to regain control of Texas American settlers were not honoring agreements Mexico feared a plot by the U.S. to acquire Texas And feared the autonomy the Texans wanted Battle of the Alamo, 1836 Santa AnnaTexans defeated after a 12 Day seige and the slaughter of all at the outpost Texans eventually defeat Mexican Army and declare independence Capture Santa Anna and trap Mexican military 1836, Lone Star Republic Territory included New Mexico Sam Houston serves as President of Texas Remember the Alamo Western LandsIndians conflicts Indian Removal Laramie Treaty, 1851 restricted near trails Broken Treaties Indians migrated freely with buffalo and food suppliesOregon Treaty Oregon Trail 1836 established a trading post; people we killed by Native Americans as they thought they had poisoned themIndependence to Portland the size promised by Polk when Texas entered as slaveDonner Party trapped in Sierra Nevadas; starved to death, and other cannibals54-40 or Fight War Hawks and expansionists James K. Polk Election of 1844 wins as he promises to annex Texas as a slave state and Oregon as a free state Mexican WarTexas finally annexed in 1845 debate for 10 years about allowing Texas to enter as a slave statePromise of newly elected Polk slave owner and expansionist Border dispute arises with Mexico over land near Rio Grande Polk sends troops and declares war War breaks out after border skirmish 11 killed when border patrol and military meet General Zachary Taylor General Winfield Scott conquerors Mexico City and Mexico surrenders Mexico defeated industrial inferiority, military to weak, and militaristic leader Mexican cessation of lands in the west 1848California, Nevada, NM, Arizona, Utah, Colorado, Wyoming Spoils of WarTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo - 1.2 miles of territory Mexican cessation Gadsen Purchase New Mexico and California given in exchange for leaving Mexico City Zachary Taylor elected President California Gold Rush 49ersGold found in 1848 at Sutters Mill1849 Gold Rush 80,000 miners came by land or seaMining was perfected to increase profits Early 1800s PoliticsGoal 2 War of 1812Review of last goal War Hawks Hartford Convention New Orleans and Jackson Federal Powers Powers expanded use of implied powers and the Supreme Courts interpretation of the Constitution Implied Powers and the National Bank 1st National Bank expired and the 2nd National Bank is created as it is decided the need for stability and regulation is paramount to fears of Federal Power Implied Powers and National Supremacy confirmed McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) National Bank can not be taxed by a state bank Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)Interstate Commerce controlled by National GovernmentTariffs Panic of 1819 Nat Turner Rebellion Foreign Affairs End of the war of 1812Era of Good Feelings only one political party temporarily as the Federalist party disappeared Northern border with Canada established 49th parallel (British territory still) Florida becomes apart of the US, 1819 Adams-Onis Treaty also sets SW border with Spanish Mexico Mexican War and Texas Independence causes division and tension in regards to the intent of the war and entering of Texas to the Union Manifest Destiny Mexican War Nation at Risk ImperialismMonroe DoctrineJames Monroe became President in 1816 US is still a fragile nation in the world arena Manifest Destiny is pushing West and into contact with foreign power Attempts to claim part of the world as our own neighborhood Connections to Manifest Destiny? Imperialism? Monroe Doctrine States that Europeans should not interfere with this hemisphere Attempts to interfere would be taken as a threat of aggression

Manifest Destiny Mexican War Nation at Risk Imperialism

Missouri CompromiseSlavery had not been an issue since the Constitutional Convention ?????Slave Trade Compromise, Nat Turner Rebellion, etc. Abolition Movement was beginning to grow with the addition of new states and new religious/social movements 1820 it was even with slave and free states representation in the House Decision: Missouri would enter at the same time as Maine to balance slave/free; line is drawn at Missouri to determine future of slavery

Sectionalism Manifest Destiny Abolition Market Revolution Goal 2 Samuel Slater(Father of the Factory System)

Regional SpecializationEAST Industrial

SOUTH Cotton & Slavery

WEST The Nations BreadbasketAmerican Population Centers in 1820

American Population Centers in 1860Capitalism - Distribution of WealthDuring the American Revolution,45% of all wealth in the top 10% ofthe population. 1845 Boston top 4% owned over 65% of the wealth. 1860 Philadelphia top 1% owned over 50% of the wealth. The gap between rich and poor was widening!Markets ExpandNew Markets change population centers Competition within the US as well as Foreign

Elias Howe & Isaac Singer1840sSewing Machine

Textile Industry became more efficient and clothes could be made in a factory setting Fashion became more important and the desire to own fashionable clothing Samuel F. B. Morse1840 Telegraph

Linked towns and settlers Improved communication for families as well as business and government Inventions Improve Life Increased communicationIncreases markets Improves standard of living They all regarded material advance as the natural fruit of American republicanism & proof of the countrys virtue and promise.The American DreamA German visitor in the 1840s, Friedrich List, observed:Anything new is quickly introduced here, including all of the latest inventions. There is no clinging to old ways. The moment an American hears the word invention, he pricks up his ears.Transportation Changes Robert Fulton & the Steamboat

1807: The Clermont Increases travel and trade Very profitable for the North Erie Canal, 1820s

Begun in 1817; completed in 1825Erie Canal System

Made NY a commerce center as it linked lakes to ocean interstate and intrastate as well as foreign trade By 1840 3,300 canals across the US BY 1850 700 steamboats called riverboats in the US

Principal Canals in 1840

The Iron Horse Wins! (1830)

1830 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RRBy 1850 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 31,000 mi.]Inland Freight Rates

The Iron Horse built by Peter Cooper he called it the TOM THUMB

Traveled at the incredible speed of 10 mph

First trip 13 miles between Ellicott & Baltimore MDTheRailroadRevolution,1850s

Immigrant laborbuilt the No. RRs.Slave laborbuilt the So. RRs.Eventually it would connect the Atlantic to Pacific with the Transcontinental RailroadAgricultureJohn Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)

Made it possible to plant in the rocky West moving agriculture westward Made planting more efficient Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper: 1831

Wheat Harvesting was more efficient, thus more could be planted Helped turn the Midwest into the Breadbasket AgricultureIncreased markets, productivity, respect (foreign) Become more self-sufficient within our country Become more reliant on each other to produce the parts of the whole Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 1860

The results ofearly 19cindustrializationin America?ECONOMIC?SOCIAL?POLITICAL?FUTUREPROBLEMS?Sectionalism Goal 2 Industrial Revolution Developed in Great Britain Came to US because of Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812 (forced us to industrialize as we werent trading with Great BritainInterchangeable Parts Assembly line and Specialization Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin Mass Production less skill needed Lowell System textile industry Developed the modern factory idea Highly organized basically little towns of their ownLowell Mill

Starting for Lowell

Lowell Girls

Lowell Boarding Houses

Lowell Mills Time Table

Irish Immigrant Girls at Lowell

Society North Societal Changes making NE perfect for industryOwners of Industry protected by courts and government Laborers skilled artisans forced to become factory workers to compete First Labor Unions Develop because Middle Class is disappearing; cities becoming a concentration of lower class people Anti-slavery movement South Based on agriculture little urban development and commericalization Plantation owners PlantersFarmersSlaves became very profitable to sell/trade w/in the US as Slave Trade was banned internationally

Cotton is King Cotton is a valuable crop but requires great hand labor i.e. need for slave laborInvention of Cotton Gin by Eli Whitney reduced time and cost to separate cotton from the seed Increased capacity for cotton production with the addition of the western lands By 1820 more cotton was produced than any other crop in the South Cotton becomes the value of American exports by 1840 Price of a slave went from $600 in 1802 to $1,800 in 1860 Sectional DifferencesViews differed on many issues See back of paper Land Free Land vs. Market Value Debate over how to expand in the west Tariff of 1816 High vs. Low: North advocates for high to protect against British/Foreign goods and South Advocates for Low Increased cost of manufactured goods 20-25% SlaveryNorth abolition movement picking up steam South necessary evil to a positive good

American SystemHigh Tariff Protective against foreign competition Supported by Democratic-Republicans National Bank Need for a uniform currency as states were printing their own and causing inflation System of Internal ImprovementsRoads, bridges, canals- paid for by the federal government to build unity within the country Help to settle western landsPromoted by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun as Economic Nationalism Transportation National Road made by the Federal Government From Maryland to Ohio was a toll road Conestogas wagons to travel west Erie Canal made NE a commerce center Railroad building will begin soon

Helped widen the gap between North and SouthCumberland (National Road), 1811

Conestoga Covered Wagons

Conestoga Trail, 1820sAge of JacksonJacksonian DemocracyGoal 2

Champion of the Common Man?KingAndrew?ORVoting Requirements in the Early 19c

Jacksons Opponents in 1824

Henry Clay[KY]

John Quincy Adams[MA]John C. Calhoun[SC]

Results of the 1824 Election

A Corrupt Bargain?Election of 1824 No winner of electoral college: there were 4 candidates and no one won a majority John Q. Adams is chosen over Jackson as President Adams is president w/o winning the popular vote or the electoral college decision made by the House of Representatives Called corrupt bargain as Jackson had most votesAdams appoints Clay as Secretary of State (believed to be the position that led to the presidency) Jackson supporters formed Democratic Party and opposed Adams policies Begins to campaign for next election The Common MansPresidential Candidate

1828 Election Results

Election of 1828Higher voter turnout b/c voting requirements had been lowered No property requirements in order to vote in most states now Increase of the popular votes importance Jackson appealed to the common man: supported majority ruleJackson becomes 1st Western President Frontier Lawyer who built his own wealth Jacksons Presidency Common Mans President Not from aristocracyCreation of the Spoils System Faithful supporters got a government job as a reward for their support Greater democracy but women and minorities we still ignored More eligible voters Great silence over the issue of slavery at the government level Nullification Crisis Tariff of Abomination (debate over high tariff) John C. Calhoun VP from South Carolina Theory of nullification: protect Southern beliefs on states rights; nullifies a series of tariffs in S. Carolina S. Carolina threatens secession Calhoun steps down as V.PJackson threatens the use of force saw secession as treason and passes the Force Bill Henry Clay proposes a compromise that post pones secessionIndian Removal

Trail of Tears (1838-1839)

Indian Policy Different views about Indian policy Indian Removal Act of 1830Move Native Americans out of valuable Southern lands Cherokee take the issue to the Supreme Court and they win Federal government overrule the State government (supremacy clause) Jackson ignores the court and order removalTrail of Tears 1838 National Bank Jackson disliked the Bank of the U.S.Money Power Aristocracy Thought it was an abuse of power and served the wealthy first Bank stocks were corruption Jackson vetoed the new charter for the bank and withdrew all government fundsCauses creation of Whig partyVan Buren Martin Van Buren was elected after Jackson Campaign manager for Jackson; VP 2nd term Suffered because of Jacksons bank policies Massive inflation; stopped accepting paper $ for federal land Panic of 1837 left many in bad economic situations Worse depression to date banks, farmers, businesses were all going bankrupt Newly formed Whig party gains strength Supporters of Democrats leave and create the Whig Party The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!

Harrison and Tyler War Hero William Henry Harrison becomes first Whig President Beginning of modern campaigns Harrison dies 1 month into office Portrayed as a commoner John Tyler is first V.P. to become President Institutes American System Idea and throws out Whig ideas (ran as a Whig with Harrison) Whigs: strong federal government to manage economy; loose constructionist; American System supporters (protective tariffs, internal improvements and national bank) Era of Reform and Mid-1800s Reform Goal 2 The Second GreatAwakeningSpiritual Reform From Within[Religious Revivalism]Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of EqualityTemperanceAsylum &Penal ReformEducationWomens RightsAbolitionism74Societal Change 2nd Great AwakeningPeriod of religious revival after 1800Fewer religious pilgrims Utopian Communities Brook FarmA group living area that would be perfect Based on everyone working together Most did not work well

Transcendentalism Belief in a simple life People could transcend their lives in order to achieve balance and a higher state of consciousness Walt Whitman Leaves of Grass Ralph Waldo Emerson Self RelianceHenry David Thoreau Civil DisobedienceWalden Pond Education One Room School House Few were educated beyond the age of 10 Horace MannAdvocated for public schools for everyone Trained teachers Set standards for schools statewide Eliminating the use of corporal punishmentFree and public education paid for by taxes Education would give Americans knowledge and tools they needed to participate in an industrialized democracy Dorothea Dix Asylum - 1849

78Institution Reform Dorothea Dix - MassachusettsHelp for the mentally ill Helped to start many mental hospitals Prison Reform Prisons were a place of retribution not rehabilitationAdvocated for rehabilitation and repentance so that prisoners could contribute to society American WritersJames Fenimore Cooper Frontier and Expansion Nathaniel Hawthorne Romaticism Herman Melville Edgar Allen Poe Detective Novel Emily Dickenson Poetry and Women AbolitionistsThose who opposed slavery Development of the Underground Railroad to take slaves to freedom in CanadaWilliam Llyod Garrison The Liberator David Walker freedom by force Frederick Douglas North Star Former slave who wrote about and spoke about his experience as a slave The Underground Railroad

82Life Under Slavery Rural slavery work and home were in the same place Plantations Field work House workers Urban slavery Skilled labor More freedoms as they would go to work Leading Escaping Slaves Along the Underground Railroad

84Rebellion Slaves turn to violent methodsNearly 200 slave revolts by the mid 1800sDenmark Veseys attempt at a large uprising was crushed before it started in Charleston Nat Turner, 1831 led a slave revolt killed 60 initially on his way and then he was in hiding for 6 weeks until he was caught and hanged Scared many slave holders in the South Led to greater control over slaves Anti-Slavery Alphabet

86Anti-Slavery Emancipation freedom of all slaves throughout the country not just in the North Religious reasons Moral wrong to have slaves conditions and treatmentValues of the Constitution Life, Liberty, Pursuit of Happiness for all (equality)The Tree of SlaveryLoaded with the Sum of All Villanies!

88The Underground RailroadConductor ==== leader of the escape

Passengers ==== escaping slaves

Tracks ==== routes

Trains ==== farm wagons transporting the escaping slaves

Depots ==== safe houses to rest/sleep89Pro-SlaveryNew fear of revolt complete society upheaval if slaves revolted Illegal to teach a slave to read or write Illegal for slave to gather in groups unless overseer was there to monitorBlack codes begin form to communicate and give hope to each other Used songs and stories to code their messages Religious support happy plantation slave myth They are happier as they are taken care of and given a purpose; they would be lost without the direction of the masterWhat It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own Way!

R2-891Womens Reform Abolitionists/Suffrage Grimke sisters Lucretia MottElizabeth Stanton Susan B. Anthony Two movements closely tied as women viewed the existence of slaves similarly to their existence Temperance Move to ban alcohol Blamed alcohol for problems of the industrial society Saw women and children as the victims of the drunken men who would abuse and beat them The Drunkards ProgressFrom the first glass to the grave, 1846

93Reforms Womens Education women were not educated; if they were it was not at the collegiate levelCatherine Beecher Oberlin College first college to accept womenHealth Reform Elizabeth BlackwellMedical positions for women Amelia Bloomer Womens Movement Women saw increased opportunities in reform movements Women had prominent roles in the church and that carried over to many of the reform movements as they were grounded in the religious awakening taking place Seneca Falls Convention, 1848Declaration of Sentiments ideals of the Declaration of Independence (equality) applied to women Womens Life Cult of domesticityHusband, children, home, church Limitations on Women British custom that stayed in AmericaCould not hold office Could not vote in most places Could not speak in public Could not own property or keep wages if husband lived Divorce meant the husband received all wealth and children Changing WorkplaceDevelopment of industry Decline of skilled labor could not compete with the price of mass production Growth of urban areas Urbanization concerns and complications Cost of goods decreased and supply increased Volume production not quality production price reduced Women were not working in the home but working outside the home Lowell SystemLowell Textile Mills Samuel Slayter in MassachusettsFactory system Perfected the English ideas Company town for young girls Live and work at the factory Strict control over the workers lives Factory conditions would worn of future problems Working Conditions Long hours 10+ hours shifts6 days a week Poor ventilation and lightingLed to more injuries and health issues Unsafe working conditionsMachinery, type of work Development of labor unions and strikes Many were begun by women as they held a high percentage of the factory jobs Know-Nothing Party:The Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner

Immigration Lots of immigration in the mid 1800s Led to feelings of nativism Caused by poverty in EuropeMany were Irish or German Therefore Catholic not Protestant Most immigrants settled in cities to get factory jobs Taking American jobs Weight on American Society Low wages of immigrants made union activity difficult Willing to work when Americans were not and therefore made it difficult to enact changeKnow-Nothing Party Kept party a secret and would state if asked I know nothingReform EssayTHEMATIC ESSAY QUESTION

Theme: Reform MovementsReform movements have been an important part of United States history.

Task:Identify three reform movements in the United States since 1800 and for each reform movementDescribe the historical circumstances that led to the need for reformState two goals of the movement Discuss one action taken by the government, a group, or an individual in support of this goalEvaluate the success of the reform movement at achieving its desired goals

Expansion Essay