Germplasm Enhancement of Maize Project (GEM)

Derived Varieties

M.H. Blanco1, C.A.C. Gardner1, W. Salhuana2, and N. Shen1

1 USDA-ARS and 2 Retired Pioneer Fellow and GEM TSG Chair

Ger

mp

lasm

En

han

cem

ent

of M

aize

GEM Mission Statement

The objective of the GEM Project is to develop and

provide to the public adapted germplasm lines via

germplasm enhancement of useful exotic

germplasm. The adapted materials are

incorporated into research and breeding programs

that will increase the diversity of U.S. corn

germplasm, improve its performance, and provide

new and better products to the American consumer.

Countries Belonging to the Latin American Maize Project (LAMP) *

Argentina

Bolivia

Brazil

Columbia

Chile

Guatemala

Mexico

Paraguay

Peru

United States

Uruguay

Venezuela

* LAMP began in 1987, funded by Pioneer Hi-Bred Int., Inc., and administrated by the USDA-ARS.

GEM Objectives

Manage an extensive multi-site cooperative breeding (and trial

network) and information sharing with public and private

cooperators.

Develop genetically enhanced populations and lines (early

generation S2 and S3 focus) from GEM breeding crosses.

Evaluate genotypes in the breeding program for yield,

agronomic traits, silage, biotic and abiotic stress (including

mycotoxins), and value-added traits.

Conduct research relevant to high priority maize germplasm

traits and performance.

Private GEM US Cooperators

AgReliant Genetics, LLCBASF Plant Science Breeding, L.L.CBeck's Superior Hybrids, Inc.*Benson Seed Research, LLCFFR CooperativeGarst Seed Company*Golden Harvest Seeds, Inc.Hoegemeyer EnterprisesIllinois Foundation Seeds, Inc.Monsanto Company*

Mycogen Seeds*National Starch and Chemical Co.NC+ Hybrids*PAU Seeds, Inc.Pioneer Hi-Bred Int., Inc.*Professional Seed Research, Inc.Schillinger SeedsSEEDirectSyngenta Seeds, Inc.*Wyffels Hybrids

* Entities with representatives currently serving on the GEM Technical Steering Group (TSG).

Public US Cooperators

Cornell University Iowa State University Louisiana State University Michael Fields Agricultural Institute1

North Carolina State University North Dakota State University Ohio State UniversityTexas A&M University* The University of Tennessee

Truman State University University of Delaware* University of Illinois University of Nebraska University of Wisconsin USDA-ARS (Ames, IA) USDA-ARS (Columbia, MO) USDA-ARS (Mississippi State, MS) USDA-ARS (Raleigh, NC)

1 Non-Government Organization (NGO)* Entities with representatives currently serving on the TSG.

International Cooperators

AgriSource Co., Ltd., Thailand

Agrotuniche, Chile

EMBRAPA1, Brazil

Hyland Seeds, Canada

INTA2, Argentina

Maharlika Genetics, Mexico

Nidera, Argentina

Sursem S.A., Argentina

The University of Guelph, Canada

1 Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa, Agropecuaria (EMBRAPA); Brazil2 Instituto Nacioanal de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA) Argentina

GEM Trait Targets

Agronomic adaptability- yield, lodging, grain moisture, and Y/MAbiotic stress tolerance: drought, heat, and interacting biotic stressesEar mold and mycotoxin resistance (aflatoxin and fumonisin)Disease resistance (emphasis on stalk rots, and leaf blights that impact stalk rots)Insect resistance (emphasis on corn root worm and corn ear worm impacting quality and mycotoxins)Value-added traits (VAT’s)

Grain (protein>13%, oil>6%, and starch>75%)Silage yield & quality

GEM Pedigree Protocol

Pedigree Status AccessionFirst Cross

Second Cross

CUBA164:S20 50% tropical B.C. CUBA164 SS 20 NA

CUBA164:S2012 25% tropical B.C. CUBA164 SS 20 SS 12

CUBA164:S2012-444 S1 ear 444      

CUBA164:S2012-444-1 S2 ear 1      

CUBA164:S2012-444-1-B S3 "bulk"      

Legend:SS12 is stiff stalk inbred-company 12SS 20 is stiff stalk inbred-company 20

GEM Breeding Protocol Flowchart

Plant S1 ears to make S2. Select at 20% selection intensity

Yield trial topcross from above

Winter 1

Summer 1

Winter 4

Winter 2

Summer 2

Winter 6

Winter 3

Summer 5

Summer 3

Summer 4

Make S3 increase

Determine quality analyses, disease & insectresistance in GEM lab or by cooperators

Cross the S3’s to two testers

Make S2 topcross to elite tester inbred

Self 300 plants (S0)

Yield test 50 S2 topcrosses at 6 locations

(Accession x Private line 1) x Private line 2

Accession x Private line 1

Write release article for publication & all relevant data to NCRPIS

Field Resources Required

Populations Rows Needed

Scenario 1S1

NurseryS2

NurserySeed

IncreaseISO

RowsTrial Plots

10 (in winter) 500 --- 600 --- ---

20 (in summer) 1000 7500 --- 3600 11400

Scenario 2S1

NurseryS2

NurserySeed

IncreaseISO

RowsTrial Plots

20 (in winter) 1000 --- 1200 --- ---

40 (in summer) 2000 15000 --- 7200 22800

GEM Germplasm Releases (105 Lines Total)

Year# LinesReleased Institution Germplasm Attributes

2001 1 USDA-ARS, IA GEM 001 is resistant to 1st brood ECB

2002 28 USDA-ARS, IA 25% and 50% exotics; temperate adapted

2002 2 U. Delaware50% exotic; resistance to anthracnose stalk rot and gray leaf spot

2002 30 NC State U. 50% exotics; temperate adapted

2002 1 Ohio State U.GEMS-0002 is 50% exotic; good grain quality, earlier than B73

2003 16 USDA-ARS, IA 25% & 50% exotic; temperate adapted, VAT

2003 8 NC State U. 50% exotics; earlier flowering

2004 2 Texas A&M U. 25% exotic; stress tolerance, good GCA

2004 1 U. Wisconsin25% exotic; high yielding silage withsuperior nutritional quality

2004 9 USDA-ARS, IA 25% exotic; temperate adaptation, VAT

2004 7 NC State U. 50% exotics; earlier flowering

Released GEM Lines to the Public to Date

Pedigree Derivation Comments

GEMS-0001 PI 503806 x B94///B94 First gen. ECB resistant (non-DIMBOA)

GEMS-0002 FS8A(S):S09-43-2 Early SS; stress tolerant

DE 3 DKXL212:N11a-191 Good protein; GCA

DE 4 DKXL212:N11a-365 GLS resistant; GCA

Tx 204 AR01150:N0406 Stress tolerant; GCA

Tx 205 AR01150:N0406 Stress tolerant; GCA

UW EX 01* AR17026:N1019 Silage yield and quality

* Projected for release in spring, 2005, by J. Coors, U. of WI.

Expt. 02122 (6 Locations) with Tester LH200xLH198 in Year 2002

Pedigree Yield Moist Y/MStalk

LodgeRoot

Lodge

BARBGP2:N08a18-332-1 176.2 20.0 9.1 9.4 3.1

Test Entry Means 145.2 21.9 6.8 7.1 4.8

Check Means 174.2 20.9 8.5 8.1 4.3

CV 13.2 6.1

LSD (p=0.05) 22.5 1.5

Expt. 046011 (8 Locations) with Tester LH198 in Year 2004

Pedigree Yield Moist Y/MStalk

LodgeRoot

Lodge

BARBGP2:N08a18-332-1-B 183.1 19.7 9.4 1.9 1.0

Test Entry Means 175.4 19.7 9.0 2.1 2.4

Check Means 202.1 19.8 10.4 3.3 1.2

CV 9.6 6.5

LSD (p=0.05) 16.7 1.3

Quality Traits of 9 GEM Lines Released to GEM Cooperators in 2005

Pedigree Country (race) VAT

BARBGP:N08a18-332-1-B Barbados (Tusón)

CH05015:N1502-86-1-B Chile (Camelia) >14% protein

CHIS775:S1911b-120-1-B-B Mexico (Tuxpeño) High TpG

DK212T:N11a12-191-1-B Thailand (comm. DK)

DKB844:S1601-73-1-B-B Mexico (comm. DK)Low TpG, low PHI, and wide RnG

DREP150:N2011d-624-1-B Domin. Rep. (Mixed) >14% protein

UR11003:S0302-1011-1-B Uruguay (Dente Branco) Narrow RnG

DKB844:S1601-3-2 Mexico (comm. DK)>14% protein, Low TpG, low RnG, & high % R,

CH05015:N1204-57-1 Chile (Camelia)>14% protein & >4.5% oil

GEM Field Day Demo

Silage Yield & Quality of EX 01 Grown in Wisconsin in 2004

HybridYield (t/ac)

Milk/ac (lbs)

CP (%)

NDF (%)

IVD (%)

NDFD (%)

Starch (%)

EX01 (U. W.) 10.8 38300 7.3 48 82 62 30

Mean (42 hybrids) 9.9 34300 7.4 48 81 60 31

LSD (0.10) 0.8 3600 0.4 3 1 1 3

UW EX01 = AR17026:N1019-65008-2-3-2-1-1 X LH244CP = Crude proteinNDF = Neutral detergent fiberIVD = in vitro digestibility NDFD = Neutral detergent fiber digestibility

Jim Coors, 2004.

Fusarium/Fumonisin Results

  Rot Fumonisin

Pedigree % kernels rotted ppm

2011-01_SE32_S17_F2S4 0.6 0.1

NC244 2.4 0.3

CUBA164:S2008a-157-1-B-B 2.0 1.4

AR16035:S19-285-1-B 2.7 1.5

PASCO14:S0105-198-1 2.1 1.6

CUBA164:S1511b-325-1-B 1.8 1.6

UR13085:N0215-21-1-B-B-SIB 1.8 2.4

NC336 21.9 35.9

Avg. (52 entries) 6.3 6.4

LSD(0.05) 11.3 13.4

J. Holland, USDA-ARS, NC, 2003

Percent Aspergillus Ear Rot and Aflatoxin Level of GEM Lines

M. Clements, USDA-ARS, Mississippi State, MS, 2004.

Pedigree

2003 aflatoxin

Ng/g

2004aflatoxin

Ng/g

2 year mean ear

rot (%)

Mp313E 9 13 8

Tuxpan 20 442 5

2283-01_XL380_S11_F2S4 24 217 5

2250-01_XL370A_S11_F2S4 24 163 5

2250-02_XL370A_S11_F2S4 25 392 5

2258-03_XL380_S11_F2S4 48 239 5

LSR/ LSD α=0.05 6 2 13

Grand mean (96 inbreds) 546 1309 23

Coefficient of Variation 18 8 44

GEM Breeding Crosses with Resistance to the Corn Rootworm in 2003

1 Families showing significantly lower root damage rating than the resistant check, NGSDCRW1(S2)C4-15-2S2(S1).

M. Bohn (U of IL) and B. Hibbard (USDA-ARS, Columbia, MO), 2003.

Pedigree Race# families selected1 Location

AR17056:N2025 Cristalino Colorado 2 IL

BR52051:N04 Dente Amarelo 7 MO

CHIS775:N1912 Tuxpeño 14 MO

CUBA117:S1520 Argentino 2 IL

DK212T:S11 Comm. Hybrid 10 MO

UR13085:N0215 Cateto Sulino 4 MO

Summary/Benefits of GEM

Germplasm contribution of LAMP and private companies

Cooperative wide scale evaluation and development efforts

Unique germplasm and traits being identified

Technology transfer-germplasm and information

GEM serves a large number of stakeholders from different sectors and countries

Future Challenges and Direction

Identify and utilize useful allelic diversity by tapping into more racesHow should GEM’s resources be allocated-sampling new races vs. focusing on existing races What breeding methodology research will be needed to effectively utilize allelic diversity?

UDEL: single seed descent research to save resourcesUWI: pop development of CUBA164 as SS silage base

Explore and implement new genomic and genetic technologies through effective partnering

Address targeted questions or hypotheses related to gene function, mol breeding, etc. GEM’s role: provide germplasm for well constructed studiesIssues: target traits? races? pop structure, candidate genes

How does GEM best serve stakeholders to maximize benefits, and broaden the germplasm base?

Acknowledgements

USDA-ARS, Ames, IASue Duvick, Quality traits lab managerAndy Smelser, Agriculture research technician

USDA-ARS, Raleigh, NCJoe Hudyncia, Southeastern GEM coordinator

North Carolina State UniversityMajor Goodman, William Neal Reynolds and Distinguished University Professor

GEM cooperatorsGEM Technical Steering Group (TSG)

GEM ProjectUSDA-ARS

Thank you for your support!

Ger

mp

lasm

En

han

cem

ent

of M

aize