Germplasm Enhancement of Maize

(GEM) Project Overview

M. BlancoUSDA-ARS PIRU

North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station

- May 29, 2008 -

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ze Germplasm Enhancement of Maize (GEM) Project

A collaborative effort of public and private sector researchers to broaden and enhance the maize germplasm base. More than 60 collaborators. Two permanent breeding sites:

Ames, IA for development of 25% tropical and temperate exoticRaleigh, NC for development of 50% tropical

GEM is administered by the USDA-ARS Plant Introduction Research Unit (PIRU) located in Ames, IA; and the Plant Science Research Unit (PSRU) in Raleigh, NCTechnical Steering Group (TSG) provides guidelines for research, germplasm, and methods.

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ze GEM Private Cooperators- 27 US and 9 Int’l companies

GEM US Private Cooperators:

AgReliant Genetics, LLC BASF Plant Science Breeding, L.L.C. Beck's Superior Hybrids, Inc. Benson Seed Research, LLC Brandy Wine Seed Farms, LLC Brodbeck Seeds FFR Cooperative Genetic Enterprises Int'l GDU Inc. Hoegemeyer Enterprises Identity Seed & Grain Co. Illinois Foundation Seeds, Inc. JFS and Associates, LTD MBS Genetics, LLC.Monsanto Company Mycogen SeedsNational Starch and Chemical Co. PANNAR Seed

Pioneer Hi-Bred Int., Inc. PRIME Farm Seeds, Inc. Professional Seed Research, Inc. G and S Crop Services Schillinger Seeds SEEDirect Syngenta Seeds, Inc. Terrell Seed Research Wyffels Hybrids

GEM Int’l Private Cooperators:

Semillas Tuniche, Ltda, Chile APEX-AGRI, France Hyland Seeds, Canada Maharlika Genetics, Mexico Nidera, Argentina Nugenplasm, LLC, Indonesia Prosemillas, Peru Seed Asia Co., Ltd. Thailand Sursem SA, Argentina

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ze GEM Public & International Cooperators- 17 Universities, 7 ARS units, 3 Int’l public, and 1 NGO

GEM Public Cooperators:

Cornell University Iowa State University Louisiana State University North Carolina State University North Dakota State University Ohio State University Texas A&M University Truman State University The University of Delaware The University of Illinois The University of Nebraska The University of Tennessee The University of Wisconsin

USDA-ARS: 7 Research Units:

CGBRU (GA) CHPRRU (MS) CICGRU (IA)PGRU (MO) PIRU (IA) PSRU (NC)SIMRU (MS)

GEM Int’l Public Cooperators:

Empresa Brasileira Pesquisa Agropecuaria (EMBRAPA), Brazil Instituto Nacional Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA), Argentina The University of Guelph, Canada

GEM NGO Cooperator:

Michael Fields Agricultural Institute (WI)

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Maize Importance & Germplasm Status

93 million acres in US planted in 2007

13 billion bushels harvested in 2007 (>$50 Billion value)

Less than 5% of world germplasm diversity is being used

Only two races (northern flint x southern dent) evolved to become “Corn Belt Dent” used in the US

Between 250-300 races of maize comprise the germplasm base

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GEM Objectives

Manage and coordinate a multi-site cooperative program for germplasm evaluation, development, and information sharing

Evaluate diverse maize germplasm for adaptation, yield, stress resistance, and key value-added traits (VAT’S)

Develop and release enhanced germplasm with key traits

Develop innovative means of managing and transferring information to the maize community

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GEM Priority Traits

Abiotic Stress Tolerance:

Drought, heat Stable yield production

Reduced level of mycotoxin:

Aflatoxin Fumonisin

Disease resistance:

Anthracnose, Gray leafspot (GLS), leaf blights, ear rots

Insect Resistance:

Corn rootworm (CRW), earworm, corn borer (multiple insect resistance)

Value added grain and silage traits:

Protein >13%, oil >5 %, starch >70% Amino acid profile; starch functional properties Ethanol conversion potential of grain and stover Silage yield and nutritional quality

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Races of Maize

Definition: “A group of related individuals with enough characteristics in common to permit their recognition as a group.” “A group of related individuals with a significant number of genes in common, major races having a smaller number in common than sub-races.” (Anderson and Cutler, 1942)

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ze Countries belonging to the Latin American Maize Project (LAMP) *

Mexico

Paraguay

Peru

United States (temperate/tropical)

Uruguay (temperate)

Venezuela

Argentina (temperate)

Bolivia

Brazil

Columbia

Chile (temperate)

Guatemala

* LAMP began in 1987. Funded by Pioneer Hi-Bred Int., Inc.>12,000 germplasm accessions evaluated.

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ze Germplasm Selection, Evaluation, Development, & Release

GermplasmPool

LAMPAccessions

US Lines

NewAccessions

Non-US LinesMake Breeding

Crosses

Evaluations: BC obs;

YT, stress, VAT

Line

Development

Release Adapted Lines

Make TopCrosses

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GEM ProtocolAccession x Private line 1Winter 1

Plant S1 ears to make S2 – Select at 20% intensity

Make S2 topcross to elite tester inbred

Yield test 55 S2 topcrosses per population(derived from 30 populations) x 4

Locations = 1650 hybrids

(Accession x Private line 1) x Private line 2Summer 1

Winter 3

Self 300 plants (S0) – mild selectionWinter 2

Summer 3

Summer 2

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GEM Protocol – cont’d

Make S3 increase

Release of germplasm & information (approx.10 S3 lines per year) to GEM cooperators.

Public release approx. one year later

Yield trial 400 S3 topcrosses at 8 locations

Trait Evaluation – VAT,Stress, disease, & insect

Cross 200 S3’s to two testers

Summer 4

Summer 5

Winter 4

Winter 6

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GEM TR88 Combine

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GEM Releases by Country and Races

Country # races total releases

Argentina 3 20

Barbados 1 1

Brazil 2 45

British Virgin Islands 1 1

Chile 1 7

Cuba 2 18

Dominican Republican 1 1

Guatemala 1 7

Mexico 2 25

Peru 2 4

St. Croix 2 2

Thailand 1 40

Uruguay 3 7

USA 2 12

Totals 24 190

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GEM Germplasm Releases

Year# Lines

Released Institution Germplasm Attributes2001 1* USDA-ARS Ames Resistance to 1st brood ECB (non-DIMBOA)2002 2* Univ. of Delaware Yield, resistance to anthracnose and GLS2003 29** NC State Univ. Yield, earlier flowering, GLS, Fusarium Resistance2003 1* Ohio State Univ. Yield, Fusarium resistance2003 1 Univ. of Delaware VAT2003 42 USDA-ARS Ames Temperate adaptation, GLS, VAT2003 9* NC State Univ. Yield, VAT, GLS2004 14 USDA-ARS Ames Temperate adaptation, yield, VAT2004 2 Texas A&M Univ. Stress tolerance, yield, CEW, grain mold resistance2004 1 Univ. of Wisconsin Superior nutritional quality/yield2004 9 NC State Univ. Yield, earlier flowering, VAT2005 9 USDA-ARS Ames Temperate adaptation, yield, VAT2005 1 Univ. of Delaware High protein2005 19 NC State Univ. Yield, earlier flowering, VAT2006 13 USDA-ARS Ames Yield, VAT2006 3 NC State Univ. Yield, earlier flowering2007 10 USDA-ARS Ames Protein, oil, high starch for ethanol2007 10 NC State Univ. 50% exotics; disease resistance2007 1* Truman State Univ. Amylose maize VII line (GEMS-0067)2008 13 USDA-ARS Ames Temperate adaptation, yield, VAT, waxy linesTotal 190  

* Crop Science registered and ** 20 of these 29 lines were Crop Science registered.

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ze Evaluation of lines for aflatoxin accumulation at Mississippi State in 2007

Pedigree ppb Signif

(2250-01_XL370A_S11_F254_9214_Blk21/00-#)-1-7-2-B 29 A

(2250-02_XL370A_S11_F2S4_3363-Blk03/00-sib)-1 35 A

CUBA117:S15-101-1-B-B-B-2-1 68 A

1883-001/98_DKXL370AN11F2S3 83 A

Mp 313E (Resistant) 91 A

CUBA117:S15-101-1-B-B-B-5-1 136 B

NC 300 (Resistant) 189 B

Mp 717 (Resistant) 215 B

AR16026:S17-010-001-B-B 234 B

SC 212M (Susceptible) 7206 F

GA 209 (Susceptible) 9652 F

     

Mean (40 entries) 1,066  

CV 13.4  

Source: Paul Williams, USDA-ARS CHPRRU Indicates resistance to fumonisin also.

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ze Evaluation for Fusarium and Fumonisin at Raleigh, NC in 2007

Source: Jim Holland, USDA-ARS PSRU

Pedigree % ear rot ppm fumon.

BR51675:N0620-033-001-B-B-B 6.7 7.3

GEMS-0002 6.3 13.3

MDI022:N2120-284-001-B-B-B 33.7 18.5

1883-002/98_DKXL370AN11F2S3 7.5 18.7

AR16026:S17-010-001-B-B 10.5 20.1

1883-001/98_DKXL370AN11F2S3 5 21.1

GE440 (resistant) 12.2 26.9

NC300 9.1 35.9

FR1064 (susceptible) 21.4 86.2

MDI022:N2120-333-001-B-B-B 71.7 122.1

     

Average (76 entries) 13.2 45.3

LSD 13.4 35.9

Indicates resistance to aflatoxin also.

Fusarium Ear Rot

Bill Dolezal, Pioneer Hi-Bred Int’l, Woodland, CA (2005)

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Susceptible Line Resistant LineGEMS-0002 Public Release

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ze GEMS-0003 Diplodia

Bill Dolezal, Pioneer Hi-Bred Int’l, Johnston, IA (2006)

Aflatoxin of TAES experimental hybrids and check hybrids at Corpus Christi (CC), Beeville

(BV) in Texas and in MS in 2005 and 2006

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Entry BV05 CC05 MS05 CC06 MS06Mean (ppb) % of CK mean

C2A554-1 x B110 5400 1143 1147 1020 247 1791 68

C2A554-1 x LH200 2867 887 1600 2533 683 1714 65

C3A654-3-1 x B110 5033 1180 376 470 340 1480 56

S2B73BC x NC300 993 383 127 233 43 356 13

CUBA117:S15)-1A-1 x Tx205 3400 1533 633 580 350 1299 49

WQ22W x S1W 2533 683 635 820 337 1002 38

Tx202 x CML343 2800 2467 496 350 413 1305 49

S1W x CML343 1900 847 433 93 420 739 28

P31B13 (CK1) 5700 2333 1013 1067 1040 2231 84

Garst 8285 (CK2) 6867 1200 573 743 150 1907 72

Triumph 1416 (CK3) 15333 3033 1147 2367 943 4565 172

DKC66-80 (CK4) 6633 1217 619 657 390 1903 72

CK mean 8633 1946 838 1208 631 2651 100

Mean 6268 2023 1038 1029 612 2194 83

CV% 34 28 72 46 67

LSD 0.05 3476 933 1225 946 667    

Source: W. Xu, Texas A&M; and P. Williams, USDA-ARS CHPRRU

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Insect Resistance

Corn Rootworm (CRW) - U. of Illinois and USDA-ARS (MO): Identified sources of resistance from GEM breeding crosses-UR13085, AR17056, and other sourcesSelection among GEM x GEM derived lines for CRW resistanceSynthetics and mapping population being made & inheritance studiesDouble haploids (DH) being made

Southern Insects - USDA-ARS units (GA and MS):Southwestern corn borer (MS)Corn earworm, weevil, stink bugs (GA)1st year data for resistance of 1883-001/98 to multiple insects (GA)Further improvement of GEMS-0001 (MS)

GEM x GEM Top CrossesG

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GEMS-0115 x GEMN-0097: 1st place in 2007 & 2nd place 2006

GEMS-0113 x GEMN-0097: 10th place in 2007 & 3rd place in 2006

HC33 x GEMN-0097: 2nd place in 2007 & 10th place in 2006

  Exp. 07641 Exp. 06644 Exp. 06645

  4 reps 6 reps 5 reps

Pedigree Yield Moist YM Yield Moist YM Yield Moist YM

GEMS-0115 x GEMN-0097 171.4 21.2 8.2       180.5 20.7 9.1

GEMS-0113 x GEMN-0097 155.2 22.2 7.1 178.2 18.4 9.9      

HC33 x GEMN-0097 166.7 18.0 9.5       161.1 17.1 9.6

Check Means 150.4 22.4 6.9 174.6 18.6 9.6 167.7 20.3 8.5

CV 13.9 6.9   12.7 5.2   15.0 7.3  

LSD (p=0.05) 26.9 2.2   22.1 1.1   28.9 1.9  

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GEMS-0115 (DKB844:S1601-073-001)

Country: MexicoRace: Tropical HybridType: 25% TropicalHeterotic Group: Stiff StalkProtein: 12.7%Oil: 4.0%Starch: 69.0%Density: 1.303Other Specialty Traits: Starch Properties

Days to Anthesis: 64Days to Silk: 65Husk Tightness: 6Husk Length: Cob Color: RedCob Length: cmTassel Angle: 60°Tassel Branches: 8Plant Height: 153 cmEar Height: 91 cm 

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GEMS-0113 (CHIS775:S1911b-120-001)

Country: MexicoRace: TuxpeñoType: 25% TropicalHeterotic Group: Stiff StalkProtein: 15.8%Oil: 4.3%Starch: 64.9%Density: 1.329Other Specialty Traits: Starch Properties &Southern Leaf Blight Resistance

Days to Anthesis: 60Days to Silk: 64Husk Tightness: 7Husk Length: 7Cob Color: RedCob Length: 10-16 cmTassel Angle: 60°Tassel Branches: 13Plant Height: 152 cmEar Height: 91 cm

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GEM Website

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GEM Website – Important Key Features:

GEM Cooperator List “What’s New” section Yield Trial & Lab VAT Data Public Cooperator Research Reports GEM Releases and Key Traits www.public.iastate.edu/~usda-gem

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GEM Releases & Key Traits

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GRIN Website

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Germplasm and valuable information for multiple species

Accessions used by GEM are publicly available

GEM Public Releases (83 releases to date)

http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/

step 1: search GRIN

step 2: accession area queries

step 3: fill in “text search query” box with Zea GEM (83 releases)

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New Races for Allelic Diversity

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SUMMARY

Effective exotic germplasm introgression requires extensive time, resources, the cooperation of multiple research institutions, and coordination of research efforts by multiple scientists of various disciplines to broaden the germplasm base

The GEM collaborative network has released 190 lines derived from 24 races originating from 14 countries used in public and private research and breeding programs

Released germplasm has provided new sources of resistance to abiotic stress, disease and insect pressures, reduced mycotoxin levels, and VAT’s for grain and silage (protein, AA, oil, starch, ethanol potential)

Research generates new knowledge of breeding methods for exotic germplasm (SSD, DH, etc.) and selection procedures

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Future Challenges for GEM

Develop and expand our acquisition of new genetic resources and make them available to the GEM network

Develop non-destructive, high throughput assays to identify favorable key trait phenotypes and associated genetic information.

Evaluate, develop, and release adapted lines from ~250 races from allelic diversity effort.

Identify new cooperators to support these efforts, and research partnerships to study and utilize allelic diversity from these sources.

Develop DH inbred lines from GEM germplasm using multiple haploid generating technologies. Explore success rate of DH’s among racial accessions, and chromosomal segment effects.

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Welcome: GEM Field Day(September 18, 2008, Ames, IA)

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Acknowledgements

USDA-ARS PIRU, Ames, IAMack Shen, IT Specialist Andy Smelser, Research TechnicianFred Engstrom, Research TechnicianCandice Gardner, Research LeaderMark Millard, Maize CuratorSue Duvick, Lab Manager

USDA-ARS PSRU, Raleigh, NCMatt Krakowsky, Southeast GEM CoordinatorDale Dowden, Research TechnicianDavid Marshall, Research Leader

North Carolina State UniversityMajor Goodman, William Neal Reynolds Distinguished Professor

GEM Public and Private Sector Cooperators

Maizing Questions?G

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