GEOLOGY

GRIGGS AND STEELE COUNTIES

byJohn P. Bluemle

North Dakota Geological SurveyGrand Forks, North Dakota

1,975

BULLETIN 64_PART 1

North Dakota Geological SurveyE. A. Noble, Støte Geologist

COUNTY GROUND WATER STUDIES z1-PART 1

North Dakota State Water CommissionVernon Fahy, Secretary and Chíef Engineer

of

Prepared by the North Dakota Geological Survey

in cooperation with the North Dakota State

Wate¡ Commission, the water management districts ofGriggs and Steele Counties, and the United States Geological Suwey

CONTENTS

This is one oÍ a series of county reports published cooperativelyby the North Dakota Geological Survey and the North Dakota Statelüater Commission. The reports are in three parts: Part I describes thegeology, Part II presents groundwater basic data, and Part III describesthe groundwater resources.

Additional copies of this bulletin are available f¡om the North Dakota State lVater Commission,Bismarck, North Dakota 58501

ir

Pa;ge.1ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTIONPurposeMethods of Study

222333

Previous WorkAcknowledgmentsRegional Geology

STRATIGRAPHY . . .

General StatementPrecambrian Rocks

Sauk SequenceTippecanoe SequenceKaskaskia Sequence

Mesozoic Rocks

Quaternary SedimentColeharbor Formation

.5

Paleozoic Rocks.5.5

88

5

9I

Niobrara FormationPierre Formation 9

1010

Till Facies

Holocene SedimentWalsh Formation

Ground moraineEroded till slopesEnd moraines and ice-shoved blocks

10

T712

t72022222424242528282833353537

Dead-ice moraineEffect of pre-existing topography

Mixed Till, Sand, and Silt FaciesMixed Sandy Gravel, Gravelly Sand, and Silt FaciesSand and Gravel Facies

Glacial outwashMelt water trenches

depositsSilt and Clay Facies

Clay Facies

111

CONTENTS

This is one oÍ a series of county reports published cooperativelyby the North Dakota Geological Survey and the North Dakota Statelüater Commission. The reports are in three parts: Part I describes thegeology, Part II presents groundwater basic data, and Part III describesthe groundwater resources.

Additional copies of this bulletin are available f¡om the North Dakota State lVater Commission,Bismarck, North Dakota 58501

ir

Pa;ge.1ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTIONPurposeMethods of Study

222333

Previous WorkAcknowledgmentsRegional Geology

STRATIGRAPHY . . .

General StatementPrecambrian Rocks

Sauk SequenceTippecanoe SequenceKaskaskia Sequence

Mesozoic Rocks

Quaternary SedimentColeharbor Formation

.5

Paleozoic Rocks.5.5

88

5

9I

Niobrara FormationPierre Formation 9

1010

Till Facies

Holocene SedimentWalsh Formation

Ground moraineEroded till slopesEnd moraines and ice-shoved blocks

10

T712

t72022222424242528282833353537

Dead-ice moraineEffect of pre-existing topography

Mixed Till, Sand, and Silt FaciesMixed Sandy Gravel, Gravelly Sand, and Silt FaciesSand and Gravel Facies

Glacial outwashMelt water trenches

depositsSilt and Clay Facies

Clay Facies

111

Interbedded Sand, Silt, and Clay FaciesRiver alluvium'vVindblown deposits . .

GEOLOGIC HISTORY DURING THE PLEISTOCENE

ECONOMIC GEOLOGYSand and GravelHydrocarbons

REFERENCES

ILLUSTRATIONS

Fþure1. Physiogra

Countiesphic and location map of Griggs and Steele

2. Stratþaphic column for Griggs and Steele Counties

3, Geologic map of the basement rocks in the Griggs andSteele County atea .

4. Isopach map of the Coleharbor Formation in Griggsand Steele Counties

5. Sand and gravel overlain by till

6. Silt over till over sand in northern Griggs County

7. Index map of the lake plain areas

8. Index map of Griggs and Steele Counties showing areas ofintensive ice shearing and end moraine development

9. Cooperstown end moraine near Lake Addie

10. Binford end moraine

11. Folded lake sediment, fine sand, and silt within till inwestern Steele County

'1,2. Faulting in sand in southeastern Steele County

1.3. sediment, in

74. Outwash sand and gravel overlying till

15. Bald Hill Creek meltwater trench at Hannaford in GriggsCounty

16. Sheyenne River valley in southern Griggs County

Page373738

Page

4

638383940

474748

49

7

..11

t4

15

T6

L8

19

. .20

2T

23

23

25

26

27

vlv

Interbedded Sand, Silt, and Clay FaciesRiver alluvium'vVindblown deposits . .

GEOLOGIC HISTORY DURING THE PLEISTOCENE

ECONOMIC GEOLOGYSand and GravelHydrocarbons

REFERENCES

ILLUSTRATIONS

Fþure1. Physiogra

Countiesphic and location map of Griggs and Steele

2. Stratþaphic column for Griggs and Steele Counties

3, Geologic map of the basement rocks in the Griggs andSteele County atea .

4. Isopach map of the Coleharbor Formation in Griggsand Steele Counties

5. Sand and gravel overlain by till

6. Silt over till over sand in northern Griggs County

7. Index map of the lake plain areas

8. Index map of Griggs and Steele Counties showing areas ofintensive ice shearing and end moraine development

9. Cooperstown end moraine near Lake Addie

10. Binford end moraine

11. Folded lake sediment, fine sand, and silt within till inwestern Steele County

'1,2. Faulting in sand in southeastern Steele County

1.3. sediment, in

74. Outwash sand and gravel overlying till

15. Bald Hill Creek meltwater trench at Hannaford in GriggsCounty

16. Sheyenne River valley in southern Griggs County

Page373738

Page

4

638383940

474748

49

7

..11

t4

15

T6

L8

19

. .20

2T

23

23

25

26

27

vlv

17 . Till on top of fine sand of the Herman Beachin eastern Steele County

18. Sand in the Herman Beach in eastern Steele County

19, Herman Beach deposits in eastern Steele County

20. Herman Beach deposits in eastern Steele County

2I. Air view of the network of eskers west of Hannaford, NorthDakota

22. Kames in the area south of Mose in northwesternGriggs County

Table1. Mineralogy of till in Griggs County

2. Commercial gravel sources in Griggs andSteele Counties

Plate1,. Geologic map of Griggs and Steele Counties

2. Map of the bedrock surface in Griggs and SteeleCounties

. .1229

30

30

31

32

35

36

43

44

45

46

48

. (in pocket)

. . (ir pocket)

34

23. Lake sediment in sourhern Grþgs County

24.

25.

Two photos ofSteele County

a 5S-foot excavation in southern

Diagram depicting conditions in the rwo-county areawhen the margin of the Late Wisconsinan glacier hadreceded to western Griggs County

26, Conditions in the two-county area at about thethe Cooperstown end moraine was deposited

41.

27. Active glacier depositing the Cooperstown end moraine

28. Glacier margindepositing theGriggs County

29. Diagram showing conditions when thereceded from northern Griggs County

active glacier margin

tlme

in western Steele County while the ice was stillMcHenry end moraine in northwestern

vr vll

17 . Till on top of fine sand of the Herman Beachin eastern Steele County

18. Sand in the Herman Beach in eastern Steele County

19, Herman Beach deposits in eastern Steele County

20. Herman Beach deposits in eastern Steele County

2I. Air view of the network of eskers west of Hannaford, NorthDakota

22. Kames in the area south of Mose in northwesternGriggs County

Table1. Mineralogy of till in Griggs County

2. Commercial gravel sources in Griggs andSteele Counties

Plate1,. Geologic map of Griggs and Steele Counties

2. Map of the bedrock surface in Griggs and SteeleCounties

. .1229

30

30

31

32

35

36

43

44

45

46

48

. (in pocket)

. . (ir pocket)

34

23. Lake sediment in sourhern Grþgs County

24.

25.

Two photos ofSteele County

a 5S-foot excavation in southern

Diagram depicting conditions in the rwo-county areawhen the margin of the Late Wisconsinan glacier hadreceded to western Griggs County

26, Conditions in the two-county area at about thethe Cooperstown end moraine was deposited

41.

27. Active glacier depositing the Cooperstown end moraine

28. Glacier margindepositing theGriggs County

29. Diagram showing conditions when thereceded from northern Griggs County

active glacier margin

tlme

in western Steele County while the ice was stillMcHenry end moraine in northwestern

vr vll

ABSTRACT

Griggs and Steele Counties, located at the eastern edge of theWillßton basin, are underlain by 400 to 2,600 feet of Paleozoic andMesozoic roclcs that dip gently to the west. The Cretaceous Greenhorn,Carlile, Niobrara, and Pierre Formations lie direcþ beneath the glacialdrift, and shale of the Pierre Formation is exposed in several places

ølong the Sheyenne River" The Pleistocene Coleharbor Formation,which covers most of the area, consßts mainly of ghcial, fluvial, andlake sediment. The Coleharbor Formation averages 200 to 300 feetthick, but it is as much as 550 feet thick in some of the buried valleys.The Holocene llalsh Formation occurs in parts of the area, chieflysloughs and river bottomland. It consists mainly of alluvial and eoliansediment.

Griggs County and the western two'thirds of Steele County arepart of the Drift Prairie, which is characterized by flat to genþ rollingtopography that ß rugged in areas of end moraines and intense icethrusting, subdued on the ground moraine and outwash plains.Associated with these maior landforms are numerous washboardmoraines, drumlins, eskers, kames, meltwater trenches, andwater-washed areas. The eostern third ol Steele County is a neørþ flatarea covered by lake deposits ol the glacinl Lake Agassiz.

As the Late lVisconsinan glacier in eastern North Dakota thinnedand receded ea"stward, it was increasingly affected by the topogtaphyover which it was flowing. ThÌs resulted in lobation of the glacier.

Locally intense areas of thrusting developed within the lobate glacier,and \arge blocks ol subglacial matertal were moved short distances.Lørge areas of Griggs County were washed by water flowing from theglacier, and in some øreas grøvel and sand were deposited- Continuedwithdrawal of the glacier resulted in ponding of melt water in parts ofthe two counties. These and other ponds tended to coølesce at lowerand lower elevations, eventually forming Lake Agassiz, which floodedpart of eastern Steele County.

32

INTRODUCTION

Purpose

Methods of Study

Previous'Work

Acknowledgments

I wish to acknowledge Mr. Joe Downey, U.S. Geological Survey,Bismarck, North Dakota, for supplying valuable testhole data and otherinformation.

season. These were used extensively in the final compilation of themap. All sectign line roads *ere irarrersed by autoriobile and thecomposition of- sediments in road cuts and hand-augered holes was

9a-re{ully recorded. A shovel and soil auger were -used ro obtainlithologic information in a¡eas of poor

"*póru""r. The North Dakota

State water commission provided rotary drilling equipment rhar wasused during the 1970 and igZt field seasons.

Regional Geology

32

INTRODUCTION

Purpose

Methods of Study

Previous'Work

Acknowledgments

I wish to acknowledge Mr. Joe Downey, U.S. Geological Survey,Bismarck, North Dakota, for supplying valuable testhole data and otherinformation.

season. These were used extensively in the final compilation of themap. All sectign line roads *ere irarrersed by autoriobile and thecomposition of- sediments in road cuts and hand-augered holes was

9a-re{ully recorded. A shovel and soil auger were -used ro obtainlithologic information in a¡eas of poor

"*póru""r. The North Dakota

State water commission provided rotary drilling equipment rhar wasused during the 1970 and igZt field seasons.

Regional Geology

4 5

STRATIGRAPHY

General Statement

hecarnbrian Rocks

Paleozoic Rochs

oN UJ

o@

o@

o

THE6FNOR

REO

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REDM NT

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l

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È-

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f-

O

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oÈ<L!llF(JO-

-U)UJ(tzl

4 5

STRATIGRAPHY

General Statement

hecarnbrian Rocks

Paleozoic Rochs

oN UJ

o@

o@

o

THE6FNOR

REO

UJ

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76

THICKNESSIN FEET

0-550

Absent

0-250

0-160

0-200

80-150

50-175

20-100

60-t20

40-100

50-200

Absent

0-50

0-150

0-70

0-50

0-r25

0-560

o-220

AGE UNIT NAME DESCRIPTION

Sand. silt. and clayHolocene W4ls[F_onratioq

Quaternty Iill, sand, gravel, silt, and clayColehrbor Formationd'il

Í1

oÉo)úoØ

Tertiary

Piene Formation Shale

Niobra¡a Formation Calca¡eous shale

Cslile Fo¡mation Shale

Greenhorn Fornation Calca¡eous shale

Belle Fourche Formation Shale

Mowry Formation Shale

Newcætle Formation Sandstone

Skull Creek Formation Shale

Creteceous

Smdstone and shaleFall Rive¡-Lakota Interval

oooa<'¡o

a^

ÉâN

Triassic

Permian

Pennsylvanian

o

ocfl

Ø'

ShaleBottineau IntervalMississippian

Duperow Formation Dolomite and limestone

Dolomite and limestone

Devonian

o

oaõo6

d

d!d

r¿Souris River Formation

Stonewall Formation Dolomite and limestone

Stony Mountain Formation Dolomite and limestone

Red River Fo¡mation Limestone and dolomite

C¿lcueous shale, siltstone, and sandstoneWinnipeg Group

O¡dovician

Limestone, shale, and sandstone¡õ=oöØ Deadwood FormationCambrian

basement rocks Schist, gneis, and granite

--\rge

eÞ'

NELSON COUNIY

STUTSMÀN COUNlY

è.ø

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è.O

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1,"la\l,O't\

i

94Glt

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CASS COUNTY

Þ\{r?\\\9OVÇ't_

COUNTY

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ÎRAILL COUNTY

BARNES COUNÏY

Àsø

cr(o'

C,Ñ

Figure 2. Stratþaphic Column for Griggs and Steele Counties.

0-50

Fþre 3, Geologic map of the basement rocks in the Griggs and Steele County area,

76

THICKNESSIN FEET

0-550

Absent

0-250

0-160

0-200

80-150

50-175

20-100

60-t20

40-100

50-200

Absent

0-50

0-150

0-70

0-50

0-r25

0-560

o-220

AGE UNIT NAME DESCRIPTION

Sand. silt. and clayHolocene W4ls[F_onratioq

Quaternty Iill, sand, gravel, silt, and clayColehrbor Formationd'il

Í1

oÉo)úoØ

Tertiary

Piene Formation Shale

Niobra¡a Formation Calca¡eous shale

Cslile Fo¡mation Shale

Greenhorn Fornation Calca¡eous shale

Belle Fourche Formation Shale

Mowry Formation Shale

Newcætle Formation Sandstone

Skull Creek Formation Shale

Creteceous

Smdstone and shaleFall Rive¡-Lakota Interval

oooa<'¡o

a^

ÉâN

Triassic

Permian

Pennsylvanian

o

ocfl

Ø'

ShaleBottineau IntervalMississippian

Duperow Formation Dolomite and limestone

Dolomite and limestone

Devonian

o

oaõo6

d

d!d

r¿Souris River Formation

Stonewall Formation Dolomite and limestone

Stony Mountain Formation Dolomite and limestone

Red River Fo¡mation Limestone and dolomite

C¿lcueous shale, siltstone, and sandstoneWinnipeg Group

O¡dovician

Limestone, shale, and sandstone¡õ=oöØ Deadwood FormationCambrian

basement rocks Schist, gneis, and granite

--\rge

eÞ'

NELSON COUNIY

STUTSMÀN COUNlY

è.ø

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è.O

"s.II

1,"la\l,O't\

i

94Glt

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CASS COUNTY

Þ\{r?\\\9OVÇ't_

COUNTY

-ï-I

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ÎRAILL COUNTY

BARNES COUNÏY

Àsø

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Figure 2. Stratþaphic Column for Griggs and Steele Counties.

0-50

Fþre 3, Geologic map of the basement rocks in the Griggs and Steele County area,

-

8 9

Sauk Sequence

County.

Tippecanoe Sequence

Kaskaskia Sequence

northwestern Griggs County. The Carrington Shale facies of theBottineau Interval of Mississippian age consists of mottled red andgreen noncalcareous shale anã is ãs much as 30 feet thick insouthwestern Griggs County.

counties.Jurassic strata consist of reddish-brown siltstone, claystone, and

fine-srained sandstone. Some redbed material was found at the base oftne Ëail River-Lakota interval in southeast Steele County, and Jurassic

layers. [n ascending order, these formations include the Greenhorn,Carlile, Niobrara, and Pierre.

Niobrara Formation

Pierre FormationShale of the Pierre Formation is exposed along the walls of the

Sheyenne River valley from the Nelson Coùnty line southward to about

Mesozoic Rocks

-

8 9

Sauk Sequence

County.

Tippecanoe Sequence

Kaskaskia Sequence

northwestern Griggs County. The Carrington Shale facies of theBottineau Interval of Mississippian age consists of mottled red andgreen noncalcareous shale anã is ãs much as 30 feet thick insouthwestern Griggs County.

counties.Jurassic strata consist of reddish-brown siltstone, claystone, and

fine-srained sandstone. Some redbed material was found at the base oftne Ëail River-Lakota interval in southeast Steele County, and Jurassic

layers. [n ascending order, these formations include the Greenhorn,Carlile, Niobrara, and Pierre.

Niobrara Formation

Pierre FormationShale of the Pierre Formation is exposed along the walls of the

Sheyenne River valley from the Nelson Coùnty line southward to about

Mesozoic Rocks

-

10 11

Quaternary Sediment

füleharbor Formationis exposed throughout Grisss and

cial sediment and rãdi-"nt reÏied toof till, gravel, sand, silt, and clay withIt has been divided into rhree main

facies: till; sand and gravel; and silt and clay. The thickness of thecoleharbor Formation in Grþgs and steele cóunties ranges from zeroto more than 550 feet (fþ. a). -

Till Facies

averages about 20 to 25 feet The samplesabout 10 percent gravel, 35 percent sänd,percent clay.-The mineralogy of the till of s

shown on table 1.

rII

oo¿ oq,

(¡,

oÉ3o()ooou)€ãòoÐHoÉÉocÉ

kol¡.HoÞ(ú

oo

C)o

oÈdE:

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ito

.Ðt¡.

(9

o

oo

-lL

% \7

olclt-

-<>-.-

OOt

?Oo

-

10 11

Quaternary Sediment

füleharbor Formationis exposed throughout Grisss and

cial sediment and rãdi-"nt reÏied toof till, gravel, sand, silt, and clay withIt has been divided into rhree main

facies: till; sand and gravel; and silt and clay. The thickness of thecoleharbor Formation in Grþgs and steele cóunties ranges from zeroto more than 550 feet (fþ. a). -

Till Facies

averages about 20 to 25 feet The samplesabout 10 percent gravel, 35 percent sänd,percent clay.-The mineralogy of the till of s

shown on table 1.

rII

oo¿ oq,

(¡,

oÉ3o()ooou)€ãòoÐHoÉÉocÉ

kol¡.HoÞ(ú

oo

C)o

oÈdE:

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ito

.Ðt¡.

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o

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-lL

% \7

olclt-

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-

L3T2

Table l. Generalized mineralogical composition oÍ the silt-clayfraction of the till in southern Griggs County determined through X-raydiffraction analy sis ( Merritt, I 9 6 6 ).

Mineral Percentage2149

of leet in diameter, and in some cases.'ffi:::T,::['.3îÏiiiiï:1:cier.

,200 feet in eastern Steele CountY

Low, linear ridges, either strai

the ground moraine in some areas

,ef.ied to as washboard moraine roaralTel the former ice margin. Niitroraines of northern Nelson Co

reÍrnant shear moraines that we

position. He stated that the.shear

olaces. particularly in northern Gà."tilíni and dru'rnlinoid featuresglacier. Their long axes ParallelRelief on such lineations is low abut they can be readily observed o

lineations are most common inlacustrine deposits at relatively shallow *p!h: (figs. 5 and 6). In most

instances, thå titl thickness "b'ove

these f1uìial or lacustrine deposits is

less thai 5 feet. In areas where drumlins occur above thick tillsequences, it appears that the most recently deposited till layer is quitethin.

Ground moraine that has been washed by wave action along the

shores of glacial lakes is designatedCtla. on plate 1. One such area

occurs in ãastern Steele Couníy at the edge oî the Agassiz lake plain

Block, 1967; Bluemle, 1974).sporadically over the wave-washedfound in p-laces along the shore of

QuartzPlagioclaseK-FeldsparDolomiteCalciteKaoliniteMontmorilloniteIllite

2-61-64-104-L5L-2

1.2-2L9-18

The gravel fraction of the till averages about 37 percent shale, 35percent carbonate, and 28 percent granitic and basic igneous rocks. Thecarbonate was derived from the Paleozoic carbonate sequences of

Areas in which the till facies of the Coleharbor Formation a¡eexposed are colored shades of green and designated "Ct" on plate 1.These areas are characterized by landforms composed mainly of glacialsediment, materials that were deposited directly from glacier ice.

Ground moraine.-Areas in which the Coleharbor Formationconsi eposits that ed by the baseof th s well as ab were loweredfrom the melting on plate 1. Inmost ablational into place as

mudflow deposits, probably account for mostand little lodgement material is present. In nlarge blocks of shale from the Pierre Formation

-

L3T2

Table l. Generalized mineralogical composition oÍ the silt-clayfraction of the till in southern Griggs County determined through X-raydiffraction analy sis ( Merritt, I 9 6 6 ).

Mineral Percentage2149

of leet in diameter, and in some cases.'ffi:::T,::['.3îÏiiiiï:1:cier.

,200 feet in eastern Steele CountY

Low, linear ridges, either strai

the ground moraine in some areas

,ef.ied to as washboard moraine roaralTel the former ice margin. Niitroraines of northern Nelson Co

reÍrnant shear moraines that we

position. He stated that the.shear

olaces. particularly in northern Gà."tilíni and dru'rnlinoid featuresglacier. Their long axes ParallelRelief on such lineations is low abut they can be readily observed o

lineations are most common inlacustrine deposits at relatively shallow *p!h: (figs. 5 and 6). In most

instances, thå titl thickness "b'ove

these f1uìial or lacustrine deposits is

less thai 5 feet. In areas where drumlins occur above thick tillsequences, it appears that the most recently deposited till layer is quitethin.

Ground moraine that has been washed by wave action along the

shores of glacial lakes is designatedCtla. on plate 1. One such area

occurs in ãastern Steele Couníy at the edge oî the Agassiz lake plain

Block, 1967; Bluemle, 1974).sporadically over the wave-washedfound in p-laces along the shore of

QuartzPlagioclaseK-FeldsparDolomiteCalciteKaoliniteMontmorilloniteIllite

2-61-64-104-L5L-2

1.2-2L9-18

The gravel fraction of the till averages about 37 percent shale, 35percent carbonate, and 28 percent granitic and basic igneous rocks. Thecarbonate was derived from the Paleozoic carbonate sequences of

Areas in which the till facies of the Coleharbor Formation a¡eexposed are colored shades of green and designated "Ct" on plate 1.These areas are characterized by landforms composed mainly of glacialsediment, materials that were deposited directly from glacier ice.

Ground moraine.-Areas in which the Coleharbor Formationconsi eposits that ed by the baseof th s well as ab were loweredfrom the melting on plate 1. Inmost ablational into place as

mudflow deposits, probably account for mostand little lodgement material is present. In nlarge blocks of shale from the Pierre Formation

14

Figure 5. Sand and gravel overlain by till in section 8, T134N, R59lV, about a mile south of theGriggs-Barn shown Írere occurs at a depth ofabout 14 fe le reworked gravel. Three separatehorizons of nt, occur in tJris excavation.

numerous than over areas of unwashed ground moraine, because waveaction has removed the finer pafticles frãm the till, leaving the heavierrocks behind.

Areas of ground moraineare designated Ctlb on platethese areas, but till is tLe m

sorf"."s tõitly, running water, which deposited mosthe Tolna-Pekin area of Nelion Counry,

1-5

Figure 6. Silt over till ove¡ sand in no¡thern Griggs County (sec 1, T147N, R60W). Till oveJlies

outv/ash materials in a large area of northern Griggs and central and southe¡n NelsonCounty. The uppermost silt, apparently a local lake deposit, can be seen in the upperright corner of the photo.

, f:i¡É¡e

|-

14

Figure 5. Sand and gravel overlain by till in section 8, T134N, R59lV, about a mile south of theGriggs-Barn shown Írere occurs at a depth ofabout 14 fe le reworked gravel. Three separatehorizons of nt, occur in tJris excavation.

numerous than over areas of unwashed ground moraine, because waveaction has removed the finer pafticles frãm the till, leaving the heavierrocks behind.

Areas of ground moraineare designated Ctlb on platethese areas, but till is tLe m

sorf"."s tõitly, running water, which deposited mosthe Tolna-Pekin area of Nelion Counry,

1-5

Figure 6. Silt over till ove¡ sand in no¡thern Griggs County (sec 1, T147N, R60W). Till oveJlies

outv/ash materials in a large area of northern Griggs and central and southe¡n NelsonCounty. The uppermost silt, apparently a local lake deposit, can be seen in the upperright corner of the photo.

, f:i¡É¡e

|-

-

76

Figure 7. Index map of the lake plain areas. (shows the location of Lake Lanona and LakeAgassiz.)

washed the dll surface in Grþgs county. _Some of the .washing

"lp*".rty rook place just prior io thc entrénchment of the Sheyenne

River in its valleY-Eroded tilí stopes.-Steep slopes of till occur along the Sheyenne

River and ¡ald Uill Creek. Thesè areas, designated C12 o! plate 1,

cons pography that was ero-ded by the streams

and i*ñg"i between 50 and 100 feet in a mile

and In --"ty places the slopes are partially

cove r1s' d btocks"-Glacial deposits that were

deoosited at the ice ma materials consisting mainþ of large

biå.k, of shale or till re moved as units by the ice, ate

on plate 1- (also see figure 8). Most of these areas are

loål .ott."ìffations "f gta*l and sand. Boulders are

t. Although at least three-areas that have traditionallyto be enð moraines are found in the two-county area'

it is likely that these features are largely the products of large-scale ice

,ir"rrins iBluemle, L1TO). For purpoies of discussion, these three

l""tor"'. ùilt U" ,eî"rred to as the Coãpersto*tt, McHenry, and ¡infordãrrJ -"r"i"es. The designation "end mbraine" should not be construed

as a statement of how tñe features formed.The end moraine consists of two segments in Grþgs

Countyr o a mile wide in T147N,R6ow, a j*î,î*',î'i:"i

consists äainly oft surface exposures. Inclusions of lake sedimentet in diameter were

ssie" Pierre Formationroadcut in sec 27, Tt47N, R60W. Relief overthe end moraine rangesapparent that much of thmorai¡re in this area wasis now occupied by Long Lake Addie.

The southern sesme end moraine in T145N,R59W, lacks interrial linearity and þydisintegration features that suggest gla thefeaturei are neither so numerous nor so tionfeatures on adjacent areas of dead-ice morair e inT144N, R5gWidoes have internal linearity, and disintegration featuresare less common.

t7

<G

o.(o1

4j

ôa

FOS I ER

S TU IS MAN

EDDY

--l

T-

c AS

GGS

ËI

I

-l-e¡r! N A NO FO KR

slE

I

I

I

IIlr

I

B A RNES

-

76

Figure 7. Index map of the lake plain areas. (shows the location of Lake Lanona and LakeAgassiz.)

washed the dll surface in Grþgs county. _Some of the .washing

"lp*".rty rook place just prior io thc entrénchment of the Sheyenne

River in its valleY-Eroded tilí stopes.-Steep slopes of till occur along the Sheyenne

River and ¡ald Uill Creek. Thesè areas, designated C12 o! plate 1,

cons pography that was ero-ded by the streams

and i*ñg"i between 50 and 100 feet in a mile

and In --"ty places the slopes are partially

cove r1s' d btocks"-Glacial deposits that were

deoosited at the ice ma materials consisting mainþ of large

biå.k, of shale or till re moved as units by the ice, ate

on plate 1- (also see figure 8). Most of these areas are

loål .ott."ìffations "f gta*l and sand. Boulders are

t. Although at least three-areas that have traditionallyto be enð moraines are found in the two-county area'

it is likely that these features are largely the products of large-scale ice

,ir"rrins iBluemle, L1TO). For purpoies of discussion, these three

l""tor"'. ùilt U" ,eî"rred to as the Coãpersto*tt, McHenry, and ¡infordãrrJ -"r"i"es. The designation "end mbraine" should not be construed

as a statement of how tñe features formed.The end moraine consists of two segments in Grþgs

Countyr o a mile wide in T147N,R6ow, a j*î,î*',î'i:"i

consists äainly oft surface exposures. Inclusions of lake sedimentet in diameter were

ssie" Pierre Formationroadcut in sec 27, Tt47N, R60W. Relief overthe end moraine rangesapparent that much of thmorai¡re in this area wasis now occupied by Long Lake Addie.

The southern sesme end moraine in T145N,R59W, lacks interrial linearity and þydisintegration features that suggest gla thefeaturei are neither so numerous nor so tionfeatures on adjacent areas of dead-ice morair e inT144N, R5gWidoes have internal linearity, and disintegration featuresare less common.

t7

<G

o.(o1

4j

ôa

FOS I ER

S TU IS MAN

EDDY

--l

T-

c AS

GGS

ËI

I

-l-e¡r! N A NO FO KR

slE

I

I

I

IIlr

I

B A RNES

18

Fþre 8. Index map of Griggs and Steele Counties showing a¡eas of intensive ice shearing andend moraine development,

r9

ç'.

Fþure 9, Cooperstown end moraine near Lake Addie (northeast part of photo). Secs 26 znd 27 ,T147N, R60W. The highly ridged character of the featu¡e in this a¡ea resulted fromintensive shearing and thrusting at or nea¡ the ice margin. Much of the material thatwas thrust to the southwest came from the depression now occupied by Lake Addie.

I

m,

+oo^)- '¡%^

STU TS[4AN

o4

EDDY

FOS IE R

)ÍGRIGGS

BÁRNES

N EL S ON

0 -T_T

t i

AS

ND FORKS

o enBinford mo tnto

s lownopmoend tn

I

I

I

,l_-l rr.ujr.

_

18

Fþre 8. Index map of Griggs and Steele Counties showing a¡eas of intensive ice shearing andend moraine development,

r9

ç'.

Fþure 9, Cooperstown end moraine near Lake Addie (northeast part of photo). Secs 26 znd 27 ,T147N, R60W. The highly ridged character of the featu¡e in this a¡ea resulted fromintensive shearing and thrusting at or nea¡ the ice margin. Much of the material thatwas thrust to the southwest came from the depression now occupied by Lake Addie.

I

m,

+oo^)- '¡%^

STU TS[4AN

o4

EDDY

FOS IE R

)ÍGRIGGS

BÁRNES

N EL S ON

0 -T_T

t i

AS

ND FORKS

o enBinford mo tnto

s lownopmoend tn

I

I

I

,l_-l rr.ujr.

_

20 2L

Fþre 10. Binford end moraine in T147N, R60w. view is from the north. This featrueprobably consists almost entirely of ice_th¡ust materi¿ls.Figure ll.Folded lake sediment, fìne sand, and sft, within till in western Steele County (sec

33, T145N, R57\Ð. The ice movement, which was southwa¡d (from the rþht), atthis location, sheared material upward resulting in the folding.

An area of about 125 square miles in northeastern Griggs County

20 2L

Fþre 10. Binford end moraine in T147N, R60w. view is from the north. This featrueprobably consists almost entirely of ice_th¡ust materi¿ls.Figure ll.Folded lake sediment, fìne sand, and sft, within till in western Steele County (sec

33, T145N, R57\Ð. The ice movement, which was southwa¡d (from the rþht), atthis location, sheared material upward resulting in the folding.

An area of about 125 square miles in northeastern Griggs County

22 23

Ficure 12, Faulting in sand of southeastern Steele County. Small structu¡es such as this one are' 'év'e L't

*.,nói ir tfr" area where fluvial and lacustrine sediments were deposited on top ofstagnant glacial ice. Shovel is about 2% feet long'

Mixed Till, Sand, and Silt Facies

---.-

Fþre 13. Slumped sand, apparently shore sediment, in southeastern Steele County in an area

where a l¿ke existed on top of stagnant ice.

22 23

Ficure 12, Faulting in sand of southeastern Steele County. Small structu¡es such as this one are' 'év'e L't

*.,nói ir tfr" area where fluvial and lacustrine sediments were deposited on top ofstagnant glacial ice. Shovel is about 2% feet long'

Mixed Till, Sand, and Silt Facies

---.-

Fþre 13. Slumped sand, apparently shore sediment, in southeastern Steele County in an area

where a l¿ke existed on top of stagnant ice.

25

Mixed Sandy Gravel, Gravelly Sand, and Silt Facies

Sand and Gravel Facies

Figure 14. iTtrir:"+f,:'å,ich is the da¡k zone'

beneath the wet till is loose material in front of the "*r"uutiot

*uTflparent dry band

common. Thin ourwash lies on top of till in parts of central Griggs

be graded to a more northerly source of water.' Melt water trenches.-Séu"r"l melt water trenches that cross Griggs

25

Mixed Sandy Gravel, Gravelly Sand, and Silt Facies

Sand and Gravel Facies

Figure 14. iTtrir:"+f,:'å,ich is the da¡k zone'

beneath the wet till is loose material in front of the "*r"uutiot

*uTflparent dry band

common. Thin ourwash lies on top of till in parts of central Griggs

be graded to a more northerly source of water.' Melt water trenches.-Séu"r"l melt water trenches that cross Griggs

26

Figure 15. Bald Hill C¡eek melt water trench at Hannafo¡d in Griggs County. View is to thesouth-southeast from the center of sec 5, T144N, R59ìV. Photo by James Merritt.

abandonedterraces inCreek and15 and 16)one time.

rrace level is about 50-70Sheyenne River. It is

quality gravel. Numerousrrace levels can be found

27

poo

Þi

Ëæ

úz-t\tF

oo

o

E

EkoÉo

EoqT

.É

ooto

o

*EI

o(J

èt¡u

ko

o

>.o

9;É.íkooËÀLEOF

u)-\¿;

oaÐt¡.

26

Figure 15. Bald Hill C¡eek melt water trench at Hannafo¡d in Griggs County. View is to thesouth-southeast from the center of sec 5, T144N, R59ìV. Photo by James Merritt.

abandonedterraces inCreek and15 and 16)one time.

rrace level is about 50-70Sheyenne River. It is

quality gravel. Numerousrrace levels can be found

27

poo

Þi

Ëæ

úz-t\tF

oo

o

E

EkoÉo

EoqT

.É

ooto

o

*EI

o(J

èt¡u

ko

o

>.o

9;É.íkooËÀLEOF

u)-\¿;

oaÐt¡.

28 29

Fþurel7.Till on top offine sand of the Herman Beach in eastern Steele County (sec 11,T146N, R55W). The till apparently slid onto the sand at this point. It does notordinarily overlie the sand in nearby areas.

28 29

Fþurel7.Till on top offine sand of the Herman Beach in eastern Steele County (sec 11,T146N, R55W). The till apparently slid onto the sand at this point. It does notordinarily overlie the sand in nearby areas.

30

,.ì

f;

Figure 18. Sand in the Herman Beach in eastern Steele County (sec ll, Tf46N, R55W)

Figure 19. Herman Beach deposits in eastern Steele County (sec 11, T146N, R55W). TheAgassiz lake plain is to the east (right).

3l

Fþure 20. Herman Beach deposits in eastern Steele County (sec 11, T146N, R55\Ð' Notice the

\ >-! alÈ..

paleosol exposed in the cut.

30

,.ì

f;

Figure 18. Sand in the Herman Beach in eastern Steele County (sec ll, Tf46N, R55W)

Figure 19. Herman Beach deposits in eastern Steele County (sec 11, T146N, R55W). TheAgassiz lake plain is to the east (right).

3l

Fþure 20. Herman Beach deposits in eastern Steele County (sec 11, T146N, R55\Ð' Notice the

\ >-! alÈ..

paleosol exposed in the cut.

32 33

semi-isolated mounds' Unusually large numbers of small kames occur in

T147N, R61w trtg zil]Ëìt"ïrt7t"' Ë"-"t are more wídely scattered'

cies of the Coleharbor Formationiggs and Steele Counties' These

.Ïí hk"t. Flat areas of unerodedn Plate 1. A flat, boulder-free lakeutireast corner of T146N, R59W' It

miles and is the largest glacial lakeilar areas of lake sediment occur in

west of Colgate in Steele CountY'more than i ttett""r of silt on toP

Figure 21. Air view of the network of eskers west of Hannaford, North Dakota (secs 1, 2, 11,and 12, T144N, R60W).

on - ice and subsequently collapsed to a hummocky surface as rhe

underlying ice melted. surface Loulders are abundani on most of theeskers. They were probablv wasconfined ice walls änd coícentras ablation21) west ofesker. It rise

Conspicuous and prominent conglacial drift are known äs kr-"s. They were deposited in depressions instagnant ice that subsequently mêlted, leäving rhe aäcumulatedsediment, mainly gravel

-and 's nd, in the fo"rm of isolated or

32 33

semi-isolated mounds' Unusually large numbers of small kames occur in

T147N, R61w trtg zil]Ëìt"ïrt7t"' Ë"-"t are more wídely scattered'

cies of the Coleharbor Formationiggs and Steele Counties' These

.Ïí hk"t. Flat areas of unerodedn Plate 1. A flat, boulder-free lakeutireast corner of T146N, R59W' It

miles and is the largest glacial lakeilar areas of lake sediment occur in

west of Colgate in Steele CountY'more than i ttett""r of silt on toP

Figure 21. Air view of the network of eskers west of Hannaford, North Dakota (secs 1, 2, 11,and 12, T144N, R60W).

on - ice and subsequently collapsed to a hummocky surface as rhe

underlying ice melted. surface Loulders are abundani on most of theeskers. They were probablv wasconfined ice walls änd coícentras ablation21) west ofesker. It rise

Conspicuous and prominent conglacial drift are known äs kr-"s. They were deposited in depressions instagnant ice that subsequently mêlted, leäving rhe aäcumulatedsediment, mainly gravel

-and 's nd, in the fo"rm of isolated or

34

Fþve22,Kames in the area south of Mose in north\¡/estern Griggs County (sec 9, T147N,R61W). Kames are unusually abundant in this area.

Figure 23. Lake sediment in southern Griggs county (sec 18, T145N, R58\Ð. Layers of

iron-stained, generally liglrt brown, uniform silt about 4 inches thick are separated

õv ttrin banâs-of clav. fne exposure is at a depth of about 20 feet' Forty feet of lake

siit was exposed i¡ ihe cut. At a depth of forty feet is a boulder-pavement lying on

till.

ly oxidized and colored shades ofed as till because their most recent

i.rüå in several excavationswere located

west of the Herman Beach ead lake mayhave covered the area befo siz (Bluemle,tg74). As much as 25 feet areabeneathtil tÉat occurs at the surface throughout that part of Steele Countyabove the Agassiz lake plain. The búried silt dõposit is much harderthan typical íake Agassii silt and tends to be hþh[y jointed.

35

Holocene Sediment

Walsh FormationThe Walsh Formation harbor Formation

and all other formations, in nd, silt, and-graveldeposits. The Walsh Forma that are of fluvial.

34

Fþve22,Kames in the area south of Mose in north\¡/estern Griggs County (sec 9, T147N,R61W). Kames are unusually abundant in this area.

Figure 23. Lake sediment in southern Griggs county (sec 18, T145N, R58\Ð. Layers of

iron-stained, generally liglrt brown, uniform silt about 4 inches thick are separated

õv ttrin banâs-of clav. fne exposure is at a depth of about 20 feet' Forty feet of lake

siit was exposed i¡ ihe cut. At a depth of forty feet is a boulder-pavement lying on

till.

ly oxidized and colored shades ofed as till because their most recent

i.rüå in several excavationswere located

west of the Herman Beach ead lake mayhave covered the area befo siz (Bluemle,tg74). As much as 25 feet areabeneathtil tÉat occurs at the surface throughout that part of Steele Countyabove the Agassiz lake plain. The búried silt dõposit is much harderthan typical íake Agassii silt and tends to be hþh[y jointed.

35

Holocene Sediment

Walsh FormationThe Walsh Formation harbor Formation

and all other formations, in nd, silt, and-graveldeposits. The Walsh Forma that are of fluvial.

I

36

Figwe24.Two photos of a S5-foot excavation in southern Steele County (sec 19, T144N,R55W). Lake silt occurs between about 10 antl 35 feet depth; surface elevations areabout 1,180 feet, A bouldery till occurs in the bottom of the excavation. The silt ishighly jointed, rather hard, and rhythmicatly banded. At 25-foot depth is a markedchange in hardness that looks like an erosional break of some kind, perhaps a

wave{ut surface. The silt beneath the break is considerably harder than that above.The upper photo shows the whole sequence; the lower shows a part of the siltunitwith the ledge on the lower, ha¡de¡ silt.

37

lacustrine, eolian, massaPPearance due to theorganic material. ItFormation, which lacks orsanic m

The conrac betw"å the

::ï:ìq:_t4s i1 mSst places to the Holocene-pleisrocene boundary. Thisboundary, t {1æ{ ar about 10,000 B.p. when grassland *as replacingwoodland in North Dakota and the resr of the'Great plains. A's thi.Ë

velop over the area, materials eroded fromdispersed organic conrenr of the Walsh

tion has been divided into two main faciesin Griggs and Steele Counties: clay, andinrerbedded sand, silt, ""t;l"t:Clay Facies

among the larger grains. The clayfined to slougñs *-h"re it averagesare unleached and calcareous.

in poorly drained areas, althoughsloughs is partially integrated.

Interbedded Sand, Silt, and CIay FaciesThe interbedded sand, silr, and clay facies of the walsh Formarion

consists of river alluvium and windblówn deposits. It is commonlyslightly ro moderarely organic.

River alluvium-The river allconsists of well sorted dark browclayey silt, or silty clay. Minoare mainly uncemented, but,river alluvium averages about

I

36

Figwe24.Two photos of a S5-foot excavation in southern Steele County (sec 19, T144N,R55W). Lake silt occurs between about 10 antl 35 feet depth; surface elevations areabout 1,180 feet, A bouldery till occurs in the bottom of the excavation. The silt ishighly jointed, rather hard, and rhythmicatly banded. At 25-foot depth is a markedchange in hardness that looks like an erosional break of some kind, perhaps a

wave{ut surface. The silt beneath the break is considerably harder than that above.The upper photo shows the whole sequence; the lower shows a part of the siltunitwith the ledge on the lower, ha¡de¡ silt.

37

lacustrine, eolian, massaPPearance due to theorganic material. ItFormation, which lacks orsanic m

The conrac betw"å the

::ï:ìq:_t4s i1 mSst places to the Holocene-pleisrocene boundary. Thisboundary, t {1æ{ ar about 10,000 B.p. when grassland *as replacingwoodland in North Dakota and the resr of the'Great plains. A's thi.Ë

velop over the area, materials eroded fromdispersed organic conrenr of the Walsh

tion has been divided into two main faciesin Griggs and Steele Counties: clay, andinrerbedded sand, silt, ""t;l"t:Clay Facies

among the larger grains. The clayfined to slougñs *-h"re it averagesare unleached and calcareous.

in poorly drained areas, althoughsloughs is partially integrated.

Interbedded Sand, Silt, and CIay FaciesThe interbedded sand, silr, and clay facies of the walsh Formarion

consists of river alluvium and windblówn deposits. It is commonlyslightly ro moderarely organic.

River alluvium-The river allconsists of well sorted dark browclayey silt, or silty clay. Minoare mainly uncemented, but,river alluvium averages about

T

38

GEOLOGIC HISTORY DURING THE PLEISTOCENE

Topography on the Preglacial Surface

of Griggs and Steele Counties,rthward. Upland elevations over

39

lf^.rl_î^"" of Grþgs and Steele- Counries. Much of the easrern part oftne two-corntv area was drained by the ancestral Red River, whiih alsoflowed northwârd.

- Shale of the cretaceous pierre Formation was at the surface

lll.fftî": Grrggs County and on rhe wesrern edge of Sr""i" C;;;\PI.-z). A four- to six-mile-wide strip of creraceo,r, ñiobr"r" Formatioishale exrended from north to ,olth thro"gh ã. iãiîw of steelecounty, and older cretaceous shales .orr"r"i tt " ,",.'"inder of s,."i"County.

Pre-Wisconsinan Glacial History

"^_-^ lî^.1 t1m1 glaciers advanced southward over rhe area, they musrhave blocked the northward drain?g" p the Red River va[éy, ."'r"t i"!

Its found in excavations'in ""rt"rñited in such lakes. At one such site

change is much larder than that above. The harder material alsoappeared to be slightly moreabove. Near the base of theapparenr. Lyins above the siltsilty till. tt appãared to be slight

At another site in .enir"separated b and gravel. iis clayey, p andîigttly jointed. Most of the jointtraces were led beðding planes. the upper iill issimilar to the lower, but softer and un.ioint"d." '

"^^^^::?r1fl1!1r_c siruarions such as- the two just menrioned suggesrtep:ltgq episodes of glaciation. Several multiile dll exposures were

studied in the area to the north of Griggs and Steele cou'nties in L964

T

38

GEOLOGIC HISTORY DURING THE PLEISTOCENE

Topography on the Preglacial Surface

of Griggs and Steele Counties,rthward. Upland elevations over

39

lf^.rl_î^"" of Grþgs and Steele- Counries. Much of the easrern part oftne two-corntv area was drained by the ancestral Red River, whiih alsoflowed northwârd.

- Shale of the cretaceous pierre Formation was at the surface

lll.fftî": Grrggs County and on rhe wesrern edge of Sr""i" C;;;\PI.-z). A four- to six-mile-wide strip of creraceo,r, ñiobr"r" Formatioishale exrended from north to ,olth thro"gh ã. iãiîw of steelecounty, and older cretaceous shales .orr"r"i tt " ,",.'"inder of s,."i"County.

Pre-Wisconsinan Glacial History

"^_-^ lî^.1 t1m1 glaciers advanced southward over rhe area, they musrhave blocked the northward drain?g" p the Red River va[éy, ."'r"t i"!

Its found in excavations'in ""rt"rñited in such lakes. At one such site

change is much larder than that above. The harder material alsoappeared to be slightly moreabove. Near the base of theapparenr. Lyins above the siltsilty till. tt appãared to be slight

At another site in .enir"separated b and gravel. iis clayey, p andîigttly jointed. Most of the jointtraces were led beðding planes. the upper iill issimilar to the lower, but softer and un.ioint"d." '

"^^^^::?r1fl1!1r_c siruarions such as- the two just menrioned suggesrtep:ltgq episodes of glaciation. Several multiile dll exposures were

studied in the area to the north of Griggs and Steele cou'nties in L964

-f

40 4L

in age.

'Wisconsinan Glacial History

Little is known about the early part of the Wisconsinan Epoch inGriggs and Steele Counties. Glacial drift of early Wisconsinan age occursorr"î -,r.h of cenffal North Dakota west of the limit- of lateWisconsinan drift, but in eastern North Dakota, early Wisconsinan drifthas nor been definitely identified. the discussion'that follows deals

mainly with the surficiál geology of the area, rhe lare wisconsinan driftEXFLANATION

f END MoRATNE

l"-1:{,'¡l STAGNANT, DRTFT COVERED tCE

K= AcrvE rcE(Arrow denoles direction of ice f low)

æ PROGLACTAL LAKE

o2l66toMtLEs=FE-ESCALE

¡

I

x

a

\

R-\

*J-II

I

Gr r99 s lecl c

Figure 25.

-f

40 4L

in age.

'Wisconsinan Glacial History

Little is known about the early part of the Wisconsinan Epoch inGriggs and Steele Counties. Glacial drift of early Wisconsinan age occursorr"î -,r.h of cenffal North Dakota west of the limit- of lateWisconsinan drift, but in eastern North Dakota, early Wisconsinan drifthas nor been definitely identified. the discussion'that follows deals

mainly with the surficiál geology of the area, rhe lare wisconsinan driftEXFLANATION

f END MoRATNE

l"-1:{,'¡l STAGNANT, DRTFT COVERED tCE

K= AcrvE rcE(Arrow denoles direction of ice f low)

æ PROGLACTAL LAKE

o2l66toMtLEs=FE-ESCALE

¡

I

x

a

\

R-\

*J-II

I

Gr r99 s lecl c

Figure 25.

42

f

r

N

@ri-Fil-al -irrJ

@F^tl:::j

END MORAINE

GROUND MORAINE

OUTWASH PLAIN

WASHED GROUND MORAINE

43

ESKER

STAGNANT, DRTFT covERED tCE

ACTIVE ICE(Arrow denotes drrecf ion of ice f iow)

PROGLACIAL LAKE

t_

atI

¡

t

\

42

f

r

N

@ri-Fil-al -irrJ

@F^tl:::j

END MORAINE

GROUND MORAINE

OUTWASH PLAIN

WASHED GROUND MORAINE

43

ESKER

STAGNANT, DRTFT covERED tCE

ACTIVE ICE(Arrow denotes drrecf ion of ice f iow)

PROGLACIAL LAKE

t_

atI

¡

t

\

Y

44

Areo of 0epos¡l¡on

GLACI ALR IFT

Ar.o of Dapos¡lion GLACIÂL VERY IN ORIFT

IAL OUTIYASH

GLAC IALR IFT

Ftgtlre2T, Active glacier depos ine. The ice is thick enough toflow ove¡ the high (upper diagram). In the iowerdmgram, the active i hþh area of pierre shale and anarea of stagnant ice remains between tlte Cooperstown end moraine and the a¡ea ofhþh betlrock, Outwash from the active glacier terminus was deposited on lower a¡easof the stagnant ice.

ON

EXPLANATION o 2 4 6 I toMtLES

N| wASHED GRoUNDMoRAINE

-FTFSCALE

ffi sTAGNANï,DRIFT covERED rcE

lffi AcrvE rcE

æ PROGLACIAL LAKE

END MORAINE

GROUND MORAINE

OUTWASH PLAIN

45

rcE nl€os¡va shcorlngeroiion

CRETACEOUS PIERRE FORMATION SHALE

I\

/

x

\-Y

I

tI

I

\ 1r:

I\

CRETACEOUS PIERRE FORMATION SHALE

Figure 28. G-la-cier margin in westem Steele County while the ice was still depositing theMcHerny end moraine in northwes ern Griggs county. nogbcial-tates formed in avallev that was to later develop into the Sheyenne Riuet uJley. Onããrtnese, at ttreGriggs-Steele-Barnes County junction, was Laí<e I¿nona C.àìó*il.

--- -

Y

44

Areo of 0epos¡l¡on

GLACI ALR IFT

Ar.o of Dapos¡lion GLACIÂL VERY IN ORIFT

IAL OUTIYASH

GLAC IALR IFT

Ftgtlre2T, Active glacier depos ine. The ice is thick enough toflow ove¡ the high (upper diagram). In the iowerdmgram, the active i hþh area of pierre shale and anarea of stagnant ice remains between tlte Cooperstown end moraine and the a¡ea ofhþh betlrock, Outwash from the active glacier terminus was deposited on lower a¡easof the stagnant ice.

ON

EXPLANATION o 2 4 6 I toMtLES

N| wASHED GRoUNDMoRAINE

-FTFSCALE

ffi sTAGNANï,DRIFT covERED rcE

lffi AcrvE rcE

æ PROGLACIAL LAKE

END MORAINE

GROUND MORAINE

OUTWASH PLAIN

45

rcE nl€os¡va shcorlngeroiion

CRETACEOUS PIERRE FORMATION SHALE

I\

/

x

\-Y

I

tI

I

\ 1r:

I\

CRETACEOUS PIERRE FORMATION SHALE

Figure 28. G-la-cier margin in westem Steele County while the ice was still depositing theMcHerny end moraine in northwes ern Griggs county. nogbcial-tates formed in avallev that was to later develop into the Sheyenne Riuet uJley. Onããrtnese, at ttreGriggs-Steele-Barnes County junction, was Laí<e I¿nona C.àìó*il.

--- -

46

Y

47

water in eastern Barnes and southe

theserrisher levels, rhe ;iliï9,1ï;åîi',',"å:ï:glacial ice- This _supelg a toral

"r"a of'rbour i,400

square miles, although s never under water all at the sametlme.

EXPLANATION o 2 + 6 I toM|LES

=FE-=SCALE

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY

Sand and Gravel

About l-7 commercial sources of borrow material are located in

! rr,ro MoRAINE

N wasneD GRouND MoRATNE

Er.:..- ourwASH pLArN

Fì esxrn

,=7 MELTwATER -rRENCH

- | (Ar¡ow denoiesdireciion of flow)

M sraeruANr,DRrFr covERED rcE

lW i^tt''""f0'.1Eo,., d¡recrion or ice rrow)

E:I PROGLACIAL LAKE

GROUND MORAINE

( \(

Fþre 29.

46

Y

47

water in eastern Barnes and southe

theserrisher levels, rhe ;iliï9,1ï;åîi',',"å:ï:glacial ice- This _supelg a toral

"r"a of'rbour i,400

square miles, although s never under water all at the sametlme.

EXPLANATION o 2 + 6 I toM|LES

=FE-=SCALE

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY

Sand and Gravel

About l-7 commercial sources of borrow material are located in

! rr,ro MoRAINE

N wasneD GRouND MoRATNE

Er.:..- ourwASH pLArN

Fì esxrn

,=7 MELTwATER -rRENCH

- | (Ar¡ow denoiesdireciion of flow)

M sraeruANr,DRrFr covERED rcE

lW i^tt''""f0'.1Eo,., d¡recrion or ice rrow)

E:I PROGLACIAL LAKE

GROUND MORAINE

( \(

Fþre 29.

--

48

Location

N%sec 2, Tl48N, R61WSW¿sec 2, T148N, R61WNW/¿sec 30, Tl48N, R57\ryNW/¿sec 33, T148N, R56WWlbsec 31, Tl47N, R6l\ryEl/zsec 32, Tl47N, R6lWNE/¿sec 9, T147N, R56\rySW/¿sec 27, T146N, R55WNW/¿sec 32, T146N, R55WNE/¿sec 21, T145N, R60WNW/¿sec 22, Tl45N, R60WNW/¿sec 5, Tl45N, R59\rySW/¿sec 22, T145N, R59WNE/¿sec 4, Tl44N, R60WSE/¿sec 21, T144N, R59WNWI/¿sec 35, Tl44N, R56WNE/¿sec 35, T144N, R56W

Owner

Joel Goplen, Binford, NDJoel Goplen, Binford, NDKate Wright, Sharon, NDEd Nesheim, Sharon, NDPeter Dywad PitDavid Beardsley Estate PitAlbert Gilbertson PitState owned pitHans Gotfredson PitL. O. Skjelset PitHarold Brown PitBruce Hazard PitPerry Haaland PitGustave Sonju PitLaura Fogderude PitRandall Curry, Hope, NDW. R. Knox Pit

49

Table '1.. Commercial grøvel sources in Griggs and Steele Counties. REFERENCES

Ballard, F. V., 1963, Structural and stratigraphic relationships in thePaleozoic rocks of eastern North Dakota: North Dakota Geol.Survey Bull.40,42 p.

Block, D. Â., 1,965, Glacial geology of the north half of Barnes Counry,North Dakota: Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University ofNorth Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, 104 p.

Bluemle, J. P.,1967a, Multiple drifts in northeast North Dakota: NorthDakota Geol. Survey Misc. Series 30, p. t33-136.

Bluemle, J. P,, Ig67b, Geology and grouïd water resources of TraillCounty, Part 1, Geologyr North Dakota Geol. Survey Bull. 49 and,North ommission County Ground WaterStudies

Bluemle, J. hills and associated depressions incentral Soc. America (abstract), Program,

Blue ;ü:i'ä Ì,ä:Tïå;?3. .' Mclean1, Geology: North Dakota Geol.

Survey Bull. 60 and North Dakota State Water CommissionCounty Ground Water Studies 19,65 p.

Bluemle, J. P., 1.97 4, Early history of Lake Agassiz in southeast NorthDakota: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 85, p. 811-814.

Colron, R. 8., Lemke, R. w., and Lindvall, R. M., 1963, Preliminary

. glacøl map of North Dakota: U.S. Geol. Survey, Misc. Geol. Inv.,/ Map I-331.

y'Downey, J. S., 1973, Ground-water basic data for Griggs and SteeleCounties, North Dakota: North Dakota Geol. Survey Bull. 64 andNorth Dakota State Water Commission County Ground Vy'ater

Studies 2I,468 p.Hansen, D. E., and Kume, Jack, 7970, Geology and ground water

resources of Grand Forks County, Part 1, Geology: North DakotaGeol. Survey Bull. 53 and North Dakota State Water CommissionCounty Ground Water Studies 1,3,7 6 p.

Johnston, W. 4., L9I6, The genesis of Lake Agassiz: a confirmation:Journ. Geol. V. 24, p. 625-638.

Johnston, W. 4., 1921., Winnipegosis and Upper Whitemouth Riverarea, Manitoba, Pleistocene and Recent deposits: Can. Dept. MinesMem.l2B,42 p.

EstimatedReserves

in CubicYards

85,00050,00090,00070,00025,000+Unknown85,000Unknown68,00033,000Unknown45,00056,00060,000

148,00021,00022,OOO

Hydrocarbons

As of July L, I97 4, seven exploratory oil wells had been drilled inGriggs and Steele Counties (6 in Grþgs, 1 in Steele) and 44 stratþaphictests had been completed (16 in Griggs, 28 in Steele). No productionhas yet been found. Interest continues in the area because of thepresence of the Newcastle and other Cretaceous sands, which underliethe area. The Paleozoic formations that produce oil further west in

in Griggs and Steele Counties. The manyand structural traps along with shallow

st drilling should do much to promote

--

48

Location

N%sec 2, Tl48N, R61WSW¿sec 2, T148N, R61WNW/¿sec 30, Tl48N, R57\ryNW/¿sec 33, T148N, R56WWlbsec 31, Tl47N, R6l\ryEl/zsec 32, Tl47N, R6lWNE/¿sec 9, T147N, R56\rySW/¿sec 27, T146N, R55WNW/¿sec 32, T146N, R55WNE/¿sec 21, T145N, R60WNW/¿sec 22, Tl45N, R60WNW/¿sec 5, Tl45N, R59\rySW/¿sec 22, T145N, R59WNE/¿sec 4, Tl44N, R60WSE/¿sec 21, T144N, R59WNWI/¿sec 35, Tl44N, R56WNE/¿sec 35, T144N, R56W

Owner

Joel Goplen, Binford, NDJoel Goplen, Binford, NDKate Wright, Sharon, NDEd Nesheim, Sharon, NDPeter Dywad PitDavid Beardsley Estate PitAlbert Gilbertson PitState owned pitHans Gotfredson PitL. O. Skjelset PitHarold Brown PitBruce Hazard PitPerry Haaland PitGustave Sonju PitLaura Fogderude PitRandall Curry, Hope, NDW. R. Knox Pit

49

Table '1.. Commercial grøvel sources in Griggs and Steele Counties. REFERENCES

Ballard, F. V., 1963, Structural and stratigraphic relationships in thePaleozoic rocks of eastern North Dakota: North Dakota Geol.Survey Bull.40,42 p.

Block, D. Â., 1,965, Glacial geology of the north half of Barnes Counry,North Dakota: Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University ofNorth Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, 104 p.

Bluemle, J. P.,1967a, Multiple drifts in northeast North Dakota: NorthDakota Geol. Survey Misc. Series 30, p. t33-136.

Bluemle, J. P,, Ig67b, Geology and grouïd water resources of TraillCounty, Part 1, Geologyr North Dakota Geol. Survey Bull. 49 and,North ommission County Ground WaterStudies

Bluemle, J. hills and associated depressions incentral Soc. America (abstract), Program,

Blue ;ü:i'ä Ì,ä:Tïå;?3. .' Mclean1, Geology: North Dakota Geol.

Survey Bull. 60 and North Dakota State Water CommissionCounty Ground Water Studies 19,65 p.

Bluemle, J. P., 1.97 4, Early history of Lake Agassiz in southeast NorthDakota: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 85, p. 811-814.

Colron, R. 8., Lemke, R. w., and Lindvall, R. M., 1963, Preliminary

. glacøl map of North Dakota: U.S. Geol. Survey, Misc. Geol. Inv.,/ Map I-331.

y'Downey, J. S., 1973, Ground-water basic data for Griggs and SteeleCounties, North Dakota: North Dakota Geol. Survey Bull. 64 andNorth Dakota State Water Commission County Ground Vy'ater

Studies 2I,468 p.Hansen, D. E., and Kume, Jack, 7970, Geology and ground water

resources of Grand Forks County, Part 1, Geology: North DakotaGeol. Survey Bull. 53 and North Dakota State Water CommissionCounty Ground Water Studies 1,3,7 6 p.

Johnston, W. 4., L9I6, The genesis of Lake Agassiz: a confirmation:Journ. Geol. V. 24, p. 625-638.

Johnston, W. 4., 1921., Winnipegosis and Upper Whitemouth Riverarea, Manitoba, Pleistocene and Recent deposits: Can. Dept. MinesMem.l2B,42 p.

EstimatedReserves

in CubicYards

85,00050,00090,00070,00025,000+Unknown85,000Unknown68,00033,000Unknown45,00056,00060,000

148,00021,00022,OOO

Hydrocarbons

As of July L, I97 4, seven exploratory oil wells had been drilled inGriggs and Steele Counties (6 in Grþgs, 1 in Steele) and 44 stratþaphictests had been completed (16 in Griggs, 28 in Steele). No productionhas yet been found. Interest continues in the area because of thepresence of the Newcastle and other Cretaceous sands, which underliethe area. The Paleozoic formations that produce oil further west in

in Griggs and Steele Counties. The manyand structural traps along with shallow

st drilling should do much to promote

50

Kelly, T. 8., and Block, D. ,{., 7967, Geology and ground warerresources of Barnes County, North Dakota, Part 1, Geology:North Dakota Geol. Survey Bull. 43 and North Dakota StateWater Commission County Ground Water Studies 4,51 p.

Lard, W. M., 1944, The geology and ground water resources of theEmerado quadrangle: North Dakota Geol. Survey Bull. t7, 35 p.

Laird, W. M., 1,964, The problem of Lake Agassiz: North Dakota Acad.Sci. Proc. v. 11, p.IL4-I34.

Lemke, R. W., and Colton, R. 8., 1958, Summary of PleistoceneGeology of North Dakota, in Mid-western Friends of thePleistocene Guidebook 9th Ann. Field Conf.: North Dakota Geol.

North Dakota (unpublished masrer's thesis), 78 p.Nielson, D. N., 1969, Washboard moraines in nõrtheastern North

Dakota: Univ. of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota(unpublished master's thesis), 51- p.

Nikiforoff, C. C., 1947, The life history of Lake Agassiz: an alternativeinterpretation: Amer. Jour. Sci., v.245, p.2O5-239.

Rominger, J. F., and Rutledge, P. C., 1952, Use of soil mechanics datain correlation and interpretation of Lake Agassiz sediments: Jour.Geol., v. 60, p. 160-180.

Rude, L. C., t966, Surficial geology of northern Griggs County, NorthDakota: Univ. of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota(unpubli hesis), t28 p.

Sloss, L. L., 1 s in the cratonic interior of North America:Geol. So I., v.7 4, p. 93-tt4.

Tyrrell, J. B. nesis of Lake Agassiz: Jonr. Geol., v. 4, p.811-815.

Tyrrell, J. 8., I9I4, The Patrician glacier south of Hudson Bay:Geologique International, Canada, L9I3, Compt. Rendu, p.523-524, Ottawa.

Upham, Warren, L895, The Glacial Lake Agassiz: U.S. Geol. SurveyMon. 25, 658 p.

Willard, D. E., 1909, Description of the Jamestown-Towner district,North Dakota: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, Folio 168, 10 p.