FROM SALAMIS TO LEPANTO: ATHENS, VENICE, AND SEA

FROM SALAMIS TO LEPANTO: ATHENS, VENICE, AND SEA POWER

Kenneth W. Harl, Tulane University Bright Horizons 29, May 7-18, 2016

SAILING IN MEDITERRANEAN SEA

FROM PENTEKONTER TO TRIREME

Pentekonters, ca. 650 B.C., Carinthian Vase

Athenian merchant ship kylix, Exekias ca. 530 B.C.

TRIREME

Phoenician Warship. Relief, Palace of Sennacherib (705-681 B.C.), Nineveh

THE TRIREME

Athenian Trireme, ca. 450 B.C.

TRIREME

Lenormant Relief, ca. 410 B.C., Louvre

TRIREME

TRIREME

Reconstructed Rowing System, Trirreme

TRIREME

Ram, Piraeus Museum,

TRIREME REPLICAS

Based on the Olympias

THE PERSIAN WARS, 499-479 B.C.

BATTLE OF SALAMIS, SEPTEMBER 480 B.C.

Themistocles (524-459 B.C.)

Xerxes (486-465 B.C.) Tomb Relief, Nasqh-e-Rustam

BATTLE OF SALAMIS, SEPTEMBER 480 B.C.

ATHENIAN EMPIRE, 477-404 B.C.

477 B.C. Foundation of Delian League 461-446 B.C. First Peloponnesian War 446/5 B.C. Thirty Years’ Peace 431-404 B.C. Peloponnesian War 432-421 B.C. Archidamian War 421 B.C. Peace of Nicias 415-413 B.C. Athenian Expedition against Syracuse, Sicily 414-404 B.C. Ionian (Decelean) War 405 B.C. Battle of Aegispotami 404 B.C. Surrender of Athens

ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY, 450 B.C.

BOARD OF 10 GENERALS (STRATEGOI)

↕ BOULE ³ ← ³ ← EKKLESIA (ASSEMBLY) ➔ ➔ BOARD OF (Council of 500 (Athenian Citizens) NINE ARCHONS

↕ ↕

POPULAR COURTS (HELEIA) AREGOPAGUS (Courts of Appeal) (Council of ex-archons dokimasia: competence test euthynai: rendering of accounts graphe paranomon Ostracism

Romanus III (1028-1034) Gold Nomisma Constantinople Christ enthroned

BYZANTINE INSPIRED COINS OF DENMARK PERICLES (495-429 B.C.)

Radical Democracy, 462/1 B.C. Strategos, 454/3-430/29 B.C.

Roman copy after statue of Ctesilas

THE PELPONNESIAN WAR

SIEGE OF SYRACUSE, 415-413 B.C.

Five Battles in Great Harbor, 413 B.C.

NAVAL BATTLES IN SYRACUSE HARBOR, 413 B.C.

From John C. Ridpath, History of the World (1898)

IONIAN (DECELEAN) WAR, 414-404 B.C.

NAVAL ACTIONS OF IONIAN (DECALEAN) WAR (412-405 B.C.)

Date Engagement Commanders Triremes Ath. Sp. Engaged Losses Ath. Sp. Ath. Sp.

411 B.C. Cynossema Thrasyllus Mindarus 76 86 15 21 411 B.C. Abydos Thrasybulus Mindarus 74 96 0 30 410 B.C. Cyzicus Alcibiades Mindarus 86 60 0 60 409 B.C. Lesbos Thrasybulus Hermocrates 20 25 0 5 407 B.C. Notium Antiochus Lysander 80 90 20 0 406 B.C. Arginussae Promachus Callicratides 150 120 25 70 Total Losses, 406 B.C. 60 186 405 B.C. Aegisopotami Conon Lysander 180 185 179 0 Total Losses, 405 B.C. 239 186

CARTHAGE AND ROME, 264 B.C.

THE QUINQUEREME

Carthaginian Quinqureme, ca. 275 B.C. based on Isola Tiberina

THE QUINQUEREME

Carthaginian Quinqureme, ca. 275 B.C., reconstruction

THE QUINQUEREME

Carthaginian Quinqureme, ca. 275 B.C.

THE QUINQUEREME

Quinqureme, ca. 275 B.C., Rowing Systems

ROMAN CORVUS: BOARDING QUINQUEREMES

ROMAN CORVUS: BOARDING QUINQUEREMES

THE FIRST PUNIC WAR (264-241 B.C.)

Phase 1: 264-260 B.C., Roman Conquest of Sicily Phase 2: 260-249 B.C., Roman Naval Effort

256-255 B.C., Invasion of Africa Phase 3: 249-242 B.C., Siege of Lilybaeum Phase 4: 242-241 B.C., Final Roman Naval Effort

BATTLE OF ECNOMUS, 256 B.C.

ROMAN CONSTRUCTION OF SHIPS, 260-242 B.C.

Date Number Polybius 260 B.C. 100 quinqueremes; 100 triremes I.20.10 256 B.C. 130 decked ships at Ecnomus I.25.7 255 B.C. 350 warships in service I.36.10

284 sunk in storms; 80 survive I.37.2 100 other warships in service

254 B.C. 220 quinqueremes built; 300 total in service I.39.6 253 B.C. 150 quinqueremes sunk in storm; 70 survive I.38.7-10

Further unspecified losses due to storms 251 B.C. 60 warships reported in service I..39.8 250 B.C. 200 quinquermes built, raising total to 250 I,41.3 249 B.C. 93 ships lost at Drepana; 30 escape I.51.11

100 out of 120 quinqueremes lost to storms I.53.5 & 54.8 249 B.C. 700 quinqueremes reported lost to date* I.63.2 242 B.C. 200 quinqueremes built by wealthy citizens I.59.1-3 260-242 B.C. 910 warships built by Rome

CARTHAGINIAN PRIZES TAKEN IN 260-241 B.C.

Date Action Prizes Polybius 260 B.C. Mylae 30 I.23.7 257 B.C. Tyndaris 10 I.25.4 256 B.C. Ecnomus 64 I.28.14 253 B.C. Hermaeum 114 I.36,11 241B.C. Aegates Isles 70 1.61.68 260-241 B.C Total Prizes 288

SECOND PUNIC WAR (218-201 B.C.)

ROME, THE IMPERIAL REPUBLIC

Liburnian Class light Ships

EVOLUTION OF WARSHIPS,

400 B.C.-1200 A.D.

ROMAN EMPIRE, PAX ROMANA

ROMAN IMPERIAL NAVY: SUPPRESSING PIRATES

Liburnian, ca. 150 A.D.

ROMAN IMPERIAL NAVY: RIVER PATROL

Trajan’s Column; Danube River Flotilla, ca. 101-102

ROMAN IMPERIAL NAVY

Charlton Heston, “Ben Hur,” 1953

ROMAN IMPERIAL NAVY

Charlton Heston, “Ben Hur,” 1953

FALL OF WESTERN ROMANEMPIRE, 396-476

CHANGES IN NAVAL TECHNOLOGY, 400-700 A.D.

Clinker Construction Shell Construction


Byzantine Dromon (“Runner”), 25 oars

JUSTINIAN (527-565): THE EMPIRE STRIKES BACK

Mosaic, San Vitale, Ravenna

JUSTINIAN (527-565): THE EMPIRE STRIKES BACK

JUSTINIAN (527-565): WARS OF RECONQUEST

526-532 First Persian War 530 Battle of Daras: Belisarius wins decisive victory 532 Perpetual Peace with Shah Khusru I (531-579) 533 Belisarius conquers Vandal North Africa 535 Outbreak of Gothic War (535-554)

Belisarius overruns Sicily 536 Belisarius occupies Rome

Mutiny of Stotzas (536-539) 538-539 First Gothic Siege of Rome 539 Germanus restores order in Africa 540 Surrender of Gothic King Wittigis (536-540)

Second Persian War (540-545) Belisarius recalled to East

JUSTINIAN (527-565): WARS OF RECONQUEST

541 Goths rally under Totila (541-552) 542-543 Great Plague ravages Middle East & Europe 544 Belisarius returns to Italy 545-547 Second Gothic Siege of Rome 546-548 John Trogilitas suppresses Revolt of Moors (543-548) 549 Recall of Belisarius from Italy 549-550 Third Gothic Siege of Rome; Totila capture Rome 550 Germanus organizes expedition against Goths

Liberius occupies southern Spain 552 Battle of Busta Gallorum: Narses defeats Totila 554 Battle of Capua: Narses defeats Franks

THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE: EMPIRE AT BAY, 610-867


Greek Fire, Madrid MS, Scylitzes’ History First Arabic Siege of Constantinople, 674-677 Callinicus of Heliopolis, ca. 672

SIEGES OF CONSTANTINOPLE 626 Siege of Avars & Sassanid Persians 674-678 First Arabic Siege 717-718 Second Arabic Siege 813 Krum, Khan of Bulgars 821-823 Siege of Thomas the Slav 860 First Rus Attack (Hoskuld & Dyr) 907 Second Rus Attack (Helgi/Oleg) 941 Third Rus Attack (Ingvar/Igor) 943 Fourth Rus Attack (Ingvar/Igor) 1043 Fifth Rus Attack (Yaroslav)

SIEGES OF CONSTANTINOPLE

1047 Siege of Leo Tornicus 1203 Fourth Crusade: Restoration of Alexius IV 1204 Fourth Crusade: Capture & Sack 1261 Recapture by Michael VIII Paeologus, Nicene Emperor 1390-1402 First Ottoman Siege; Sultan Bayezit Yildirim 1422 Second Ottoman Siege; Sultan Murad II 1453 Third Ottoman Siege & Capture: Mehmet II

BYZANTINE EMPIRE, 1025

CRUSADES & NAVAL TECHNOLOGY,1095-1291

EVOLUTION OF THE GALLEY, 1000-1400

St. Louis IX, departing on Seventh Crusade, 1248-1254 Guillaume de St. Pathus Vie et miracles de St. Louis


Genose Galley, Seventh Crusade of Louis IX, 1248-1254

VENICE, HEIR OF BYZANTIUM

Trade Routes, 1000-1500


San Marco, Venice, 1084-1117

SACK OF CONSTANTINOPLE, APRIL 13-15, 1204

Painting, Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863)



Venetian Galley, 1445


Development of Sails, 1430-1600


Venetian Galley, System of Rowing, 1450

RISE OF OTTOMAN EMPIRE, 1453-1520

Selim I Yavuz (1512-1520) Mehmet II Fatih (1451-1481)

THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, 1580

OTTOMAN-VENETIAN WARS

1422-1430 Siege of Thessalonica 1463-1479 First Ottoman-Venetian War

Ottoman capture Negroponte & Lemnos 1499-1503 Second Ottoman-Venetian War

Venice surrender fortresses in Morea 1537-1530 Third Ottoman-Venetian War

Venice surrenders Aegean islands, Coron & Modon 1570-1573 Four Ottoman-Venetian War

Battle of Lepanto Ottoman conquest of Cyprus

1645-1669 Fifth Ottoman-Venetian War; Ottoman conquest of Crete 1684-1699 Sixth Ottoman-Venetian War: Venice conquers Morea 1714-1718 Seventh Ottoman-Venetian War: Venice surrenders Morea-

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IMPERIAL RIVALS

Suleiman I “Magnificent “ (1520-1566) Painting by Titian, 1530

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor & King of Spain (1519-1556)

THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

1517 Captures Algiers; appointed pasha and governor of Algiers by Selim I

1519-22 Raids Spain, Balearic Isles & Italy 1522 Barabarossa sends galleys to siege of Rhodes 1525 Raid on Sardinia, Calabria & Sicily 1534 Kapudan Pasha of Ottoman Navy 1538 Battle of Preveza: Defeat of fleet of Holy

League under Andrea Doria 1543-45 Western Naval Expedition based at Toulon

Hayreddin Barbarossa (1478-1546)

THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

Battle of Preveza, 1538; painting by Ohannes Umed Behzad, 1863

THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

Battle of Preveza, September 28,1538

THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

NEW IMPERIAL FOES

Philip II of Spain (1556-1598) Painting by Sofonisba Anguissola

Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (1558-1564), Archduke from 1521; King of Hungary from 1526

SIEGE OF MALTA, MAY 18-SEPTEMBER 11, 1565


Jean Parisot de Valette, Grand Master (1557-1568), Knights of St. John

Lala Mustafa Pasa (1509-1580) Grand Vizier 1580


Turgut Pasa (1485-1565) Pasa of Tripoli

Piyale Pasa (1515-1578) Grand Vizier 1553-1567


Painting by Matteo Perez d’Aleccio

WAR OF HOLY LEAGUE, 1570-1573

Selim II “the Sot “ (1566-1574) Painting by John Young

WAR OF HOLY LEAGUE, 1570-1573

BATTLE OF LEPANTO, OCTOBER 7, 1571

John of Austria (1547-1578), Marcantonio Colonna (1535-1584) & Doge Sebastiano Venier (1496-1578)


Sufi Ali Kapudan Pasha German Broadsheet, 1571

Kiliç Ali Reis (1519-1587) Mersin, Naval Museum


Spanish Galleass, Spanish Armada, 1588


Tactical Array, MS, Vatican Library


National Maritime Museum, Greenwich

SPANISH ARMADA, JULY 20-AUGUST 2, 1588

Silver Medallion, 1588 “Deus deflavit, disperse sunt”

SPANISH ARMADA, JULY 20-AUGUST 2, 1588

Battle of Gravelines, July 29-29, 1588

Documents

FROM SALAMIS TO LEPANTO: ATHENS, VENICE, AND SEA