French Revolution 1789-French Revolution 1789-17991799

Destruction of ancient regime Destruction of ancient regime Starts with highest ideals in mold of American Starts with highest ideals in mold of American

revolution and enlightenment ideas of individual libertyrevolution and enlightenment ideas of individual libertySpirals out of control with revolutionary change and Spirals out of control with revolutionary change and

thousands executedthousands executedRemembered as excessive and leading to Napoleon Remembered as excessive and leading to Napoleon

NapoleonNapoleon

Still remembered as key figure in French history Still remembered as key figure in French history and evident everywhere in Parisand evident everywhere in ParisArc de Triomphe, Notre Dame, Place de Arc de Triomphe, Notre Dame, Place de Concorde, and Les Invalides where he is buriedConcorde, and Les Invalides where he is buriedCreates France’s centralized bureaucracy, Creates France’s centralized bureaucracy, education system and the impetus for the education system and the impetus for the Louvre museum Louvre museum France can not think of him without trembling France can not think of him without trembling and in her trembling as much as she regrets it and in her trembling as much as she regrets it she is afraid of him she is afraid of the longing she is afraid of him she is afraid of the longing she still has for himshe still has for him

BackgroundBackground

Born Corsica in 1769Born Corsica in 1769Math and history big interests with Alexander the Great Math and history big interests with Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar his heroesand Julius Caesar his heroes1790’s supports the republican government of Rev. 1790’s supports the republican government of Rev. France and starts to engender the love of his troops France and starts to engender the love of his troops First famous efforts in Italy and Egypt in late 1790’sFirst famous efforts in Italy and Egypt in late 1790’sComes back to France from Egypt as the master Comes back to France from Egypt as the master propagandistpropagandistPositions self between monarchists and radicals as Positions self between monarchists and radicals as someone who can bring stability and order and honor to someone who can bring stability and order and honor to FranceFranceBecomes military dictator in 1799Becomes military dictator in 1799

EmperorEmperor

Elaborate coronation in 1804 at Notre Dame Elaborate coronation in 1804 at Notre Dame Cathedral (former rev. leader now the absolutist Cathedral (former rev. leader now the absolutist leader in the old Bourbon monarch role)leader in the old Bourbon monarch role)Power Hungry (I love power as musician loves Power Hungry (I love power as musician loves his violen)his violen)Beethoven: “Now Napoleon too will trample on Beethoven: “Now Napoleon too will trample on all the rights of men and indulge in only his own all the rights of men and indulge in only his own ambition. He will become a tyrant”ambition. He will become a tyrant”Other countries unite against Napoleon Russia, Other countries unite against Napoleon Russia, Austria Prussia and Britain along with France Austria Prussia and Britain along with France five great powers of Europefive great powers of Europe

Military Successes and FailuresMilitary Successes and Failures

Napoleon conquers most of continent during first Napoleon conquers most of continent during first decade of 19decade of 19thth century centuryAusterlitz and Jena famous victories of Austerlitz and Jena famous victories of Napoleon’s army over Prussians and Austrians Napoleon’s army over Prussians and Austrians and Russiansand RussiansFrench navy fails to defeat British navy at French navy fails to defeat British navy at Trafalgar in 1805 now becomes a stalemateTrafalgar in 1805 now becomes a stalemateNapoleon institutes the Continental System Napoleon institutes the Continental System 1812 Russian winter invasion (backdrop for 1812 Russian winter invasion (backdrop for Tolstoy’s War and Peace) Napoleon’s power Tolstoy’s War and Peace) Napoleon’s power and army decimatedand army decimated

Napoleon post Russian winterNapoleon post Russian winter

1814 armies invade France and occupy Paris1814 armies invade France and occupy Paris

Louis XVIII installed as French monarch and Louis XVIII installed as French monarch and Napoleon exiled to St. Helena where he Napoleon exiled to St. Helena where he attempts to govern the islandattempts to govern the island

Describe as “a trapped lion” Napoleon Describe as “a trapped lion” Napoleon eventually bribes a guard to get him back to the eventually bribes a guard to get him back to the continent where he is treated as a hero in continent where he is treated as a hero in France and able to organize a huge army againFrance and able to organize a huge army again

Ends at Waterloo in 1815Ends at Waterloo in 1815

Napoleon importanceNapoleon importance Started off as enlightened despots as were Started off as enlightened despots as were

many in the 18many in the 18thth century looks forward to 20 century looks forward to 20 thth century totalitarian modern police statescentury totalitarian modern police states

Goya famous painting represents how civilized Goya famous painting represents how civilized opinion progresses against Napoleonopinion progresses against Napoleon

Sets back economic life of Europe for a Sets back economic life of Europe for a generation as all capitals are conquered generation as all capitals are conquered

French armies and others live off the land French armies and others live off the land savagery and brutality hard to appreciate todaysavagery and brutality hard to appreciate today

Leads to new nationalism movements Leads to new nationalism movements throughout Europe and birth of the modern agethroughout Europe and birth of the modern age

Congress of ViennaCongress of Vienna Congress meets to decide fate of Europe for future in 1814 Congress meets to decide fate of Europe for future in 1814 British concerned with maintaining balance of power in Europe not British concerned with maintaining balance of power in Europe not

allowing any power to get too strongallowing any power to get too strong Prussians want Alsace/Lorraine provinces in the end they gains land Prussians want Alsace/Lorraine provinces in the end they gains land

and Russia gains land at expense of Polandand Russia gains land at expense of Poland Battle over German nationalism with big Prussia and big Austria Battle over German nationalism with big Prussia and big Austria

German nationalism will simmerGerman nationalism will simmer Congress of Vienna famous for conservative approach Congress of Vienna famous for conservative approach Restoring monarchies, emphasizing national religion and resisting Restoring monarchies, emphasizing national religion and resisting

nationalism and liberal movementsnationalism and liberal movements Efforts succeed as full scale war avoided for a centuryEfforts succeed as full scale war avoided for a century Metternich most famous representative at Vienna and most Metternich most famous representative at Vienna and most

prominent European statesmen between 1815-1848prominent European statesmen between 1815-1848

South AmericaSouth AmericaNapoleon outcome: Liberation of Spanish AmericaNapoleon outcome: Liberation of Spanish AmericaBunch of new countries greatest amount of new nations Bunch of new countries greatest amount of new nations until 1950’s and 1960’suntil 1950’s and 1960’sBonaparte direct assault on old European order destroys Bonaparte direct assault on old European order destroys Spanish monarchy 1808Spanish monarchy 1808Civil wars more than wars for liberationCivil wars more than wars for liberationSimon Bolivar has African and Indian blood born 1783 Simon Bolivar has African and Indian blood born 1783 studies in Europe studies in Europe Speaks of political idealism and hatred of Spanish rule and Speaks of political idealism and hatred of Spanish rule and enlightenment idealsenlightenment idealsLatin American nations win independence from 1810-1830Latin American nations win independence from 1810-1830Monroe Doctrine famous American beginning in F. PolicyMonroe Doctrine famous American beginning in F. Policy

History From Bottom UpHistory From Bottom UpFocus in history tends to focus on men and Focus in history tends to focus on men and politics and wars and economics and politics and wars and economics and governmentgovernmentArgument that much history is lost this Argument that much history is lost this waywaySocial history not focused on as much Social history not focused on as much family history, population trends, women’s family history, population trends, women’s history, town history in general people history, town history in general people who are left out of traditional telling of who are left out of traditional telling of historyhistoryGet fuller story of history when you tell Get fuller story of history when you tell these storiesthese stories

World Trends Between 1815-1830

Artistic Changes

Industrialism

Urbanization

Transportation

Nationalism/ Liberalism/Democracy Movements

Population explosions

Artistic ChangesArtistic Changes

1700’s era of classicism and realism1700’s era of classicism and realism

Early 1700’s Handel and Bach; late 1700’s Early 1700’s Handel and Bach; late 1700’s Mozart and HagelMozart and Hagel

Music and art transformed during Revolutionary Music and art transformed during Revolutionary and Napoleonic erasand Napoleonic eras

Romantic era born where emotion and Romantic era born where emotion and sentimentality are glorified instead of rationalism sentimentality are glorified instead of rationalism simply put heart over headsimply put heart over head

What do you feel when you hear or read or see? What do you feel when you hear or read or see?

IndustrialismIndustrialism

Traditional date of beginning in late 1700’s in Traditional date of beginning in late 1700’s in Great Britain with steam engine and Great Britain with steam engine and transformation from human and animal power to transformation from human and animal power to machine powermachine power

Growth of factories and changes in life abundantGrowth of factories and changes in life abundant Economy based on factories and manufacturing Economy based on factories and manufacturing

turn away from agricultureturn away from agriculture Creates two classes a bourgeoisie or group of Creates two classes a bourgeoisie or group of

managers to run the factories and a class called managers to run the factories and a class called the proletariat or workersthe proletariat or workers

Industrial FactoryIndustrial Factory

Workers needed to work predictable Workers needed to work predictable monotonous workmonotonous work

Industrialism spreads to German states, Industrialism spreads to German states, France, Belgium and eventually the U.S.France, Belgium and eventually the U.S.

Britain still the great industrialist “the world’s Britain still the great industrialist “the world’s banker workshop and trader of the world” as banker workshop and trader of the world” as they produce ½ of world’s manufactured goodsthey produce ½ of world’s manufactured goods

Industrialism does not spread to Asia or Africa Industrialism does not spread to Asia or Africa or colonies as they are still expected to provide or colonies as they are still expected to provide raw materials for the mother countryraw materials for the mother country

Working ConditionsWorking Conditions

Old paradigm teaches about long hours, few opportunities for Old paradigm teaches about long hours, few opportunities for workers, child and women labor and drudgery of lifeworkers, child and women labor and drudgery of life

Leads to criticism of capitalism and industrialism most famous is Leads to criticism of capitalism and industrialism most famous is Communist Manifesto from Karl MarxCommunist Manifesto from Karl Marx

Marx does most of writing in middle of century but relates to Marx does most of writing in middle of century but relates to growth of industrialismgrowth of industrialism

Industrialism leads to problems as wealth accumulates in the Industrialism leads to problems as wealth accumulates in the hands of the relative fewhands of the relative few

Capitalism good at the beginning as it helps lay down and create Capitalism good at the beginning as it helps lay down and create an infrastructure but inevitably communism will have a violent an infrastructure but inevitably communism will have a violent overthrow as the workers will uniteoverthrow as the workers will unite

Marxist historians see all history as? Marxist historians see all history as?

Urbanization Growth of cities inevitable outcome of

industrialism Cosmopolitan world Paris good example 60,000 in 1810 and 120,000 in 1820 N.Y. 30,000 in 1790, 1820 140,000 1840 330,000 New crime and overcrowding, intellectual

movements ways of living, spectator sports etc.

Transportation and Commercial Transportation and Commercial RevolutionRevolution

G. Washington in 1799G. Washington in 1799 Early part of century new inventions of Early part of century new inventions of

steam ships, canals, turnpikes and railroadssteam ships, canals, turnpikes and railroads New world trading network ability as New world trading network ability as

distances lessendistances lessen

Nationalism/Liberalism/ Democratic Movements

Forces unleashed during Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras Conservative vs. Liberal battles from Congress of Vienna

through lots of century Conservatives favor obediance to political authority, organized

religion, hate rev. upheavals, unwilling to accept demands for civil liberties and representative govts.

Liberals advocate for protection of liberties, freedom of speech and press, increasing democracy, representative assembly and religious freedom

Nationalism is a dramatic threat to established political order

Population ExplosionsPopulation Explosions

Difference between rural and urban Difference between rural and urban children numbers? children numbers?

Population of world in 1800 about 1 Population of world in 1800 about 1 billion estimated it will double by 1900billion estimated it will double by 1900

Why? Why? Malthus population will always outrun Malthus population will always outrun

the food supply writing at turn of the food supply writing at turn of century has depressing prediction for century has depressing prediction for world’s futureworld’s future