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1789-1799
Causes of the French Revolution
• Bad Harvests (1780s)
• Rising Food Prices
• Inadequate transportation network
Causes of the French Revolution• Fiscal Crisis
*ineffective taxation system
*debt from Wars (Seven Years’ War + American Revolutionary War
Causes: Ancien Regime Ancien Regime – 3 Estates
1st Estate – Catholic Clergy (130,000)2nd Estate – French Nobility (300,000)3rd Estate – The rest of the French Population (Bourgeoisie Urban/rural middle class Urban poor/peasants)
Ancien Regime
Causes: Ineffectiveness of Louis XVI
• Extravagant lifestyle in Versailles
*removed and indecisive
• Proposed tax reforms (land tax) – refused by the Assembly of Notables
• Call for Estates-General (May 1789) – first time since 1614 / weakness of Bourbon monarchy!
Causes: Popularity of the Enlightenment
Ideas• Natural Rights
• Republicanism
• Liberalism
• Religious Tolerance
• Feminism
Causes: Social Tensions within French Society
• Bourgeoisie vs. Nobility
• Peasants vs. Nobles
• General resentment toward:
- power and influence of the Catholic Church
- inequalities of
Ancien Regime"This will not long endure." ["Ça ne durera pas
toujours"]
1789 – Major Events Leading up to the Storming of Bastille
*Assembly of Notables
- refused land tax
*Meeting of the Estates – General
- reps from each estate (old rule: 1 vote per estate)
*The Tennis Court Oath (reps from the 3rd estate + some from the first two)
- Goal: To write a new constitution
- Declared themselves The National Assembly
*Soldiers in Paris (mostly foreign mercenaries) Storming of the Bastille (July 14, 1789)
1789 -“The Great Fear” and End of Feudalism
• Storming of the Bastille
• Sporadic violence and peasant uprisings throughout France
• National Assembly abolishes privileges and tithes
• Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (statement of revolutionary principles)
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
• Fundamental document of the Revolution
• Reflects ideas of the Enlightenment, such as:
*Natural rights
*Popular sovereignty
*Individual freedoms (speech and press)
The Women's March on Versailles• Poor harvests of 1789 shortages of grain
• Traditional view: “Father of the People” will provide for his flock
• Louis XVI and his family – forced to return to Paris and recognize the National Assembly
Decline of the Church's Power• Prior to the revolution
*1st Estate – 130,000 members
*Largest landowner in France
*Collected tithes (10% tax)
(resented by Protestants and Enlightenment thinkers, like Voltaire)
Decline of the Church (cont.)• Reforms under the National
Assembly’s Constitution:
*All Church property – “disposal of the nation” (nationalized)
*Abolishment of tithes, monastic vows, and religious orders
*Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790) – clergy=“employee of the state”
(conflict for the clergy over their “loyalty oath”)
“The Patriotic De-Fattening Machine”
Foreign Threat• Revolution perceived as a threat to
European absolutist monarchies
• Louis XVI with the moderates – unlikely alliance – different motivations (strengthen the king/army vs. exporting revolution)
• France at war with Austria and Prussia (eventually the Dutch and the British join the anti-French alliance)
June 1791 – The Royal Flight
• Royal family flees Paris – caught at Varennes (5 mi. from the border)
• Brought back to Paris
• Louis XVI signs a new constitution
*Weak constitutional monarchy!!!
Legislative Assembly• Conservatives vs.
centrists (moderates) vs. radicals
• Radicals’ support grows after Louis’ failed escape
• Jan.1793 – Louis XVI executed
• Continued war = increase in food prices (anger by sans-culottes)
• The French Republic – 1792- year 1 (Cult of Reason, etc.)
The Radical Phase – The Reign of Terror (1793-1794)
• Rise of Jacobin radicals (The Mountain – Maximilian Robespierre)
• Execution of “Enemies of the Revolution” (Committee of Public Safety)
• Counter-reaction (Robespierre loses support – guillotined)
The Directory (1795-1799) and the Thermidorian Reaction
• New constitution of 1795 (conservative pushback)
*Limited (property) suffrage instead of universal suffrage
*Establishes the Directory
• The Directory – ineffective and corrupt social unrest use of army
• Napoleon comes to power - END OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
Napoleon Bonaparte• 1799 – Consulship (first consul
of the Republic)• 1804 – Decline of
republicanism / declares himself an emperor
• Reforms:
*The Napoleonic Code
*The Concordat
*Reforms in tax code, higher education, urban infrastructure
*Established Central Bank
*Emancipation of Jews
*Limits on personal freedoms (freedom of press no more!)
• Popular authoritarianism!!!
The French Empire – Napoleonic Wars• Successes in Prussia and
Austria (early 1800s)
• The Continental System – commercial boycott of Britain
• Peninsular War – against Spain and Portugal
• 1812 –Invasion of Russia
(big disaster!)
• Exile to Elba
• Escape = 100 days
• Final defeat – The Battle of Waterloo (1814)
• Exile to St.Helena
Legacy of the Revolution• “Dawn of the modern
era”• Decrease in the power
of aristocracy and the Church
• Influence of the Enlightenment ideas (republicanism)
• Challenge to absolutism• Inspired other
revolutions
"Liberty leading the People" by Eugène Delacroix, 1830
Timeline of the French Revolution
Work Cited:• Slide 1: http://edu.glogster.com/media/4/27/26/97/27269711.jpg
•
Slide 2: http://learnearnandreturn.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/imgsrv.jpeg
• Slide 3: http://www.twcenter.net/forums/showthread.php?t=125658
• Slide 4: http://memory.loc.gov/service/pnp/cph/3b50000/3b51000/3b51500/3b51557r.jpg
http://general-history.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/ancien-regime.jpg
• Slide 5: http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/searchimages/165.jpg
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Ish7688voT0/TLb20E8K2kI/AAAAAAAACu0/btdetXWoP5c/s1600/429px-Ludvig_XVI_av_Frankrike_portr%C3%A4tterad_av_AF_Callet.jpg
• Slide 6: http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/2c/images/1775GeoffrinSalonIdent$Fr485pxw.jpg
• Slide 7: http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/spielmag/docs/legrandsiecle/lgs4.htm
• Slide 8: http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist151/French%20Revolution%20II/album/slides/old%20regime%20not%20long%20to%20endure.jpg
•Slide 9: http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist151/French%20Revolution%20II/album/index.html
•Slide 10: http://media-3.web.britannica.com/eb-media/98/90498-004-CEB880DC.jpg
http://weissworldhistory.files.wordpress.com/2008/02/tiers-etat.jpg
• Slide 11: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Declaration_of_Human_Rights.jpg
• Slide 12: http://www.historywiz.com/images/frenchrevolution/womensmarch1.jpg
•
Slide 13: http://unamsanctamcatholicam.blogspot.com/2007/09/myth-of-ignorant-priests.html
• http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YIQJvLNdNK8/TtFYaRYXiRI/AAAAAAAABM8/YCR2t0PlJLA/s1600/three+estates+caricature.jpg
•
• Slide 15: http://cdn.dipity.com/uploads/events/27567ddb73a00a9dc3846838d17812b9_1M.png and http://www.imperialtometric.com/Edition/batailles/Sections/Battle_of_Valmy.jpg
• Slide 16:
• Slide 17: http://www.rjgeib.com/thoughts/french/robes.jpg and
• Slide 18: http://bastille-day.com/media/Robespierre.jpg
• Slide 21: http://www.oocities.org/eurohist1916/eurohistory/APFrenchRevolution.htm