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French Revolution: 1789-1799 LIBERTY - EQUALITY - FRATERNITY

French Revolution: 1789-1799 LIBERTY - EQUALITY - FRATERNITY

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Page 1: French Revolution: 1789-1799 LIBERTY - EQUALITY - FRATERNITY

French Revolution: 1789-1799

LIBERTY - EQUALITY - FRATERNITY

Page 2: French Revolution: 1789-1799 LIBERTY - EQUALITY - FRATERNITY

The 4 Stages of the French Revolution

• The Moderate Stage

• The Reign of Terror

• Reactionary Stage

• The Napoleonic StageLIBERTY - EQUALITY - FRATERNITY

Page 3: French Revolution: 1789-1799 LIBERTY - EQUALITY - FRATERNITY

The SAD situation in France• Law: The Parliament (local judges) tried

cases for theft, murder. They responsible for fixing the price of bread. They were hated by everyone.

• Finances: By 1789, France was bankrupt because of US Revolution. (National Debt)

• The American Revolution / 7 Years War: served as a great lesson - tyranny could be challenged.

• The Enlightenment attacked the established order together with authority of any kind, their ideas helped to produce what can only be called a revolutionary mentality

Page 4: French Revolution: 1789-1799 LIBERTY - EQUALITY - FRATERNITY

Estates General: Have not met since 1614

• The Estates General was made up of unanimously of the nobility, could always outvote the Third

Estate.• The Third Estate wanted to

increase its voting capacity. • The Third Estate will eventually

WALK OUT in frustration. • They were joined by some members from the first estate and declared themselves the

National Assembly

Page 5: French Revolution: 1789-1799 LIBERTY - EQUALITY - FRATERNITY

The National Assembly

• They were fired up by Rousseau, ideas about social contracts and

rights.

• They met in a local tennis court when they were locked out of their typical

meeting place.

• They swore an oath not to disband until they had drawn up a new

constitution for France: this is the famous Tennis Court Oath

Page 6: French Revolution: 1789-1799 LIBERTY - EQUALITY - FRATERNITY

National Assembly: 1789

• On June 27, Louis XVI gave into the National Assembly and ordered the members of the Estates General to

join the new National Assembly. This is the date at which the French Revolution

started.

• Rumors were spreading as troops were gathering that

they would dissolve the National Assembly.

Page 7: French Revolution: 1789-1799 LIBERTY - EQUALITY - FRATERNITY

Declaration of the Rights of Man by National Assembly

• This document was produced to provide the basic blueprint or ground rules of the new constitution.

• The Influences were:• Rousseau: Social Contract• The English Bill of Rights of

1688• The Virginia Bill of Rights

drafted in 1776

Page 8: French Revolution: 1789-1799 LIBERTY - EQUALITY - FRATERNITY

Declaration of the Rights of Man

• The new constitution, then, should be based entirely on this idea of protecting individual RIGHTS and equality.

• Louis XVI, refused to sanction the document.

• Faced with bread shortages, the women of Paris marched to Versailles on October 5 and demanded bread. When the crowd stayed the night, Louis agreed to ratify the

Declaration

6000 women

marched 13 miles

Page 9: French Revolution: 1789-1799 LIBERTY - EQUALITY - FRATERNITY

A New Constitution 1791:

• Half the population could vote of 25 million.

• People of France: reform taxes / created legislative assembly /

reformed laws.

• They would be a limited monarchy.

• The king had temporary powers and was turned into a figurehead.

Basically was locked up for 3 years.

Church is placed under state control: National Assembly

Bishops / Priests denounced it and many peasants joined them.

Page 10: French Revolution: 1789-1799 LIBERTY - EQUALITY - FRATERNITY

The 4 Stages of the French Revolution

• The Moderate Stage

• The Reign of Terror

• Reactionary Stage

• The Napoleonic Stage BLOCK OUT THE 1ST and 2ND ESTATE

LIBERTY EQUALITY FRATERNITY

Page 11: French Revolution: 1789-1799 LIBERTY - EQUALITY - FRATERNITY

Louis XVI’s Escape Fails

1791 the King, and family, attempts to flee and gets caught, this showed he was a TRAITOR to the Revolution.

LIBERTY EQUALITY FRATERNITY

Page 12: French Revolution: 1789-1799 LIBERTY - EQUALITY - FRATERNITY

Reign of Terror:

• The Revolution thus far had been mostly about the

middle class so the lower classes suffered.

• France thought Austria/Prussia posed a

threat to national security so they declared war.

(summer of 1792)

• King Louis XVI was arrested because he was thought to

be a traitor

Page 13: French Revolution: 1789-1799 LIBERTY - EQUALITY - FRATERNITY

A new Twist:

• All of the prisoners in the city jails, about twelve

hundred people, were killed in public executions.(mostly

nobles)

• They were declared COUNTER

REVOLUTIONARIES and the Parisian crowds ate it up.

THEY WANTED A REPUBLIC!

Page 14: French Revolution: 1789-1799 LIBERTY - EQUALITY - FRATERNITY

• Louis XVI was put on trial by the NATIONAL

CONVENTION and EXECUTED on

January 21, 1793

• Marie Antoinette would be executed

on October 16, 1793

Page 15: French Revolution: 1789-1799 LIBERTY - EQUALITY - FRATERNITY

THE REIGN OF TERROR1793-1794

• It was a dictatorship by the CONVENTION.

• Over 17,000 Frenchmen lost their lives to the guillotine

in these years.

Page 16: French Revolution: 1789-1799 LIBERTY - EQUALITY - FRATERNITY

The 4 Stages of the French Revolution

• The Moderate Stage

• The Reign of Terror

• Reactionary Stage 1794-1799

• The Napoleonic Stage

Page 17: French Revolution: 1789-1799 LIBERTY - EQUALITY - FRATERNITY

Reactionary Stage

• The Constitution was finished in 1795.

• France was now a democratic republic.

• In 1797 they held elections.

• This would fail because France wants a KING!

Page 18: French Revolution: 1789-1799 LIBERTY - EQUALITY - FRATERNITY

The 4 Stages of the French Revolution

• The Moderate Stage

• The Reign of Terror

• Reactionary Stage

• The Napoleonic Stage:(b.1769-)1799-1821(d)

Page 19: French Revolution: 1789-1799 LIBERTY - EQUALITY - FRATERNITY

Napoleon Bonaparte:

• 1778 he was sent to France for military school.

• In 1785 he became an artillery officer in the French army.

• He became a hero when he helped crush the Austrian armies in 1797.

(age 27)

• He will also defend the National Convention which will bring him notoriety.

Page 20: French Revolution: 1789-1799 LIBERTY - EQUALITY - FRATERNITY

Napoleon Takes charge

• Napoleon is invited to Paris to effect a coup d'etat and

replace the Directory. (5 man one that occurred during the

Reaction phase) Nov. 9th, 1799. Set up 3 man Consulate.

• A sudden overthrow of the government!

• CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY!

(king/constitution)

Page 21: French Revolution: 1789-1799 LIBERTY - EQUALITY - FRATERNITY

Napoleon• He allowed all refugees back.

(church and nobility) 1801

Napoleonic Code

• It was based on two ideas: that all men are equal under the law

(but not women) and all people have a right to property.

• Jobs will also be based on talent.

Page 22: French Revolution: 1789-1799 LIBERTY - EQUALITY - FRATERNITY

The Napoleonic Code: 1. Gave the country a single set of laws

2. It abolished the 3 estates

3. Granted equal rights to all classes

4. Limited liberty (freedom)

5. Gave Napoleon complete power over the Newspaper

6. Women could not hold property

7. Restored slavery in the colonies in the Caribbean

8. NONE OF THE LAWS applied to Napoleon.

LIBERTY EQUALITY FRATERNITY

Page 23: French Revolution: 1789-1799 LIBERTY - EQUALITY - FRATERNITY

Europe 1812

Page 24: French Revolution: 1789-1799 LIBERTY - EQUALITY - FRATERNITY

Napoleon and his empire 1804

• Napoleon is crowned emperor for life 1804.

• While the governments of Europe began to adopt some

of the principles of government forged in the French Revolution. This, of

course, is why the Revolution is so important.

• Even though the French Revolution was a failure.

Josephine: Napoleon’s wife.

Page 25: French Revolution: 1789-1799 LIBERTY - EQUALITY - FRATERNITY

What did Napoleon want?

• A United Europe

• Napoleon turned back to Roman culture and

instituted Roman architecture, art, and

sculpture all over France to reflect the new coming order.

Page 26: French Revolution: 1789-1799 LIBERTY - EQUALITY - FRATERNITY

Russian Invasion

• Napoleon was upset that Russia was still trading with England even though it was

banned.

• He assembled an army of 600,000 men and invaded Russian in 1812 with the

sole purpose of punishing Russia.

Invents canned food to be able to invade Russia. No can openers though.

The cans were made of lead.

Page 27: French Revolution: 1789-1799 LIBERTY - EQUALITY - FRATERNITY

• As he got closer to Russia the Russians retreated.

• He reached the capital and burned it.

• • He will then go back to

France but it is too late.

• WINTER IS HERE.

Page 28: French Revolution: 1789-1799 LIBERTY - EQUALITY - FRATERNITY

THE RUSSIAN WINTER!

• One by one they died off from cold and starvation—they died

while they marched, they died at night by the campfire, and some simply sat down in the snow and

waited for death to come.

• He lost over three hundred thousand men of the original six

hundred thousand. Almost all had perished in the deadly cold

that blanketed Napoleon's retreat.

Moscow is 1800 miles from Paris

Page 29: French Revolution: 1789-1799 LIBERTY - EQUALITY - FRATERNITY

The defeat of Napoleon 1813

• The rest of Europe tasted blood and defeated him at the Battle of Nations. (Prussia, Austria, Great

Britain)

• Napoleon will retreat to Paris.

• He will be forced to abdicate and exiled him to Elba, a small island

off of Italy.

Page 30: French Revolution: 1789-1799 LIBERTY - EQUALITY - FRATERNITY

Congress of Vienna 1814-15

• It will take Russia, Austria

and Great Britain 1 year to decide what

to do with France.

•Congress produced a

series of "buffer" states around

France, such as the

Netherlands.

• They installed Louis XVIII as

emperor, Louis XVI brother.

Page 31: French Revolution: 1789-1799 LIBERTY - EQUALITY - FRATERNITY

He’s BACK! March 1, 1815

• Napoleon breaks free from the island

• Napoleon’s army was loyal and banned together for his

last One hundred days before sent back into exile.

• Battle of Waterloo is where Napoleon will attack Great

Britain one more time.

Page 32: French Revolution: 1789-1799 LIBERTY - EQUALITY - FRATERNITY

St. Helena a new Home

• The was a dreary island in the South Atlantic

where he lived out his days, fat and

powerless, until 1821.

• St. Helena is between Africa and S. America.

Fish and lobster are there to eat but that is

it.

Page 33: French Revolution: 1789-1799 LIBERTY - EQUALITY - FRATERNITY

His legacy:

• France was the model for other European governments

• Abolished Holy Roman Empire.

• Helped in creating new Germany.

• Doubled size of US.