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French Revolution: 1789-1799
LIBERTY - EQUALITY - FRATERNITY
The 4 Stages of the French Revolution
• The Moderate Stage
• The Reign of Terror
• Reactionary Stage
• The Napoleonic StageLIBERTY - EQUALITY - FRATERNITY
The SAD situation in France• Law: The Parliament (local judges) tried
cases for theft, murder. They responsible for fixing the price of bread. They were hated by everyone.
• Finances: By 1789, France was bankrupt because of US Revolution. (National Debt)
• The American Revolution / 7 Years War: served as a great lesson - tyranny could be challenged.
• The Enlightenment attacked the established order together with authority of any kind, their ideas helped to produce what can only be called a revolutionary mentality
Estates General: Have not met since 1614
• The Estates General was made up of unanimously of the nobility, could always outvote the Third
Estate.• The Third Estate wanted to
increase its voting capacity. • The Third Estate will eventually
WALK OUT in frustration. • They were joined by some members from the first estate and declared themselves the
National Assembly
The National Assembly
• They were fired up by Rousseau, ideas about social contracts and
rights.
• They met in a local tennis court when they were locked out of their typical
meeting place.
• They swore an oath not to disband until they had drawn up a new
constitution for France: this is the famous Tennis Court Oath
National Assembly: 1789
• On June 27, Louis XVI gave into the National Assembly and ordered the members of the Estates General to
join the new National Assembly. This is the date at which the French Revolution
started.
• Rumors were spreading as troops were gathering that
they would dissolve the National Assembly.
Declaration of the Rights of Man by National Assembly
• This document was produced to provide the basic blueprint or ground rules of the new constitution.
• The Influences were:• Rousseau: Social Contract• The English Bill of Rights of
1688• The Virginia Bill of Rights
drafted in 1776
Declaration of the Rights of Man
• The new constitution, then, should be based entirely on this idea of protecting individual RIGHTS and equality.
• Louis XVI, refused to sanction the document.
• Faced with bread shortages, the women of Paris marched to Versailles on October 5 and demanded bread. When the crowd stayed the night, Louis agreed to ratify the
Declaration
6000 women
marched 13 miles
A New Constitution 1791:
• Half the population could vote of 25 million.
• People of France: reform taxes / created legislative assembly /
reformed laws.
• They would be a limited monarchy.
• The king had temporary powers and was turned into a figurehead.
Basically was locked up for 3 years.
Church is placed under state control: National Assembly
Bishops / Priests denounced it and many peasants joined them.
The 4 Stages of the French Revolution
• The Moderate Stage
• The Reign of Terror
• Reactionary Stage
• The Napoleonic Stage BLOCK OUT THE 1ST and 2ND ESTATE
LIBERTY EQUALITY FRATERNITY
Louis XVI’s Escape Fails
1791 the King, and family, attempts to flee and gets caught, this showed he was a TRAITOR to the Revolution.
LIBERTY EQUALITY FRATERNITY
Reign of Terror:
• The Revolution thus far had been mostly about the
middle class so the lower classes suffered.
• France thought Austria/Prussia posed a
threat to national security so they declared war.
(summer of 1792)
• King Louis XVI was arrested because he was thought to
be a traitor
A new Twist:
• All of the prisoners in the city jails, about twelve
hundred people, were killed in public executions.(mostly
nobles)
• They were declared COUNTER
REVOLUTIONARIES and the Parisian crowds ate it up.
THEY WANTED A REPUBLIC!
• Louis XVI was put on trial by the NATIONAL
CONVENTION and EXECUTED on
January 21, 1793
• Marie Antoinette would be executed
on October 16, 1793
THE REIGN OF TERROR1793-1794
• It was a dictatorship by the CONVENTION.
• Over 17,000 Frenchmen lost their lives to the guillotine
in these years.
The 4 Stages of the French Revolution
• The Moderate Stage
• The Reign of Terror
• Reactionary Stage 1794-1799
• The Napoleonic Stage
Reactionary Stage
• The Constitution was finished in 1795.
• France was now a democratic republic.
• In 1797 they held elections.
• This would fail because France wants a KING!
The 4 Stages of the French Revolution
• The Moderate Stage
• The Reign of Terror
• Reactionary Stage
• The Napoleonic Stage:(b.1769-)1799-1821(d)
Napoleon Bonaparte:
• 1778 he was sent to France for military school.
• In 1785 he became an artillery officer in the French army.
• He became a hero when he helped crush the Austrian armies in 1797.
(age 27)
• He will also defend the National Convention which will bring him notoriety.
Napoleon Takes charge
• Napoleon is invited to Paris to effect a coup d'etat and
replace the Directory. (5 man one that occurred during the
Reaction phase) Nov. 9th, 1799. Set up 3 man Consulate.
• A sudden overthrow of the government!
• CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY!
(king/constitution)
Napoleon• He allowed all refugees back.
(church and nobility) 1801
Napoleonic Code
• It was based on two ideas: that all men are equal under the law
(but not women) and all people have a right to property.
• Jobs will also be based on talent.
The Napoleonic Code: 1. Gave the country a single set of laws
2. It abolished the 3 estates
3. Granted equal rights to all classes
4. Limited liberty (freedom)
5. Gave Napoleon complete power over the Newspaper
6. Women could not hold property
7. Restored slavery in the colonies in the Caribbean
8. NONE OF THE LAWS applied to Napoleon.
LIBERTY EQUALITY FRATERNITY
Europe 1812
Napoleon and his empire 1804
• Napoleon is crowned emperor for life 1804.
• While the governments of Europe began to adopt some
of the principles of government forged in the French Revolution. This, of
course, is why the Revolution is so important.
• Even though the French Revolution was a failure.
Josephine: Napoleon’s wife.
What did Napoleon want?
• A United Europe
• Napoleon turned back to Roman culture and
instituted Roman architecture, art, and
sculpture all over France to reflect the new coming order.
Russian Invasion
• Napoleon was upset that Russia was still trading with England even though it was
banned.
• He assembled an army of 600,000 men and invaded Russian in 1812 with the
sole purpose of punishing Russia.
Invents canned food to be able to invade Russia. No can openers though.
The cans were made of lead.
• As he got closer to Russia the Russians retreated.
• He reached the capital and burned it.
• • He will then go back to
France but it is too late.
• WINTER IS HERE.
THE RUSSIAN WINTER!
• One by one they died off from cold and starvation—they died
while they marched, they died at night by the campfire, and some simply sat down in the snow and
waited for death to come.
• He lost over three hundred thousand men of the original six
hundred thousand. Almost all had perished in the deadly cold
that blanketed Napoleon's retreat.
Moscow is 1800 miles from Paris
The defeat of Napoleon 1813
• The rest of Europe tasted blood and defeated him at the Battle of Nations. (Prussia, Austria, Great
Britain)
• Napoleon will retreat to Paris.
• He will be forced to abdicate and exiled him to Elba, a small island
off of Italy.
Congress of Vienna 1814-15
• It will take Russia, Austria
and Great Britain 1 year to decide what
to do with France.
•Congress produced a
series of "buffer" states around
France, such as the
Netherlands.
• They installed Louis XVIII as
emperor, Louis XVI brother.
He’s BACK! March 1, 1815
• Napoleon breaks free from the island
• Napoleon’s army was loyal and banned together for his
last One hundred days before sent back into exile.
• Battle of Waterloo is where Napoleon will attack Great
Britain one more time.
St. Helena a new Home
• The was a dreary island in the South Atlantic
where he lived out his days, fat and
powerless, until 1821.
• St. Helena is between Africa and S. America.
Fish and lobster are there to eat but that is
it.
His legacy:
• France was the model for other European governments
• Abolished Holy Roman Empire.
• Helped in creating new Germany.
• Doubled size of US.