THE FRENCH THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION

CAUSES EVENTS AND CAUSES EVENTS AND

RESULTS RESULTS

WhyWhy

Why did the French Revolution last Why did the French Revolution last so long? 1789-1799so long? 1789-1799

FRANCE UNDER THE OLD FRANCE UNDER THE OLD REGIMEREGIME

THE GOVERNMENTAL & SOCIAL THE GOVERNMENTAL & SOCIAL SYSTEM THAT LASTED UNTIL THE SYSTEM THAT LASTED UNTIL THE REVOLUTION (1789)REVOLUTION (1789)

GOVERNMENT SYSTEM WAS GOVERNMENT SYSTEM WAS ABSOLUTE MONARCHYABSOLUTE MONARCHY

SOCIAL ORDER BASED ON A RIGID SOCIAL ORDER BASED ON A RIGID CLASS SYSTEMCLASS SYSTEM

CLASSES KNOWN AS ESTATESCLASSES KNOWN AS ESTATES

THE 3 ESTATESTHE 3 ESTATES

THE FIRST ESTATE: THE CLERGYTHE FIRST ESTATE: THE CLERGY THE SECOND ESTATE: THE NOBLESTHE SECOND ESTATE: THE NOBLES THE THIRD ESTATE:THE THIRD ESTATE:

PEASANTSPEASANTS URBAN POOR URBAN POOR BOURGEOISIEBOURGEOISIE

THE FIRST ESTATETHE FIRST ESTATE MADE UP OF CLERGYMADE UP OF CLERGY THE SMALLEST OF 3 ESTATESTHE SMALLEST OF 3 ESTATES MADE UP 0.5% OF POPULATIONMADE UP 0.5% OF POPULATION OWNED 10% OF THE LANDOWNED 10% OF THE LAND COLLECTED THE TITHE (10% OF COLLECTED THE TITHE (10% OF

ANNUAL INCOME PAID TO THE ANNUAL INCOME PAID TO THE CHURCH)CHURCH)

PAID NO TAX TO THE STATEPAID NO TAX TO THE STATE

SUPERVISED EDUCATIONSUPERVISED EDUCATION MAINTAINED RECORDS OF BIRTHS, MAINTAINED RECORDS OF BIRTHS,

DEATHS & MARRIAGESDEATHS & MARRIAGES CLERGY COULD NOT BE TRIED IN CLERGY COULD NOT BE TRIED IN

CIVIL LAW COURTSCIVIL LAW COURTS CHURCH OFFICES COULD BE CHURCH OFFICES COULD BE

BOUGHT (SIMONY)BOUGHT (SIMONY)

THE SECOND ESTATETHE SECOND ESTATE COMPOSED OF NOBILITY & MADE COMPOSED OF NOBILITY & MADE

UP 2% OF FRENCH POPULATIONUP 2% OF FRENCH POPULATION PAID NO TAX TO STATE PAID NO TAX TO STATE OWNED 20% OF LANDOWNED 20% OF LAND COLLECTED FEUDAL DUES FROM COLLECTED FEUDAL DUES FROM

PEASANTSPEASANTS CONTROLLED LAW COURTS & CONTROLLED LAW COURTS &

THWARTED ANY ATTEMPT AT TAX THWARTED ANY ATTEMPT AT TAX REFORMREFORM

HELD ALL HIGH GOVERNMENT HELD ALL HIGH GOVERNMENT OFFICES & WERE MILITARY OFFICES & WERE MILITARY OFFICERSOFFICERS

RESENTED MONARCHY, BUT RESENTED MONARCHY, BUT WANTED TO HAVE SAME KIND OF WANTED TO HAVE SAME KIND OF POWER FOR ITSELFPOWER FOR ITSELF

THE THIRD ESTATETHE THIRD ESTATECOMPRISED 98% OF POPULATION COMPRISED 98% OF POPULATION

OF FRANCEOF FRANCEPAID 100% OF TAXES TO THE PAID 100% OF TAXES TO THE

STATESTATEOWNED APPROXIMATELY 55% OF OWNED APPROXIMATELY 55% OF

LANDLANDMORE THAN 80% OF FRANCE’S MORE THAN 80% OF FRANCE’S

TOTAL POPULATION WAS PEASANTSTOTAL POPULATION WAS PEASANTSBOURGEOISIEBOURGEOISIE (MIDDLE CLASS) AND (MIDDLE CLASS) AND

THE CITY WORKERS/URBAN POOR THE CITY WORKERS/URBAN POOR WERE ALSO INCL IN 3RD ESTATEWERE ALSO INCL IN 3RD ESTATE

THE BOURGEOISIE BROUGHT IDEAS THE BOURGEOISIE BROUGHT IDEAS OF ENLIGHTENMENT TO REST OF OF ENLIGHTENMENT TO REST OF 3RD ESTATE3RD ESTATE

THE BOURGEOISIE HAD EDUCATION THE BOURGEOISIE HAD EDUCATION & MONEY TO LEAD REVOLUTION& MONEY TO LEAD REVOLUTION

PEASANTS & URBAN POOR WERE PEASANTS & URBAN POOR WERE READY, BUT NEEDED TO BE LEDREADY, BUT NEEDED TO BE LED

PROBLEMS OF THE OLD PROBLEMS OF THE OLD REGIMEREGIME

ABSOLUTE MONARCYABSOLUTE MONARCY FAILING ECONOMYFAILING ECONOMY RISING POPULATIONRISING POPULATION 3 ESTATES3 ESTATES ENLIGHTENMENT IDEASENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS WEAK KINGWEAK KING SUCCESS OF AMERICAN REVOLUTIONSUCCESS OF AMERICAN REVOLUTION

ABSOLUTE MONARCHYABSOLUTE MONARCHY

NO CHANGE ALLOWED BY KING & NO CHANGE ALLOWED BY KING & THE KING CANNOT BE WRONGTHE KING CANNOT BE WRONG

PEOPLE HAVE NO POLITICAL VOICE & PEOPLE HAVE NO POLITICAL VOICE & NO HOPE FOR FUTURENO HOPE FOR FUTURE

ALLOWS FOR ABUSES OF THE ALLOWS FOR ABUSES OF THE PEOPLE BY IGNORING THEIR RIGHTS PEOPLE BY IGNORING THEIR RIGHTS & THE LAW& THE LAW

FAILING ECONOMYFAILING ECONOMY

BAD WEATHER LED TO REPEATED BAD WEATHER LED TO REPEATED CROP FAILURES & POOR HARVESTSCROP FAILURES & POOR HARVESTS

SMALL HARVESTS LED TO LITTLE SMALL HARVESTS LED TO LITTLE MONEY FOR THE PEASANTS TO PAY MONEY FOR THE PEASANTS TO PAY TAXES & GOV’T INCOME DECLINEDTAXES & GOV’T INCOME DECLINED

PRICE OF BREAD DOUBLED DUE TO PRICE OF BREAD DOUBLED DUE TO RISING RISING INFLATIONINFLATION

GUILDS STILL CONTROLLED MANY GUILDS STILL CONTROLLED MANY TYPES OF BUSINESSESTYPES OF BUSINESSES

FRANCE OWED HUGE DEBTS TO FRANCE OWED HUGE DEBTS TO OTHER NATIONSOTHER NATIONS

NOBLES REFUSED TO ACCEPT TAX NOBLES REFUSED TO ACCEPT TAX REFORM & LOANS CONTINUED TO REFORM & LOANS CONTINUED TO DRAIN FRANCEDRAIN FRANCE

LOUIS XVI & MARIE ANTOINETTE LOUIS XVI & MARIE ANTOINETTE CONTINUED SPENDING THAT HAD CONTINUED SPENDING THAT HAD BEGUN WITH LOUIS XIV & BEGUN WITH LOUIS XIV & VERSAILLESVERSAILLES

FRANCE’S LOSSES IN WARS HAD FRANCE’S LOSSES IN WARS HAD COST THEM MEN, TERRITORY & COST THEM MEN, TERRITORY & MONEYMONEY

FRENCH INVOLVEMENT IN THE FRENCH INVOLVEMENT IN THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION HAD AMERICAN REVOLUTION HAD NEARLY DOUBLED FRANCE’S NEARLY DOUBLED FRANCE’S NATIONAL DEBTNATIONAL DEBT

RISING POPULATIONRISING POPULATION

1715: 18 MILLION PEOPLE1715: 18 MILLION PEOPLE

1789: 25 MILLION PEOPLE1789: 25 MILLION PEOPLE

BUT FOOD PRODUCTION LEVELS BUT FOOD PRODUCTION LEVELS WERE DROPPING OFF IN THE WERE DROPPING OFF IN THE YEARS BEFORE THE REVOLUTIONYEARS BEFORE THE REVOLUTION

3 ESTATES3 ESTATES

UNFAIR CLASS SYSTEM CREATED UNFAIR CLASS SYSTEM CREATED TENSION & HATRED AMONG THE 3 TENSION & HATRED AMONG THE 3 CLASSESCLASSES

LACK OF POLITICAL VOICE FOR THE LACK OF POLITICAL VOICE FOR THE 3RD ESTATE MADE TENSION WORSE3RD ESTATE MADE TENSION WORSE

ENLIGHTENMENT IDEASENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS

ENLIGHTENMENENLIGHTENMENT BROUGHT T BROUGHT IDEAS CRITICAL IDEAS CRITICAL OF THE OF THE GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENT THE CHURCH THE CHURCH AND THE OLD AND THE OLD REGIMEREGIME

IDEAS LIKE LOCKE’S IDEAS LIKE LOCKE’S NATURAL RIGHTS NATURAL RIGHTS LED PEOPLE TO LED PEOPLE TO BELIEVE THAT THEY BELIEVE THAT THEY COULD CHANGE COULD CHANGE THEIR COUNTRYTHEIR COUNTRY

PEOPLE DESIRED PEOPLE DESIRED FREE SPEECH AND FREE SPEECH AND PRESS, FREE PRESS, FREE RELIGION, PUBLIC RELIGION, PUBLIC TRIALS & AN END TO TRIALS & AN END TO TORUTRETORUTRE

WEAK KINGWEAK KING LOUIS XIV WAS LOUIS XIV WAS

NOT INTERESTED NOT INTERESTED IN GOVERNINGIN GOVERNING

RELIED TOO RELIED TOO LITTLE ON HIS LITTLE ON HIS ADVISERS & TOO ADVISERS & TOO MUCH ON HIS MUCH ON HIS WIFEWIFE

WEAK KINGWEAK KING

SPENT TOO MUCH TIME SPENT TOO MUCH TIME HUNTING & PLAYING HUNTING & PLAYING

DID NOT FORCE NOBLES TO DID NOT FORCE NOBLES TO ACCEPT TAX REFORMACCEPT TAX REFORM

SUCCESS OF THE AMERICAN SUCCESS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION

IT’S RIGHT TO TAKE UP ARMS IT’S RIGHT TO TAKE UP ARMS AGAINST TYRANNYAGAINST TYRANNY

ALL MEN SHOULD HAVE FREEDOMALL MEN SHOULD HAVE FREEDOM IF THE AMERICANS CAN HAVE IF THE AMERICANS CAN HAVE

SUCCESS, THEN SO CAN THE SUCCESS, THEN SO CAN THE FRENCHFRENCH

THE EVENTS OF THE THE EVENTS OF THE REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION

LOUIS CALLS FIRST MEETING OF LOUIS CALLS FIRST MEETING OF ESTATES GENERAL IN 175 YEARS ESTATES GENERAL IN 175 YEARS (NOW THEY’VE GOT HIM!!)(NOW THEY’VE GOT HIM!!)

LOUIS COULD HAVE AVOIDED LOUIS COULD HAVE AVOIDED TROUBLE WITH A FEW REFORMS, TROUBLE WITH A FEW REFORMS, BUT WAS FORCED TO CALL BUT WAS FORCED TO CALL ESTATES GENERAL FOR MONEYESTATES GENERAL FOR MONEY

UNDER THE RULES, EACH CHAMBER UNDER THE RULES, EACH CHAMBER HAD ONLY 1 VOTE, REGARDLESS OF HAD ONLY 1 VOTE, REGARDLESS OF HOW MANY MEMBERS WERE THEREHOW MANY MEMBERS WERE THERE

WHAT IF THE 3RD ESTATE COULD WHAT IF THE 3RD ESTATE COULD GET THE ESTATES GENERAL TO GET THE ESTATES GENERAL TO ACCEPT ONE VOTE PER MAN?ACCEPT ONE VOTE PER MAN?

IN RESPONSE TO THE ABBE SIEYES IN RESPONSE TO THE ABBE SIEYES QUESTION, THE 3RD ESTATE QUESTION, THE 3RD ESTATE DEMANDED TO BE SOMETHING AND DEMANDED TO BE SOMETHING AND DECLARED THEMSELVES THE DECLARED THEMSELVES THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLYNATIONAL ASSEMBLY ON 17 JUNE ON 17 JUNE 17891789

THE 3RD ESTATE WAS LOCKED OUT THE 3RD ESTATE WAS LOCKED OUT OF THE ESTATES GENERAL & MOVED OF THE ESTATES GENERAL & MOVED TO THE TENNIS COURT NEXT DOORTO THE TENNIS COURT NEXT DOOR

THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY SWORE THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY SWORE THE THE TENNIS COURT OATHTENNIS COURT OATH: THEY : THEY WOULD NOT STOP THEIR WORK WOULD NOT STOP THEIR WORK UNTIL THEY HAD GIVEN FRANCE A UNTIL THEY HAD GIVEN FRANCE A CONSTITUTIONCONSTITUTION

THE TENNIS COURT OATHTHE TENNIS COURT OATH

THE STORMING OF THE THE STORMING OF THE BASTILLEBASTILLE

14 JULY 178914 JULY 1789 LONG REGARDED AS A SYMBOL OF LONG REGARDED AS A SYMBOL OF

THE MONARCHY (LARGE, IMPOSING, THE MONARCHY (LARGE, IMPOSING, VERY STRONG & HAD NO SIGNS OF VERY STRONG & HAD NO SIGNS OF WEAKNESS) BASTILLE WAS A WEAKNESS) BASTILLE WAS A PRISON & ARSENALPRISON & ARSENAL

THE PRESENCE OF SWISS THE PRESENCE OF SWISS MERCENARIES MADE THE POWDER MERCENARIES MADE THE POWDER & WEAPONS A NECESSITY FOR THE & WEAPONS A NECESSITY FOR THE PEOPLEPEOPLE

THE THE SURRENDER SURRENDER OF THE OF THE BASTILLE WAS BASTILLE WAS ORDERED BY ORDERED BY THE THE PEASANTS & PEASANTS & THE ARMY THE ARMY REFUSEDREFUSED

THE THE BASTILLE BASTILLE WAS WAS ATTACKED ATTACKED & IT FELL & IT FELL TO THE TO THE PEASANTSPEASANTS

THIS WAS A THIS WAS A DIRECT DIRECT ATTACK ON ATTACK ON THE KING & THE KING & MONARCHY MONARCHY & THERE & THERE WAS NO WAS NO GOING GOING BACK NOWBACK NOW

THE GREAT FEAR THE GREAT FEAR

FEARING THE KING WOULD RESPOND FEARING THE KING WOULD RESPOND TO THE BASTILLE W/ THE TO THE BASTILLE W/ THE MERCENARIES, THE PEASANTS MERCENARIES, THE PEASANTS ATTACKED NOBILITY & OTHERS IN ATTACKED NOBILITY & OTHERS IN FRANCE IN SUMMER & FALL 1789FRANCE IN SUMMER & FALL 1789

THE DECLARATION OF THE THE DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN & CITIZENRIGHTS OF MAN & CITIZEN

ISSUED 26 AUGUST 1789ISSUED 26 AUGUST 1789 WAS TO PRODUCE EQUALITY & TO WAS TO PRODUCE EQUALITY & TO

ABOLISH CLASS SYSTEM IN ABOLISH CLASS SYSTEM IN FRANCEFRANCE

THE DECLARATION OF THE THE DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN & CITIZENRIGHTS OF MAN & CITIZEN

CALLED FOR FREE SPEECH, CALLED FOR FREE SPEECH, RELIGION, PRESS, FREEDOM FROM RELIGION, PRESS, FREEDOM FROM UNLAWFUL ARREST & FOR PEOPLE UNLAWFUL ARREST & FOR PEOPLE TO HAVE A VOICE IN GOV’T TO HAVE A VOICE IN GOV’T (ANY OF (ANY OF THIS SOUND FAMILIAR?)THIS SOUND FAMILIAR?)

THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN WERE THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN WERE IGNORED BY THE NATIONAL IGNORED BY THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLYASSEMBLY

ABSOLUTE MONARCHY ENDEDABSOLUTE MONARCHY ENDED OCTOBER 1789OCTOBER 1789 AT VERSAILLES A BANQUET GIVEN IN AT VERSAILLES A BANQUET GIVEN IN

HONOR OF SWISS MERCENARIESHONOR OF SWISS MERCENARIES STARVING LOCALS DENIED ANY OF THE STARVING LOCALS DENIED ANY OF THE

LEFTOVERSLEFTOVERS APPROX. 6000 APPROX. 6000 WOMENWOMEN BEGAN TO BEGAN TO

DEMAND BREAD & RIOTED WHEN THEY DEMAND BREAD & RIOTED WHEN THEY GOT NONEGOT NONE

EVENTUALLY THEY ATTACKED THE EVENTUALLY THEY ATTACKED THE PALACE & ARRESTED LOUIS & ROYAL PALACE & ARRESTED LOUIS & ROYAL FAMILYFAMILY

MONARCHY OFFICIALLY ENDED & MONARCHY OFFICIALLY ENDED & LOUIS SENT TO JAIL W/ MARIELOUIS SENT TO JAIL W/ MARIE

FIRST PHASE OF REVOLUTION OVER, FIRST PHASE OF REVOLUTION OVER, TROUBLE LURKED ON HORIZON & TROUBLE LURKED ON HORIZON & PHASE TWO ABOUT TO STARTPHASE TWO ABOUT TO START

CHANGES IN FRANCECHANGES IN FRANCE

CLASS SYSTEM ABOLISHEDCLASS SYSTEM ABOLISHED CHURCH LANDS CONFISCATED BY CHURCH LANDS CONFISCATED BY

GOV’T & SOLD TO RAISE MONEY TO GOV’T & SOLD TO RAISE MONEY TO PAY NATIONAL DEBTPAY NATIONAL DEBT

PRIESTS TO BE ELECTED & STATE PRIESTS TO BE ELECTED & STATE COULD CONTROL CHURCH COULD CONTROL CHURCH (PEASANTS UNHAPPY W/ (PEASANTS UNHAPPY W/ BOURGEOSIE)BOURGEOSIE)

BOURGEOISIE WAS NOT HEAVILY BOURGEOISIE WAS NOT HEAVILY TAXED (THEY’RE NOW IN CHARGE!)TAXED (THEY’RE NOW IN CHARGE!)

LIMITED MONARCHY WAS LIMITED MONARCHY WAS ESTABLISHED (LIMITED BY WHAT?) ESTABLISHED (LIMITED BY WHAT?)

CLERGY FORCED TO SWEAR OATH CLERGY FORCED TO SWEAR OATH OF LOYALTY TO STATE & NOT ROME OF LOYALTY TO STATE & NOT ROME (PEASANTS EVEN MORE UPSET)(PEASANTS EVEN MORE UPSET)

CONSTITUTION OF 1791CONSTITUTION OF 1791

TOOK 2 YEARS TO WRITETOOK 2 YEARS TO WRITE CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY

ESTABLISHEDESTABLISHED UNI-CAMERALUNI-CAMERAL LEGISLATURE CREATED LEGISLATURE CREATED

CALLED CALLED LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLYLEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY ALL JUDGES TO BE ELECTEDALL JUDGES TO BE ELECTED KING COULD MAKE NO LAWSKING COULD MAKE NO LAWS VOTE GIVEN TO MALES WHO COULD VOTE GIVEN TO MALES WHO COULD

PAY TAXESPAY TAXES

ANYONE WHO SERVED IN THE ANYONE WHO SERVED IN THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY PROHIBITED NATIONAL ASSEMBLY PROHIBITED FROM SERVING IN LEGISLATIVE FROM SERVING IN LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLYASSEMBLY

ALL OF THE EXPERIENCE IN GOV’T ALL OF THE EXPERIENCE IN GOV’T GAINED IN PAST 2 YEARS WAS LOSTGAINED IN PAST 2 YEARS WAS LOST

PROBLEMS REMAINPROBLEMS REMAIN NEW GOV’T FACED OLD PROBLEMS NEW GOV’T FACED OLD PROBLEMS

W/ A VARIETY OF WAYS TO W/ A VARIETY OF WAYS TO APPROACH THE PROBLEMSAPPROACH THE PROBLEMS

3 GROUPS IN THE LEGISLATIVE 3 GROUPS IN THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY, ASSEMBLY, THE READICALS, THE THE READICALS, THE MODERATES & THE CONSERVATIVESMODERATES & THE CONSERVATIVES

THE COMMON PROBLEM THAT THE COMMON PROBLEM THAT UNITED ALL 3 GROUPS, ABSOLUTE UNITED ALL 3 GROUPS, ABSOLUTE MONARCHY, WAS GONE & SO WAS MONARCHY, WAS GONE & SO WAS THE UNITYTHE UNITY

THE RADICALSTHE RADICALS INCLUDED WORKING POOR & SMALL INCLUDED WORKING POOR & SMALL

SHOPKEEPERSSHOPKEEPERS WANTED REPUBLIC & WANTED REPUBLIC & NO MONARCHYNO MONARCHY

OF ANY KINDOF ANY KIND ALL SHOULD BE EQUALALL SHOULD BE EQUAL WANTED MORE CHANGES IN GOV’TWANTED MORE CHANGES IN GOV’T

THE MODERATESTHE MODERATES

WANTED SOME CHANGE, BUT NOT A WANTED SOME CHANGE, BUT NOT A LOT & NOT THE KINDS OF CHANGES LOT & NOT THE KINDS OF CHANGES RADICALS WANTEDRADICALS WANTED

COULD LEAN TO EITHER SIDE COULD LEAN TO EITHER SIDE DEPENDING ON ISSUEDEPENDING ON ISSUE

THE CONSERVATIVESTHE CONSERVATIVES

WANTED NO CHANGEWANTED NO CHANGE RESTORE MONARCHY & GET RID OF RESTORE MONARCHY & GET RID OF

THE DEC. OF RIGHTS OF MANTHE DEC. OF RIGHTS OF MAN GROUP INCLUDED THE GROUP INCLUDED THE EMIGRESEMIGRES

WHO HAD FLED FRANCE AS WELL AS WHO HAD FLED FRANCE AS WELL AS ROYALISTS & NOBLES ROYALISTS & NOBLES

THE REVOLUTION TAKES A THE REVOLUTION TAKES A RADICAL TURNRADICAL TURN

THE MONARCHS OF EUROPE FEARED THE MONARCHS OF EUROPE FEARED THE SPREAD OF FRANCE’S THE SPREAD OF FRANCE’S REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS & PROMISED REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS & PROMISED WAR IF LOUIS EXECUTEDWAR IF LOUIS EXECUTED

MONARCHS ALSO SPONSORED MONARCHS ALSO SPONSORED GROUPS IN FRANCE TO CAUSE GROUPS IN FRANCE TO CAUSE TROUBLE FOR THE NEW GOV’TTROUBLE FOR THE NEW GOV’T

W/ THE SUPPORT OF THE PEOPLE, W/ THE SUPPORT OF THE PEOPLE, FRANCE DECLARED WAR ON FRANCE DECLARED WAR ON AUSTRIA IN APRIL 1792AUSTRIA IN APRIL 1792

FRANCE INVADED NETHERLANDS & FRANCE INVADED NETHERLANDS & WAS QUICKLY BEATENWAS QUICKLY BEATEN

A PRUSSIAN GENERAL DECLARED A PRUSSIAN GENERAL DECLARED THAT PARIS WOULD BE RAZED IF THAT PARIS WOULD BE RAZED IF LOUIS WAS HARMEDLOUIS WAS HARMED

THE FRENCH WERE OUTRAGED & THE FRENCH WERE OUTRAGED & ATTACKED THE PRISON THAT HELD ATTACKED THE PRISON THAT HELD LOUIS, SLAUGHTERING THE SWISS LOUIS, SLAUGHTERING THE SWISS MERCENARIESMERCENARIES

IN SEPTEMBER 1792 PARANOID IN SEPTEMBER 1792 PARANOID FRENCH MOBS FEARED THAT WHILE FRENCH MOBS FEARED THAT WHILE THE ARMY WAS AT WAR, THE THE ARMY WAS AT WAR, THE ROYALISTS WOULD ESCAPE & ROYALISTS WOULD ESCAPE & RESTORE THE KINGRESTORE THE KING

THE MOBS SLAUGHTERED OVER THE MOBS SLAUGHTERED OVER 1000 PRISONERS1000 PRISONERS

THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY RESIGNED & CALLED FOR A NEW RESIGNED & CALLED FOR A NEW GOV’T TO BE FORMED CALLED THE GOV’T TO BE FORMED CALLED THE NATIONAL CONVENTIONNATIONAL CONVENTION

THE NATIONAL CONVENTION ENDED THE NATIONAL CONVENTION ENDED THE CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY THE CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY AND GOT RID OF CONSTITUTION AND GOT RID OF CONSTITUTION ITSELFITSELF

TO PREVENT FURTHER PROBLEMS W/ TO PREVENT FURTHER PROBLEMS W/ KING GETTING BACK INTO POWER, HE KING GETTING BACK INTO POWER, HE WAS TRIED, CONVICTED & EXECUTED WAS TRIED, CONVICTED & EXECUTED FOR TREASON IN JANUARY 1793FOR TREASON IN JANUARY 1793

THE RADICALS ARE IN CONTROL & THE RADICALS ARE IN CONTROL & BEGIN BEGIN THE REIGN OF TERRORTHE REIGN OF TERROR

THE REIGN OF TERRORTHE REIGN OF TERROR

THE GUILLOTINE

THE REIGN OF TERRORTHE REIGN OF TERROR

KNOWN AS THE KNOWN AS THE RADICAL PHASE RADICAL PHASE OF THE OF THE REVOLUTION REVOLUTION (JULY 1793 - JULY (JULY 1793 - JULY 1794)1794)

THE REIGN OF TERRORTHE REIGN OF TERROR THE NATIONAL THE NATIONAL

CONVENTION CONVENTION CREATED THE CREATED THE COMMITTEE OF COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC SAFETYPUBLIC SAFETY LED LED BY BY ROBESPIERREROBESPIERRE

THE REIGN OF TERRORTHE REIGN OF TERROR

COMMITTEE COMMITTEE SOUGHT OUT & SOUGHT OUT & EXECUTED EXECUTED “ENEMIES OF THE “ENEMIES OF THE REVOLUTION”REVOLUTION”

THE REIGN OF TERRORTHE REIGN OF TERROR

IT WAS NEVER IT WAS NEVER CLEARLY CLEARLY DETERMINED DETERMINED WHAT EXACTLY WHAT EXACTLY AN “ENEMY” WAS AN “ENEMY” WAS BUT OVER BUT OVER 40,000 40,000 WERE EXECUTEDWERE EXECUTED

THE REVOLUTION SWINGS THE REVOLUTION SWINGS BACKBACK

IN RESPONSE TO THE RADICALISM IN RESPONSE TO THE RADICALISM AND TERROR OF THE PAST YEAR, AND TERROR OF THE PAST YEAR, FRANCE WENT TO A MORE FRANCE WENT TO A MORE CONSERVATIVE GOV’T, CALLED CONSERVATIVE GOV’T, CALLED THE DIRECTORYTHE DIRECTORY, BEGINNING IN , BEGINNING IN 1795 & ENDING IN 17991795 & ENDING IN 1799

BI-CAMERALBI-CAMERAL LEGISLATURE LEGISLATURE

THE REVOLUTION SWINGS THE REVOLUTION SWINGS BACKBACK

1795-991795-99 NEW CONSTITUTIONNEW CONSTITUTION 5 MEN IN CHARGE5 MEN IN CHARGE CORRUPT, BUT BROUGHT PEACE & CORRUPT, BUT BROUGHT PEACE &

STABILITYSTABILITY

THE DIRECTORYTHE DIRECTORY

5 MAN GOVERNMENT SET UP BY 5 MAN GOVERNMENT SET UP BY THE MODERATESTHE MODERATES

OVERTHROWN BY NAPOLEON IN A OVERTHROWN BY NAPOLEON IN A COUP d’ ETATCOUP d’ ETAT, 1799, 1799

THE RISE OF NAPOLEON THE RISE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTEBONAPARTE

NAPOLEON BONAPARTENAPOLEON BONAPARTE1769-18211769-1821

BORN ON ISLAND OF CORSICABORN ON ISLAND OF CORSICA DEFENDER OF THE DIRECTORYDEFENDER OF THE DIRECTORY LOST ARMY IN EGYPT TO BRITISH, LOST ARMY IN EGYPT TO BRITISH,

BUT KEPT THAT A SECRETBUT KEPT THAT A SECRET RETURNED AS MILITARY HERORETURNED AS MILITARY HERO 1799 OVERTHREW THE DIRECTORY1799 OVERTHREW THE DIRECTORY BY 1802 HAD BROUGHT PEACE TO BY 1802 HAD BROUGHT PEACE TO

FRANCEFRANCE

NAPOLEON AT HOMENAPOLEON AT HOME

NAPOLEON’S PRIMARY GOAL ONCE NAPOLEON’S PRIMARY GOAL ONCE HE ACHIEVED POWER WAS TO HE ACHIEVED POWER WAS TO STABILIZE FRANCE, PREVENT STABILIZE FRANCE, PREVENT REVOLUTION AND PREPARE FOR REVOLUTION AND PREPARE FOR THE FUTURETHE FUTURE

WHAT DO YOU THINK NAPOLEON WHAT DO YOU THINK NAPOLEON HAS IN MIND FOR THE FUTURE?HAS IN MIND FOR THE FUTURE?

NAPOLEON AT HOMENAPOLEON AT HOME

NAPOLEON HELD A NAPOLEON HELD A PLEBISCITE PLEBISCITE (VOTE OF THE PEOPLE) IN (VOTE OF THE PEOPLE) IN 1800 TO SHOW THAT HE HELD POWER LEGALLY

FRANCE VOTED ALL REAL POWER TO NAPOLEON

BECAME KNOWN AS THE FIRST CONSUL

NAPOLEON & THE NAPOLEON & THE ECONOMYECONOMY

NEEDED TO PROMOTE NATIONAL NEEDED TO PROMOTE NATIONAL UNITYUNITY

NO TAX EXEMPTIONS B/C OF BIRTH NO TAX EXEMPTIONS B/C OF BIRTH OR TITLEOR TITLE

TAXES ACTUALLY COLLECTED & A TAXES ACTUALLY COLLECTED & A BUDGET CREATEDBUDGET CREATED

STATE BANK CREATEDSTATE BANK CREATED STATE LOANS GIVEN TO PRIVATE STATE LOANS GIVEN TO PRIVATE

BUSINESSESBUSINESSES

NAPOLEON & THE NAPOLEON & THE CHURCHCHURCH

NEEDED UNITY ON ISSUE OF NEEDED UNITY ON ISSUE OF RELIGIONRELIGION

PEASANTS HATED ANTICLERICALISM PEASANTS HATED ANTICLERICALISM OF THE REVOLUTIONOF THE REVOLUTION

SIGNED SIGNED CONCORDATCONCORDAT W/ CHURCH W/ CHURCH 18011801

CATHOLICISM DECLARED THE CATHOLICISM DECLARED THE RELIGION “OF THE GREAT RELIGION “OF THE GREAT MAJORITY OF FRENCHMEN.” MAJORITY OF FRENCHMEN.” RESULT IS RELIGIOUS TOLERANCERESULT IS RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE

BISHOPS CHOSEN BY FRENCH BISHOPS CHOSEN BY FRENCH GOV’T AND PRIESTS CHOSEN BY GOV’T AND PRIESTS CHOSEN BY THE BISHOPSTHE BISHOPS

TITHETITHE ABOLISHED & CHURCH LANDS ABOLISHED & CHURCH LANDS CONFISCATED DURING REVOLUTION CONFISCATED DURING REVOLUTION ARE KEPT BY FRENCH GOV’TARE KEPT BY FRENCH GOV’T

CHURCH NO LONGER INVOLVED IN CHURCH NO LONGER INVOLVED IN THE FRENCH GOVERNMENTTHE FRENCH GOVERNMENT

CHURCH LOSES MONOPOLY ON CHURCH LOSES MONOPOLY ON EDUCATION. NAPOLEON CREATES EDUCATION. NAPOLEON CREATES LYCEESLYCEES TO PRODUCE FUTURE TO PRODUCE FUTURE LEADERSLEADERS

NAPOLEON & THE LAWNAPOLEON & THE LAW CREATED THE CREATED THE NAPOLEONIC CODENAPOLEONIC CODE ““ALL MEN ARE EQUAL BEFORE THE ALL MEN ARE EQUAL BEFORE THE

LAW”LAW” PERMITTED PERMITTED SOME USESOME USE OF OF

TORTURE IN TRIALSTORTURE IN TRIALS SLAVERY RESTORED IN FRENCH SLAVERY RESTORED IN FRENCH

COLONIESCOLONIES FREE SPEECH AND FREE PRESS FREE SPEECH AND FREE PRESS

RESTRICTEDRESTRICTED

NAPOLEON AS EMPERORNAPOLEON AS EMPEROR 1802: MADE FIRST 1802: MADE FIRST

CONSUL FOR LIFECONSUL FOR LIFE COULD CHOOSE COULD CHOOSE

OWN SUCCESSOROWN SUCCESSOR FRANCE A FRANCE A

MONARCHY AGAIN MONARCHY AGAIN IN ALL BUT NAMEIN ALL BUT NAME

NAPOLEON AS EMPERORNAPOLEON AS EMPEROR 1804: PERSUADED 1804: PERSUADED

SENATE TO SENATE TO DECLARE THAT DECLARE THAT “THE GOVERNMENT “THE GOVERNMENT IS ENTRUSTED TO IS ENTRUSTED TO AN EMPEROR.”AN EMPEROR.”

2 DECEMBER 1804: 2 DECEMBER 1804: NAPOLEON PLACED NAPOLEON PLACED THE CROWN THE CROWN ON HIS ON HIS OWN HEAD. OWN HEAD. WHY?!WHY?!

NAPOLEON’S NAPOLEON’S CORONATIONCORONATION

NAPOLEON WANTS AN NAPOLEON WANTS AN EMPIREEMPIRE

WANTED TO REGAIN COLONIES IN WANTED TO REGAIN COLONIES IN NEW WORLDNEW WORLD

1801 TRIED RETAKING COLONY OF 1801 TRIED RETAKING COLONY OF ST. DOMINGUE ON ISLAND OF ST. DOMINGUE ON ISLAND OF HISPANIOLAHISPANIOLA

FAILED MISERABLY B/C SLAVES FAILED MISERABLY B/C SLAVES RESISTED THE RE-IMPOSITION OF RESISTED THE RE-IMPOSITION OF SLAVERYSLAVERY

UNITED STATES BOUGHT SOME UNITED STATES BOUGHT SOME LAND FROM THE FRENCH: THE LAND FROM THE FRENCH: THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE FOR $16 LOUISIANA PURCHASE FOR $16 MILLIONMILLION

NEW US BECOMES A RIVAL NEW US BECOMES A RIVAL POWER FOR FRANCE’S ENEMY, POWER FOR FRANCE’S ENEMY, BRITAINBRITAIN

NAPOLEON TURNS TO EUROPENAPOLEON TURNS TO EUROPE

BRITAIN, RUSSIA, AUSTRIA & BRITAIN, RUSSIA, AUSTRIA & SWEDEN JOINED 3SWEDEN JOINED 3RDRD COALITION COALITION AGAINST FRANCEAGAINST FRANCE

NAPOLEON HAD TO BE STOPPED NAPOLEON HAD TO BE STOPPED BUT COULD NOT BE AS HE WON BUT COULD NOT BE AS HE WON BATTLE AFTER BATTLE IN EUROPE BATTLE AFTER BATTLE IN EUROPE B/T 1805 & 1812B/T 1805 & 1812

BY 1812 MOST OF EUROPE WAS BY 1812 MOST OF EUROPE WAS UNDER NAPOLEON’S DIRECT UNDER NAPOLEON’S DIRECT CONTROL OR WERE HIS “ALLIES” CONTROL OR WERE HIS “ALLIES” (LIKE AUSTRIA WHO BECAME AN (LIKE AUSTRIA WHO BECAME AN ALLY THROUGH HIS SECOND ALLY THROUGH HIS SECOND MARRIAGE)MARRIAGE)

EUROPE UNDER NAPOLEONEUROPE UNDER NAPOLEON

NAPOLEON’S 3 MISTAKESNAPOLEON’S 3 MISTAKES

THE CONTINENTAL SYSTEMTHE CONTINENTAL SYSTEM THE PENINSULAR CAMPAIGNTHE PENINSULAR CAMPAIGN THE INVASION OF RUSSIATHE INVASION OF RUSSIA

THE CONTINENTAL SYSTEMTHE CONTINENTAL SYSTEM

18061806 BLOCKADE OF EUROPEAN PORTS BY BLOCKADE OF EUROPEAN PORTS BY

THE FRENCH TO CRIPPLE BRITISH THE FRENCH TO CRIPPLE BRITISH ECONOMYECONOMY

BRITISH RESPONDED W/ OWN BRITISH RESPONDED W/ OWN BLOCKADEBLOCKADE

FRENCH ECONOMY HURT MORE FRENCH ECONOMY HURT MORE THAN BRITISH ECONOMYTHAN BRITISH ECONOMY

PENINSULAR CAMPAIGNPENINSULAR CAMPAIGN

FRENCH ARMY SENT THROUGH SPAIN FRENCH ARMY SENT THROUGH SPAIN TO ATTACK PORTUGAL ON IBERIAN TO ATTACK PORTUGAL ON IBERIAN PENINSULAPENINSULA

SPANISH PROTESTED & SPANISH KING SPANISH PROTESTED & SPANISH KING REMOVED BY NAPOLEONREMOVED BY NAPOLEON

SPANISH SPANISH NATIONALISMNATIONALISM FUELED FUELED SPANISH FIGHTERS CALLED SPANISH FIGHTERS CALLED

GUERRILLAS GUERRILLAS COST NAPOLEON COST NAPOLEON 300,000 MEN300,000 MEN

IBERIAN PENINSULAIBERIAN PENINSULA

INVASION OF RUSSIAINVASION OF RUSSIA JUNE 1812JUNE 1812 RUSSIAN CZAR HAD BEEN RUSSIAN CZAR HAD BEEN

NAPOLEON’S ALLYNAPOLEON’S ALLY FRENCH ARMY NOT ENTIRELY FRENCH ARMY NOT ENTIRELY

FRENCH– LOYALTY WAS A PROBLEMFRENCH– LOYALTY WAS A PROBLEM RUSSIANS RETREATED AND USED RUSSIANS RETREATED AND USED

SCORCHED EARTHSCORCHED EARTH POLICY POLICY FRENCH TOOK MOSCOW SEPTEMBER FRENCH TOOK MOSCOW SEPTEMBER

1812 & WAITED FOR PEACE THAT 1812 & WAITED FOR PEACE THAT NEVER CAMENEVER CAME

INVASION OF RUSSIAINVASION OF RUSSIA

TOO LATE TO ADVANCE, TOO LATE TOO LATE TO ADVANCE, TOO LATE TO RETREATTO RETREAT

LOST 500,000 OUT OF 600, 000 MEN LOST 500,000 OUT OF 600, 000 MEN (83%)(83%)

NAPOLEON NOW WEAKENED AND NAPOLEON NOW WEAKENED AND COULD BE BEATENCOULD BE BEATEN

THE END OF NAPOLEONTHE END OF NAPOLEON

BATTLE OF LEIPZIG OCTOBER 1813BATTLE OF LEIPZIG OCTOBER 1813 NAPOLEON’S VETERAN ARMY NAPOLEON’S VETERAN ARMY

DESTROYEDDESTROYED FORCED TO ABDICATE THRONEFORCED TO ABDICATE THRONE EXILED TO ISLAND OF ELBA, APRIL EXILED TO ISLAND OF ELBA, APRIL

18141814

ISLAND OF ELBAISLAND OF ELBA

HEEEEE’S BAAAAAAACKK!!!HEEEEE’S BAAAAAAACKK!!!

NAPOLEON IS REPLACED IN FRANCE NAPOLEON IS REPLACED IN FRANCE BY LOUIS XVIIIBY LOUIS XVIII

KING IS UNPOPULAR AND NAPOLEON KING IS UNPOPULAR AND NAPOLEON ESCAPES FROM EXILE ESCAPES FROM EXILE

THOUSANDS JOIN THE CAUSETHOUSANDS JOIN THE CAUSE LOUIS FLEES IN THE NIGHTLOUIS FLEES IN THE NIGHT ONCE AGAIN, NAPOLEON IS ONCE AGAIN, NAPOLEON IS

EMPEROREMPEROR

THE HUNDRED DAYSTHE HUNDRED DAYS

THE PERIOD FROM HIS RETURN THE PERIOD FROM HIS RETURN FROM ELBA TO HIS DEFEAT AT FROM ELBA TO HIS DEFEAT AT WATERLOOWATERLOO

DEFEATED BY BRITISH & DEFEATED BY BRITISH & PRUSSIAN ARMYPRUSSIAN ARMY

EXILED TO ST HELENA IN SOUTH EXILED TO ST HELENA IN SOUTH ATLANTICATLANTIC

DIED THERE MAY 1821DIED THERE MAY 1821

ST. HELENAST. HELENA