Franco-German political and commercialrivalry in Morocco (1904- 1909)

Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic)

Authors Bicknell, Samuel Macdonald, 1912-

Publisher The University of Arizona.

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Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/318989

FRANCO-GERMAN POLITICAL AND COMMERCIAL RIVALRY IN MOROCCO

(1904-1909)

VSamuel Mi Bicknell

A Thesis submitted to the faculty of the

Department of History in partial fulfillment of

the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS

in the Graduate College, University of Arizona

1950

Approved: /9 • /J ■ Q ____, _ Z - Z j ___/ ? £ .a,Major Professor Date

W A S ®

;

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I • INTERMTIOMAL COMPETITION UP TO THE ALGECIRAS CONFERENCE.^ a » ,, . » „

CHAPTER II IHE.mLGEGimS CONFERENCECHAPTER III THE. NEW ■-SULTAN ME) THE CASABLANCA ; DESERTERS CRISIS o * e .'9 o o o o

CHAPTER IV MINING.:CONCESSiONS 0 > ; >; » o' ,. o ■. , '64CHAPTER V THE. FMNCO^GEmBN AGmRD OF: 1909 o - 71 -

: ■ : IMCERMTIOHAL; .^CiSPEilTJOH: .UP 'TO ■ Pfi-AEGEGIMS CGHFERESCB .:

: , . The fcatestorate.. ef Mo^oee®;;iB©ludes ne sly, fone- y ■quarter' ©£• a .ml'lli©n square sailea: ©f florthwest, #frlea@ This is only .a email: part-' ©f the. @iev@n:-railli©h; square miles: ©f . that ©oritinentp; Butd str a tegieal % y and materially a it .is: one of .the ■ m®st.,;iiBpdrtai|t:::partSA'©i Mrisa® - Its:northern tip. ; ■: : reaehes to within nine miles: Of Spain « at the entrance ;of - - the Mediterraneaog . facing Gibraltar* ;.: , ■.

:• At:the.beginning Of this centuryg :imperlall@tic officials ■ of. five European states felt that they had vital interests. . in this ■ se»i"iM.e.peBd®nt.. Eohasmedan ,c@.iintry0 The 'governments .of Britain and. of Spars were keenly .aware' that if was too ,; close, to Gibraltar; and Madrid, to . be in control ;©.£ mmfriendly :' - ; h.andSo ; Th© French ;want®d it; b@eaus@. If would; make :a valuable,., .continuation of their;,.Frbtectorst® of:• A1 geria«> "The Italians■ , wanted' it because, .they wanted...a. colony in Morth,.Africa? particularly after France had snatched away the possibility ' , of Tunis in.. 1881®. And the German .officials and ...businessmen9 . entering-■ the . struggle,for colonies and.markets :lat®8- saw. in Morocco their ...last :.ch.an:ce. to :.wiB..-desirable land- close to ■ v Europe^ ' i y vi 'i..;; •.;. ; V: V -

1 'Bp- -MeakiRg moroocog^ Encycl#@mdia- Bri.tannl;a8 lith .Edi® .tloilg . VQ.le ..xyziig;.. p.® _ 85.0<s> -

■ ; r 'to .EarooeaB .states . wante.#9- is: cut off :{ from - the.: r©si\©£ Afrfea By tb@. Atlas". Motim*aln.s9 wMsh f @ m a; ■.{• jnataral barriero Am . ememy: comtrollimg: them can easily : . ' .

threat©® Algeria 8: ';th®.:lamd to: the ea&to Vfhe Ereneh experieineed ; • ■ this ;f.Eegueiitly.dariag;.:th© 19th eenturyg and' early 20the when

marauding tribesmen wosld des.eemd.;uj @nl the. frontiers : ©.£.; the :. :.Ere.B©;b /prize-proteet.br®t@.e The.-Freaefe officials did - not

feel thst.'Alfetiwas: CoSpIetely theirs until - they oonfrolied : . the mountains and valleys .that •spread. "westward to the Atlanti©o . . ; ' Several- parallel ehains:; Tfiat-';up. the. Atlas Range,,%: These. - - chains .Contain: the most , elevated, peaks iti Horth Africa« ., Jebel . Avashin-:rises/.t©-.14^ 00' feet«^ The- parallel chains ■rise,. in: the. northeast: "near T.a2i;9: extenel soMthwest8 : run" almost .

■ the fmll-- length .of. the.' country to; touch .She Atlantic coast - /:■ -■ . ' . . . ■;c.-v -' ,-cnear Cape Guir® The. .second . mountain ranges, ..;the - Er-=Rif 5. forms: :f■ a • northern' maritime, districts with mountains., .rising sharply ' out of. the..;Mediterranean Sem0 ; : ■ . '

:'. The resources of Morocco , lie. not in the iriouBtaihs 8 h©w« ;■ evera ./but ;ln" th® plains: and ■ plateaus .,. There;.are two. main ' /

areas'; of ’ these* ;..;-0n©9 th,@ wide.belt .-of: fertile - plain that -; ;: lies:, between, the. Atlas;..and; ErARif ..-.Moutitalaso Inhabitants-' .. ;; ©all this. the.Sebu =Mti:l.uy®.. Plais0 . 'The: s@.cemd.g only, a little . .

##c®s to, raidSo, - , ; . " r.- . 3 "Morocco.cs. En.cyclopedia;Americanaa .1949: .®.diti©n0; volo XIX, ,'; /■p.-;.467.,: . : : ' - : ■■■■■■ ' ' .. . ,

3

-.less, important ecohoiiieaMy;? is th.#. plain and plateau area southeast of the Atlas.: Sfeentains9 ‘along the Sous .Rivez-« : - •. Europeans find Morocco, an excellent place in which to %

liweo. /111©. Atlas.._Eountaiiis.- ctit off. the effects of the , - ■de.sert9 . helping to... give a heal thy. amdpi easant' .climate: to {most of Bteroeco.o „ Several.:of. the aoamtaims have perpetual:: saowe' Ih® tempera,tur® im West Morocco rarely falls below 40 degrees/ Fe -in. the...winter, .mr. rises: .above' 96-.degrees F». in; ' / the;/-suffliero In the. region east .of, the Atlas Mountains9 • / : .1h@weyez9 the .©old. in winter and the.heat, in .suraer go to' '/ '. 4 : - ■■ - • .' " ' ■ ■ .. :' /extremeso '. , -. .. - -/ ■ ; ..... : .: :i /i.:; .: MorQCCois wealth li;e.s. in .its :agri culture and lives to eko :For years the natives have grown enough .grain and raisedenough cattle .. and sheep , to give the French a good export ..■ tesinessa j-. ,Ihe natives grow; millet8. beans.', and/olives for //.'heme/ ©onsumipM.©jqq . Many of . them/l@.ad. a pastoral ■ li£ep living - .©n: herds and. flocks/g ...©r:. game and wild fruitso / .

government could not/defend., itself frpai.E.!

: rtiie: Bth' .©fixtuzf Bui .at m time, Md. they abselute cdhlapdl',. ■:, over all tte.::dnhaMtants6 ■ eapedl®lly:{ @v@i>.: the' fteaadi© peepieOB the , plateaus, or . over . the; .tribes ;an..:the: slopes @£ theAtlas., aad ':Ez.=Bi£...E;ouataina» . : fhis: ■*.& particularly true ■ ■; - . : ... - -v,,:;- - : ; t v, ; : .-... during the rule. ©£.:weak:sult6AS@;:, .Abdul. Azli9 Sultan fzemt"1894 to. 1908a was: sueh'a vpano . ... '■ . - ' ; , . . ' ,■ ... A laek'©£_.,aa.ti©nal;-eonscipus.n@a.s..'araang the . peeple made:the: Sul;tan s:;task- as .raltr;.ffi@st difficult®. The<Berber$, .. .;.•Arab9; :M©or fand' Jew lived. there, almst .as. separate units® v ■v ■ The - m@si numerous bf;these, peapi©- are .the: aboriginal ;Berbers, who.. Inhabl t ..th®: mouataln-. regiems.®'. Their, bio W per?seates most., of.,: the popul.ati.on@.' TMf..,are. .the oldest. Inhabit_tanfSe - Although: ■sQa.e..: ©f... the® .hav@:.:-Arab. .trai ts 9.. mos t of them.have...kept.:■ their_.primitive-..charaeter® . They speak their, own ,language9 a;fHamltici foape®^ -I'vyty: v ' ; " v':v; - The Berbers; hav®:::a'. sff ©ng ■ seas®., ©f IndepeBdence® The, ;

Aorthern group in the ir^lif:leuntaia.&.have.fdufhf very hardto maimtaiB: 11® .:: Befere = the tim#: #f the.. Frmn#'protectorate ' the v chief tains vof: these, .northern- tribe# lived - like feudal -■lords.® ; Only the.strongssf Sul.tansT-6f :.fhe.. past - had beenable., to. get them .t.o.:..@cknbwle_dg@ ©.vert@rdshipo; : . -.:: r TMa':t y p e ^ M 'pe©pievl£ye.;.©n.._.the.plainss:y'the Arabs and ,;

6vH® A® .Gibbonn.:.; The Mew...Map, of. Africa® p® 115® . ,7 1. C. Barlcw®%TM Aoadir Crisis® p. 17® / %...S .™©r6€GQ:0f .mc.yml#ed.im.:###mma.,,l#8. edition, vol. XIX, . p9 4SBo . "1 - ■- ■■ "■■■. : ; ; , v v- --- -. v :9.1. C. Barlow®.:...OB.® cit® 9 p® 14® - , . - . . .

the Berberse The.^rmbs are;the. iEln©.$i,ty9 -bat soeially ■ and 't eeenomicallys they ;ar@' the ..mere impsrtanto They, consider th®mselv.e# .:to:, be- the inheriAors. ..of:; the., faith >aiid blood- of . . the Arabs "who... conquered Eoroec©... for the - Prophet in the 8th . . center ye , Host ..©£; the people.:li¥i@g..on: the plains are .HoorS|, who .are a mijctur©.. between Berbers .andfArabsp.: The Moors: are. • MohamEedahS-and;speak Arabic^ ' V; The, fourth, ethnic: grpmp.. that can" be .con=-

Even, the strongest Sultans did .ncLf haw®."-coapief®;sovef = . eignty ever, all. the tribes, a w llvieg. .within the French. . • .

- pro tec tor# t#o In .'recognition of this.p the natives had two: names for . the. land that the Sulian-ruledo Tbs; Blad Maghzen 'was. "the land . wh©..s@:.'.lnh.@Mt.afi'ts recQ.gni.zed his temporal and .religious ,:.l.ead4rship9 _ ..The. Bl.ad. .Siba...w.as the land. whose ; ;people.. acknowledged only the Sul tanl s religious 1 elder ship 0, ■ ■ The native chiefs would...not .allow tb® ..Sulfan.,©r his officials : to enter . the BladSiba. wi thout :f irsf obtairilhg permission^ if,,#./ section.;of_ :thgfBlad Siba. ,intervem@d_.between the -Sul tan . and his de.stina.tio.n9 the Sultan, had . t© travel a circuitous .t

Mouiay el/'Hassaa- Cia73«i8§4| IS :to .all ©f losweed. exee^t: the..laae©@ssible .eomotal'a ..regiQBSo V. But . th©;: pleasuz®” : ; io.ving - AWul/.Azlz .:C.1894**1908) allowed.;.it: to. steink to the ; area of. the' :$eW«?#luya Plaln.o % - , : ' { : . ' ' v ;v- -; ■ v~. .. .. /: Ihe' Bultan used Ma-abzeno to ' -

' 'administer the. part.of Morsee© he ©QBt$©ll@d6 2 ■ * ^ y :;Q.£.:.. these:: fieft.;weri" little more. >thah .©ourA ftno tit wriest X3a%- ':ermers s ©al 1 ed’ Caids« administered _ the . areas of the Blad ,

itegfaien .vthaiLiere m t : # ! # # easy reaeh; of tte: |ip|tal Fez./The officials were .frequently dishonesty Sir Arthur Miodlaon^,. later" tSider Seeretiryv of:theiBriMsh^ E o r e x i n ■ : J:

; ©£fiO@;9 - said.- that: adminlstratiw ..oonclitiQns were- desperate* . . .; In 8■ he :Wrcit@s-. *£.■ ’da hot belie*® .that ■it:Ssz-1#@ssiblej ,; refbrA.Lthls obumt% ;from, ..» 'Sel.Mnteristvis the.: . ;

i::v VV'V :: v;;. ;solf:©bSect :0ft e: :gpyernlng^,elassvf77; . : : , . y/. . , r ,

V ' Gondltibns" became. 1 hertasingly--worse.. under - Abdul Aiii £>: •,; who was - Sultah dMrlng mo'st; :of,the: years ';©w6: personal. .$%traw@§an# . h@a#y. emptied .hi#; treasury^;'. - Abdul8. ? taste for ®yeli.iurepean-nbyelMe : as:. bieyeles8.v ayte^-" '' mofeilis..and' fireworks..not; ■ only reduce#''hi;s:; fiaasses - but/1* V;' V. ' lost- for Mm. the :-resp60$;.©f 'his orthodox .SobIa® SblleweirwiS ,' i '■. v." ; p;\':; -'.. - _; ; , ; ■ ' /Ren® 'Pihoml/a reporter.ih Zei -iin-;i9088f had-.an: ihteryi^; Mth -. the Sultatio . In' .this' the Sultan ..gawe .: a rather path®tie’ eKbuse:

li- Hy. Ao. # m o h ^.12.1 * f Co Barl oWg. • _.,lieolsoiis

igan@@: that Mtt -.Ms threni

lesgt@a

ed.with

ms X.. m -l va.i

ire also sold by

fumli

a@E9.tbst he;©allV ■ %' ' : \@r.troops q .:Ihi

iy» He had

increase :#%# .pezsoEal. ae.thoio. lp.,.1.912.9. ..the..

slender power. ©.£: ..the. Sifurther the

teigii .by siness. people needec

mtSo-th#isa. This

,o, £-.A.»-y-«£) L 8Empin Affaires. Mo0 271

China g, the Earapeans, JLived. beyond the - control of' lo cal of fi«: ;: ©ials9 having their own ;liws/ and ©ourt.So . And they always ■ /had the protection of consular officialSo These.privileges the, Europeans .extendedlto..:the: natives- who. worked for : thesio They called these natives:proteges» ... . -■ - ■ This; practice, weakened. .the power © £ : the Sultan'and it’increased: the. political. power' of the 'European Cohsulat®@ 1 M6r@Qver9: it led frequently to, a bad. systea1 of , graito • Rich . natives could buy European .protection 1 M & European nation n 'r :r6pre.s@nted;. in Sferocco^was ;:fres . froa the-' eharge ■ of .feaviag " . ■ its nationals sell protegS certificates at one time or • •

V Sir. John. Brummond Hayg. .’the .British. EiB'ister. at Tangier during: Edit of; the, last half .of.the.. Ifth• c@ntury9: realized.; the. growing.:palitical ...power and.: conflict that'this., protege •• • syste® .created ..;.Thtr.@fore, he calle.d:. a .meeting of the.'Tangier Diplaaiatic ■ Carps .in, 18:79 o ... This meeting led t@; the Conf erenee df.:Madrid. .InllSSOy::: Thirteen igovernmepfs9 incXudihg ;the : . ■ ', 'Qttited .States , sentXrepreseatatives to: Madrido. These' lien adapted a convention that9 among ether thihgs8 regulated the .-protege system/7 i.'X : 1 ' ■ X,. - The Madrid Gonv@nti.on...set .liMtS: to. the., number' .of ■ pr©» / - ' teg@Bo::;-lusin@a.a companies ..cauld ihtve. oniy a limifed; number,

16. "©n@. of. the most, f r @qu <m t _. of if seder s was. the American Con- \- sul,9 Peli-M. A© ..Mathews« 1© .Co ..BsrlQW,0 o.iio...cito a p« :n JUL£° - . . : , . . , : : ; • : . -

; -■Go&sular.. offiee& "eould': hl'sm..- apy: number. they:/w ted»-,:;:;.,:.$he- pro=-teges.. ©am:© bow under tBe. jurisdietien.ef-..the,Mese.ecan nativeoourtSe P©li:©e.vOffidial:si, vhowever't).; had te metify 'the patron"before .making the aifestj, stating: what aeti.Qn they meant 'to.:'take* Each European CQosulate had to submit to the Sul-tan ■

V : ' I:' V; i ^ ::aa of ficial list., of .all. the: proteges belonging: to - their ' .; ■inationalsE,: ' . - ' '/: - ' -: : ' The. Europ:®.aBS. did not'- obey :thes@ rules:»'' Too frequentlyconsular :officials-..'would ’.allow busiaess .companies to Sire. ah ,illegal number of proteges:® : They: claimed that the 'phrases- , :

. .in the conventloB were. aiBblquous.®:: ilEhe' London Times .cprresypondent.- said that the offleials submitted inaccurate -lists ©f

. the .pr.oteges.s with- false, statements .about, their property andfinanceso . ; Soon.-.the: situation grew: worse. than; ever8:withmany proteges continuing.-t© reduce' -.the -Sultanf s authority.' and finances® / :::r'V;; . /-. ' ' :

The: -Madrid: Cohyention. did more than make ' an agreement --about prot@g o.'.. :lt ..gave., the;nationals., of the; signatory - .powers .the 'right: to-.buy''property®It guaranteed the' “open.. ..door®.® ‘ And: it concluded: by - bimdlhg' the .governments r@pre=-- sented t®....an@.ther-aeetlBg.,if - M0rocca.a:. ..affairs„.should change0‘

:' Ah in.erea.se'in Moroccan, foreign, trade followed, this

1900 : was '• .34 mi 1 lion" fraiies0. while F.zenehi'. trade was -19 vmilli©h. "■ frari;©s.»; _ ' --.Bie: leading . isperSs : t© . Meree©© were -1extiles$ ' tea,: \

■ and' sygar :;, - Britain. eentrolled: .most df the textile and. tea ' - ■■ ’ imperts s,: while Branee' led ;±m the; iinpoftatien: of syga'rv France -- ;:t©ok:i6oat of Morocco*s vexports;9;J:parti.cuXarly wool8 leather 'I-' ■ good8S i::and almonds;e .-‘l^e^^SB6h:.Pzote©t©rates:' Algeria9 bought ;:;: : Morbscan ee£e.als"9 tsheep and cattle« - -', .' ,1b 1903 British ;aad :French' trade through Moroccan 'ports : ,

was: about equal» : Frerich. tirade .in that year reached, a" total : 1';ef 24. siSllion frahcsi:'British8 "'2S::iiilli©nd-v -Froa''then- onZ-;, :

- . : . ' ' . ; v s i / " w ■.' French 'trade - Increased. while,. Britl sh. trad# _ dwindled^ . ' ■ . . ■. - ..Germany' started' out.' the 20th: century.' as a weak fourth.; ; ::■ in trade with,Morocco 0, ' Eyen 'Spain had'more trade there , than. - "'y,had Industrial .Germany% Ihe,.German s almonds, wax, :. '

': olive oila ■hides9 and'gralnl' $h@y.sold metalwar0,.nails g ' ; y I’ perfuia@;B and' chinaware6.:- fhey ©easistently..imported from .;. ,• v; Morocce. mere than •they exported -1© ",.ito'; .In. 1900 they bought' ,. ,v ;' -8 millioh:,francs worth -of Eore'ceah:-gOeds» selling to Morocco '■ .;only ■ 4 m£lliQ.n.,francs..wortho • :'By 1906 the Germ@n: part.of ; ■•: ;•,/ .Moroccan: trade /was/: 9 per:..,cent/.®f the .total? by. 1910 it had ' .;:./ •

. / . . '1 ' ; . . / : " - x ' \/- / /■, •■ / • ''/ risen :to /only 13 -per - c e n t o :: , - . • •' " •' ■■■/ • ■ • ' / ' ' . . / - / : 1 :v'//:-, ,<:'Despite, the atteipt to internation/aliz.e' /Morocco at the ; -, .

II

they had sgains.: there, during the next: two decades <* By 1902

the Sultan wi th troop s addition to 'this = the _ "

.had thealong the f r e n t i e r 1 V . le Sultan’s; need for money -gave, further, m affairs to the French official So " in...

u..» vvv- f ran'cs bearing .cent of the custc

s. in all the ""©pen p.er.tsa »r#ec@.. guaranteed this

©f the customs, in.

trol ofi the

9 ..lull's £-Jirem»w, .officialaeh ©f tbe. eight: treaty

the army, and the i .. their . way ' towards.": gej

> by 190/that' this p.eace£ul....p esmendid their, best, an..powersIhe.opMle r . 1# 1894.. and F.©rei

,sh_:thi.So Bel

t. .mb.:, a. ©e5 "

$ s terns „■ the

©miration could? secure frienc .. , ^

Minister in <?■se. .was i a

eigr

■ Del ©as S6,® s .;.f Ies t aM&ess . in. coloBial . bargaining c'aiie lit : 1901s when h®l.GGmple.%e.d. . Agreement,/ A aer=-:iesof. letters betwe.en M?. Barfere& . the' French. Ambassador' in . Home:9:,, and the. Italian ■Minister of -Foreign' Affairs $ defined .: .this;::Agr@@ment?; 'Italy left the. el os# observance: of/the; : v. ferns. :ef . the Triple AlManee, in sf<er : to- have a. free' hand in - ■ Tripolitaniao : In /.returne. 'the .itallaM/ governmemt promised -to give:':a free: hand/ ih: Moroeoo/t©'^Fran®e<>_ . ■/..

■ DeleassePs next success' in- the task ,©£ securingMorocco ; came .with the: sighing of; the- Angld-French AgreW.eh&'' This - Agreement: set tied., the. ou ts ta'ndi ng. French- and British, colonial \difficulties.: :in_:var.lous parts ' of the worlds ; : ' ; ;' . ' '

■ It does not mLaft.er:; for this .study whether Peleassej,- - : - Edward VII0,,Saul'-Gaefoong .:er. Lord. Lans.downe- was. the principal/ ag@mt.,f or:, the. crea tion ..of this. Agreement.. They. all oomtrl^ \ ; but#d:Q: K ButVif- was Helcasse.,had .worked toward this under­standing for several years^ and at.the time he considered it . to.:be- the. outstanding -achieVmemt .of his. life. :' - •. .:. Af ter ten months -©f/;bssgaihing^ ..the, French .Ambassadors; : '

: Paul Gambon9 and.' Lori Lans.downe. sighed, the Agreement in :; - Londos on .April :..@.9:.. 1904o '.It..'was composed of, three dlstitict . iastrum.e'mts: a';ie©larafi.oii. co&c.®rnim#. Egypt, -and -Moroeco'i a" ■ declaratioh Oii,.Siam!? Madagascar8 and , the Mew Hebrides| and .;

26 K Cooke and E. ...S tlckne^o ^eadiag^ in. EuzpAean Hi story „' ' pp.;'81-906 . - . . V : -2.7 Affaires du ..MaroCa, 1901-19053 doco nOo - 198,s ; . ; .

a eeweation ort Mewfoundlandl9. Senegasibiao ' Ssfflegal D ■ lies de ‘: : - . :. : ' . ■■ ■■ ' ■

\ ' y. la . the.: alae articles; #£ .the Egypt,, and Hcroeco' Dec!ara= ;

tiona: Bri.taiQ. recognised;';the:vpred«iaant..Interest of Britain - la Egyptc .. Genceraing. Egyp.t9. Britaia .declared . that - she "had ■ n© iateftti©.a.:©£. aLteririg:.:its. .polltieal: status9 while France promised not to £nter£ere..Vln. any way® "France guaranteed . libetety-'©£ e©mmei.Ce;.for thirty ye.ars„:.with the privilege ©£; renewali,; while the British pmnised.' to, uphold the Treaty ptS,.:-'. 1B8B.: ©n. the." neutrality ©£ the • Sue 1 "Canal0 , - .i ;

■-: In additionr Great Britain promised, not t© interfere with -the action of Franc® In"Moroccoo:....The. British Goverrimeht promised to help-’the French,, bring_ ab’out. the administrative* . economic^ and military reforms ne.c_es;s.ary to keep peace0 . The French, al so statM .’their; iatention of ..net changing the poll™’ ticalv status of ,the:: country :and.. agreed- to insur# -cdmmerciai - liberty for thirty y@ars0 To insure.;free passage of the . straits of Gibraltar* the French. agreed;. hot to .erect foxtifi- ..cations on the 'coast between Meli 11aand ' the right ; bank of" the S.ebu®-' The B.eelaration provided for the French coming to ,, an understandxng wxfh Spaxn*_..ahd ..©©mmMnxcatxng thxs accord' to the .British®. : The .1#s.tarticle ,provided, that. the British and the French, should ,1 end:.e.aeh other.- diplomatic support to

14

secure. the execution: ©f:tbis: DeclarationV ,r v • v : ; ;This was the public declaration. Actually there .werW;V-;'f

' five secret articles .that Contained '.the; -real- intentions of : ; :■ v "V. ■ - 99 : ■ '■ : v .. ■ V:..--. ■-. ; the Declaration. ■ ' .These were, not published until; 1911 at- ■■■',, V •

:- '; .; the - time of., tlie, Agadir :€zi;sie6v. -Therfirst article/of: these; .. ' - . /secret agreements, provided, that the-/economic, and - strategical;1 . ' '

■provi:slons:„pf- the published /de.elaration,remain in tact = in - ; v. case.'either government: found =1 tself^'foreM: to-'mpdify its - - . ' ;1

v. .' policy in. Egypt: or Morocco:.;: ; : , -The sesond. article:declared, that.-the;. British had no . ' •

. ■ ' ‘ - present;, inteatien’ ©f raalting.,any changes in -Egyptj but it ,•/. . '*;

. / I ; provided thati.if it 'should ■fe€Ome ..d@tirabl®0., France would ' :- - not oppose this*_ on the. condition-,.that' Great Britain- would.' : . ' -, - 1; have similar understandiBg towards...Rreneh action in Morocco.

The third, article, specified .-the: part, that would::go: to . Spain ’ -should the! Sultan lose hi^/autherityit/'This' was-.-'to' be the

I' .;' ' territory around Mellila8ieeutap :. and. the straitsi'- The next, ; - : .article provided: that eveatif .-Spain./declined - to:.enter into ' ='.- - /

- ; ' ; this agreements r it was' nonetheless.. bindin.g upon. the British ;:. - ' .and. the French. The:"'last article, referred! merely to-the " ...; : \ /■ terms, of *. the r.epaym@n.t .of: the Egyptian, d'ebto - - . ; ; ■ -: . /- . . . According to. these' :s'eeret articlees ; in: short8 the Briti ' .;

ish. wdmld .support a Erescl. Protectdzatein.Morocco provided;:, i . - -the French would do thre® ; thinga: (Ij guarantee- commeroial: /

- 29 Ho Stuart; OP. cl to 119« ' ■ /; :

liber.tyg (t) , giw : to: Sp.ain.!,. a :w€ak-...p©.we£9...the land facing.Gibraltar9 ■-.(.S) uphold .the BMMsh:..d©s.lre" ,;to' make . # Proteot«=. 'orate: out oi',.Egypt6 < ./ v v . - •

The French Foreifh Offiet had theltasJc of settling theproblem. ; Spanish -Interests0';'l&rSlele "ZI1I.. of the published’'Egypt and Morocco Declaration ran as follows# : ■ - -. - 'The: two' goyernmentsg. Inspired, by. their feeling '

■ . of sincere friendsMpller:SpaIfts.>take into,.; ’■■ . •speeialx -conelderaitloh: the Intere,fets/.which- that • . ::' iduhtr-^vderl%es ,frdm ''her.,geographical position" ....

’ : ., and frosi her .territorial possessions on thecoast of the: MedlterzaSean.o.'.. In. regard to these .

z ,: interests. the . F.rMch ^wrhment: will come, to an ■ ■ :. ;. : ■ uftderstandihg. . with the ;Spa.nish -Goverraiento . , The .- agr eement . whi ch may - be; . come :, to ,on .the' sub.j set@ . r.../ . betwe@a..Franie;r.ahd:::SpaiB9 ,:shai,l :;b@ communicated

- to: his. Britaiml.c.Majesfyls Governmento30 . ;; .; Upon, the announcement of the., public; articles of; the- •

Anglp-Freach. Agreememt/, the; Spanish offleials.. appeared . to be. - furious9 since they had: not' beed.; consultedg .. their: 'governmenfp. .in facto had been :treated, as ■a/du.aratite.vheqliaeabl-eo';' The : ■- Spanish Ambassador declared to Delcasse that# 59This Angl©« vFrench..Agreement will have serious' consequences' and involve 1- . -- " .' or /' : ^unforeseeable-:.c©mpli.cations>®:;J' ; . .

- .'Spanish...pride.'.was about' the. only heritage-' left to the -Spanish after the.cession df'Latin America and after the

: 18.9^ 1.914v ■ volT.Ill /ddcc, noo 32.. ..(Hmcpfor.th referred.. to. as?

31 leport^?^Pirnc.e: Had'©.lins .Gszman Ambassador 'a t Paris &. , :

• . referred to ass Die- Grosse Folitlkb) , - ' v ' ,

16

I'eeeBt defeat' in the; S amiis|i?imer£€sii Waro Se the task @f, v making. Spaaish .diplomats agree to French .t®.»«6 :beeaiie more ;

v difficylte Del.eaMe:.g.awe the work @f negotiating t© Jules "■V - - ■ : ■ V > - , '. Cambon^ . atvthat. time Ambassaddr... in Madrid*-: Delcasse outlined to Gambon: and to; the Spanish .Sabassadoe. just :ho«f. far he wouldz . be ..willing t© go* ;©n;.April. ISthg. Gambon had .his first meet- ■ ing wi th ..th.e S.padish, Eoreign, Minis ter. ©n thi s subject® .When the Spanish .:Foreign...Slinister .contrasted the new terms with the- terms, .'that'had been .offered in :.1902g: .the. French Ambassa­dor; replied . .that, -the '. earlier coaversations - had been more' or -;,' y ; .. "-V; - -- ' : . ' : ..

less privates -that he- -hWyrepeatediy,::declared that. France'- ..would not abandon Fe.z.s , that" the. new.' concessions exceeded

\.y . ' :- y y,; y- ' - .; '/::'y: 32■ public, ©pinions: and. .that they could not be enlarged® . .- :..: -. ' )C@mbpn eootiBued hia- negotiitiops-. thrbughsut' the summer0

y.H@: cpEiplaitie.d . to. Delcasie ''about" .the. egregious obstinacy of. . i : the Spanish.while ..the.;Sparaisll. .complalm#.d about the treatment' they received.®. Cambon -finally :arrahge.d;':, an.. agreement with the Spanish-on ©©tober._3£,...1904o 'This .©.©nsisted- of a short - public declaration and a.secret convention.ef 16 articles. . y The . public declaration simply stated ...that the. two governments -

■ had fixed the ., extent of their .rights in Eor.oceos and that' : ‘ ' ; • . ■■ ' " , . . -y ' ' .■ - . •: 33 . . :

y they would both adhere/1@ the Anglo-French, Declaration®.- -' : ;- ", ;$he secret, convention worked out. la detail the ■boundar- ■

ies indicated in the Anglo-French.secret articles relating

17

to- .Spanish intez-es tsp v In . sub.stanee3: it: stated . that Spain ; had- the right to extend: her , oen troll over the territory v, . ;v Bound fey the; Medi terranean $, the .Atlantic d the ffiuluya Riyerg and- the right’bank of the- .Sebu Rivero " : . . . ■; ■ ; - ■■, .,V:; Foreign linisteripelcass.e feltlso secure after the; .Moreccah Agreiments M th Italy9 .:Qre.a.t Spalny ■;.. that he .''started:. urging.:.refoms . upoiri- the; Sul tan almost imme- - diately0 A month after the completion -of the'Spanish Agrees mentp .De.l©a.s_se. sent: a , program. o:f: reform-:to ;s®ittt-=Kehe’:" Tailland.i@r0: ,th@..French ..Charge,, d9 affaires. in fanglero■; < Tail®, • laadier had instru'etimns:: to to Fez and to stay "right with the Sultam-: until the reform.#,: were,a'C.ceptedo .. ' :■ : ;- .The program,of the. Taillandler. .Mission made the., follow® "■ ing .demands upon, the: Sultans :the, appointment ©f . French -'Instructors to; completel.yf reorgaBire ..the: Moroccan 'army; the. , . signing of .a;treaty excluding.gther nations from poll tlcal '.. power;. and the authority for ..the: French, to control' all Moro®. tcan 'finarieeso: ■ ;: ;:ir ■'t: : ' : "" " Ihilev TaillaQdier pleaded the Erench ; cause- at Fezp a .storm: was. rising at, Berlin and: Ta6gie.s» - France and Britain had not consulted a proud nationg Germanyp : : . . , ':-

.The. German. Ghancell.or9 . iernhard:.. von: RuleWp had" not 'heard :about the: signiag . of the Anglo®French .-M-greement until -he read

i ShSiui' Ml$sie»»: kee:. Affaires du ibwe, I90X-1905, p p. 178-184, ■: : . : .

18

/.it in the newspapers» ; He app&w@Rtlj took the newsciuite calmlyv - In a reply to -the .Reiehstag. on April 12g 19C he made the best of the^matters ..as. wa$...his.. habit$Sag: it: In a •che.ery...manner0l -He saids .

We ■ have "me ' rea i is dirested agaimst.a

tha t . this agree®® r - Whatever @ It Liiimat© the

of differen.ee betweeh. Fram.ee. and Great - Britain?" view of German Interests we to complain of? for. we do- not

see strained rela'tibftS- between- Great; .Britain. andimperil the world > ;•' Concerning Morocco£

which c©tis.ti.futes the essential part of this,") - agreementg we are" interested ", in this countryb'). .

. as in fact, in the" rest, nf the: Mediterranean^ - ".: principally) from - the economic 37:Despite.this public' speech8 historians know now from the al documents .that the officials in the' German Foreign- -

ice felt the •Entente.. Cordlale (as .the Ah-glo Fren.ch-Agree°;German .interests

ell or­is. usually -called), to

In the... do c u m e n t s ___jg Foreign;. Minister Baron von "Richthofens and the

.influential Friederiek"-Holstein describe: with 'increasing ■ anger.their reactions to•the developments in

iteifi)tee. fe

slo 113 ...po .74 ®) Radolin8 the) Germar ;,i,: had informed: him in March that such an

agreement was likely<.,, The. .German Governmi was, hover, off“ ° ° ”XXS .doc0 -nOo. 0 227

M®5fi“©€€©: Ss;: OB the p©£ntv.s.f: starting, a B©t<=> ; •; : work o.£: rail ways . eessaiay. wetaldl saffer great:.

'' injury '©wing t@.;Franck.a©Q©p©lya Even mere ,. • alarming we.uld be the injury to German pr@s-=

, tige if we' lomked m .mth -folded asms while ■■ , national ' interests., were.;'giwen. awaye. . If we. „ ^

: allow ourselyes to- be trampled upon in ,: " - ' - ’Horoccfa we invite similar treament. else=where*3& : : ' . , 1 -

’ v , , Ihere.. is no, proof . that the .Germans knew anything ' abou t: ■the secret articles of the. Entente .Cordiale until: the French. published; them in 1911o. In Die ..Gross® - Polltik there -is ho .sign that the German officials .susp.eotgd, . that- there; was .more■ on HpreCco iB the vAnglo^Frerieh.Agreement'than appeared in ;,the. published' articles0' .But they, had suspicions-. eisewh@reeBulow and Holstein suspected - a secret-dffai..on Ghin% or , , ' ' ' . ' ' ' V' . : - - - . ' ■■■ ; some: alliance •against. Germany^ - . ' . • ■

. the Kais.@rs.'.his ...Chancellorp ...and the... officials in the ■Getman -foreign ©ffieeg . wanted . to . do . mom®thing to,; stop Frenchaction in Morocco^ but they differed 'about what-it should b@«^low and Holstein'did not keep: the Kai s@r,:inf©rm@d about ’ ;all...ph@se:E ■ of, the. Morocoatt sitaatioSa .as. the absence, of theusual, imperial marginal. notes .©n.....th.e. documents' indicates»Kaiser; lilliam'.'II. had top ,11 ttle .concern about the ISoraccansituation t© please his-ministers9 ; ' ...

Chancellor von Bulew states, in his correspondence that •h# thought it .best t© play the @.phln%i, and 'to let the

- ' ■ ' "• ' . . • ■ v ' . . . . , . ■ V . ■

mystes-i©us■ .auctions •bhe: Gemans. iafiue.B6® Saleass® t©: yulge Ms- plans e; Probably that. wsuld teean that France- would ■ hawe; .t-o. glye Germany either; guarantees : er cempessatlonso . '

KShlaann0;.,ri©wly'='app©iinstei.-G@man GhargS. d9affaires la v . .Tangier0 dls'oovered 'th@. aim# of the_ Talll.andler Mission to. ’ Fez«> T© him this .looked .very much. like, a leap towards a ■ ■‘ French pr©t@cterat@o , German ..offl.clal..s 0. principally .Dr0. Vas= s@lg ...Gffasullat. Fegg encouraged-.th©..Sultan...to resist the pro^ gram* ; When, the Sul tarn., called together an Assembly of H© tables

.■':fr0m‘:..,th@..;..Mad.,.Madhzom-n KuhlmaiBh..,®@Qr.ovMo- -©.ailing this ma ..skillful eBti^FrBnch wveo ; ' '

. Ghanceller v@tt.. Bulow,. waited several "moHths after the sigaiEf of the Amgl@-Eremch;Agr®ememt before., he decided to . do more than. play the.'sphinxQ That policy .' seemed, to have ■ had..; no effect' upon the Ereheho . ‘ ■ So. Bul.ow decided that the situa«=; tion -Oalle.d for more action® V ' . ‘ . , . -.- . On February-: 78 :--19050 KtihlMaon told Ch@Ms@y0 the French '

Charge, d/affaires at.-TaB.gieri) ...that France had .not - told '.any / of her plans., to Germany9 '.and.. he. ,Mo.ted: that ..the,. French .would regret ito , w®ost- Gemansa 86 > he: added.s.' ™thought solely ©£•■ econemie. interests in Morocco^. but. the' influential colonial .. party had other !deasg-._.amd the; Kaiser.might■ - a c t * - .

The French 'officials in..Paris; and; Fez. felt the change

in.-.tke Germaa.'p.oli.®fo The elaborate, .reports fzea the . Tail I-1 * andier- Mission..; in Fez :indieate- a sti.ffemlmg. of the. Sal tan8 s . . attitude, tewsrds:the.Freneho The Sultan was polite@ but ' • he',be.cam© ■ inereasiBgly elusiye« - 0r» .-Vss.sel._had been doing a ' good, job in •bolste.ri.ng up_..th@.. Sultan 1@ will to resisto The Sultan and. his. Ministers did. not. beliew: that the Fremoh would go. beyend. werdSg 'and'they., acted- aosordinglyo . They did ■ not want to lose, control ..over‘their..people .until they' had to*• Conwinced. that, the French = womld. not. fight over Moro'ccdp Chancellor, yon Buiow decided .up.©B- dramatic 'diplomatic move at T.angiero Against .the Kaiser^s Better; :judgment9 Bulow ; announced In.,the.. Kolnis.che. Zel^mg;that, the...'Kaiser wouia - visit T®ngier_.shQrtlyo "? . Tiie .Kaiser was planning to take a , pleasure cruise in. the ,M@dit@rr.ine.ano-.. .When;tiie:. Kaiser learned about, the. preparations- for: a political deittdns.tr®tioB0' he wired that he might ■ net;landa that, he .was traveling incognito.s ■and. that he wanted, .no audieneas*; ®T.o’ change the- program@m replied w n ,lialow9 wWQuld be a triumph for DeleassSo86 ■.. ." On.March Sl^ 19088 ..the,,Kaiser landed at Tangier£," and in the. course.. of the festiwities, of. that;d.eyy he. • told the Sul” - tan.®:s.. representative that GemA.ay: desired , seapl.ete. iBdep@nd= ; enc®. for,Morose®0: with egual treatment, .for, all nations8 and ' i

•44 documents .diBlomatiou.e francals« ,v@ 1 o VXo ..doc0 no'ss 51”. 85o." . " : ' :45, Die Grbs.se .Bolltlk.«. .¥ol». ]>QC0 ."doCo n0o 6564» ' :46 Ibida « ,doc0 nid;76..5.34o • ,

he - urged the: Sul tarn to follow the', sdwlee .of :th© "MetaMes in. ' v , ^ ■■■■ ;. ■' : . .

'.:not;:a©€@|piibliig :the::,Fr@8SGh':s-efteiaso V -. . ; . : , '.. This talliaroMS'ed: desisiderahle ireseBtiaeat: in ■ Paris -and

tQadopo;:' _fhe. ZreBeh'. and Briiisli...go eziFMaeinits aad people did; :net like: :the -brash - way dii:;which._.MlMaii- ll;<anooane@d Ger='

: aattY9 8 refusal. to he : p.ushed aside& "M'thotigh . the visit had '- the effedt _ that.von .Buiow. want.eds,-. thd: Kaiser, did not: forgive ■ 'him for the .embarrassiBg:.consf^ene^sf ifafer-';thaf "year -:,lilliamvil wrote 'this' ;to: Bulow? ..." ' ’ .. :

; ; Bov not forget; that y#B:p®rsomally.;prevailed; upon;-) ; .; ■ v / meg, against my willg - to:'go to Tangier for the - " .

: : - sake.: of: ...the suoeess Of::yodf ■ "Horeeeo ;,policf»-' : v ;:v . - R e a d ; - , ' p r i o r . . . t o . the'Tahgi^r

- .visit > o- o Itrwas: to pl&ase .yoB8 for the sake:,of .the-. Fatherlandg that" "I landed 8' mounted a ■ ' ' \

' rf' strange -hors.e.. in ..spi.t@. of.-ay. ©guesfrian: disabil=: - ity due to my shrivelled left army an act; ..'which--; "

- might have caused'me - to. eosie;.within a. hair :©f ::: : . ; . - - l.osiB.g.:my..Ilfeo';. TKis ;was" your- adventure» -. I . -' :' • ■

rode, among . Spanish snarehists;;h@cau.se''you^wanted ; . ' ; •i-t9 and:: your policy was to hemeflt hy lt64®: t ';"; This:Tangier visit let:to"* conference where the sepr®-"seBtatives from the ceumfries. that had sighed the. Madrid'- Conyentiem. negotiated again, to reach an©ther agr©ement»: At . this ..C©nfer@n.ee9 -...at Algecira#:@ ..;the French, and the; British.worked together®; Their; ac-ti.©fts.;‘create -new. relation shipin Europe®.. The. desires .of. the.. .French .'and British diplomats.

; . there at..Algeciras9,.under ..:the;.pressure; of .'wenfs - forced -hy.... the Seraans.g -transfprme.d the Emten.te'...Cordi.ale' into something, '-’iiiueh - hi gger-; fhan a; Colonial -agreeaent®; ’v;;. ;.;

: V - : . ; ■■ : - " fHE- : ALGEClgks OmFEREMGE ' \ ■ .

' ■ ■ fWo weeks, after the .Kaiser0 s- visit. t© Tangier$, Foreign Mini ster .Beleas.s@ aske.d_..the _.€eriiaii. Ambassadorg Prince " ; ; . Raiolinr to.coae t©' see; Mffla Del ©as @@ informed Ambassador . Radojin - tha t; , i f there... was. 'any mi SHRders tandia.g between..; their. .; two c©uatrie'.s9 ..-; the French ■were..rea'dy-' t©’ ‘diseuss- the iia'tfero Radolin'said that -the Freneh had waited: to© long 8:;and-that : : the time for’sep.arsfe*. negotiafions . had passedo ■ . . . v

A,letter from Chaasellor. von BmIo w. f© Sei©asse,reaffirmed the G@ri®aB;Lpo_si.ti:o.no ■ Sin©@ .the Gmrman statesman made it , cl ear tha t they - would . mot -n@g@tiate; wi th him p,. Seloas se . wan ted . to make certain of ;British.; support - just.in case that the": German:stand' on Morocco should, turn . to. acSion0: The Foreign' ; Minis ter p therefore^' asked. Paul Gamho:h>; Ere.nch. Ambas sador .to : the Gourt of . St» James s: to. se©. Foreign Minister •Lord Lans^ -• down© as soon.as possibleQ.' ■ . - • ■ ■ - : . . :. .;: ';On :May i?th9 1905g - Paul Gambon visited Lord L.ansdoWn©

in the For©iga Officeo. There.Lord Lansdowne gave Gambon • words of encouragement .regarding • Britain:® s support in a -... :■ •

1 Affaires du mroc: 1901-19O5n doc. - no. 250. ' ' -. •■2 Bgjajmenfs■. di@lomaMgie Second. Series, vol.. ¥1,

dec. no. 361. - ■ . • . , . . . . ■ . - : :

crisiso Cdmbon '.took:,the words to meaa mu.©h more than Lans -.::i:owrie, inteMeda KeJ-eam#: away;.vfrom' .the;: cimVeysation mt h tbe;impression-.that the Foreign Minister had: of f e r W ' W alliance^Gamboa laiaediately. wrote a report:" on. this which h® ,closes. -.:'with these w o r d s i : . .. ■ V ; / - ■

I am’ able te writ® M» Delcass©::- that if. the- cir^ .eyastanees demand it8 that. if we:have serious .

. - \ . reasons for believing a# .,u#justlflabl®. ggQr@@@4.,' - ' ids:'possibl e§ the . British - -gey eriwent will be '•. ? :ready W ^' • . . the measures;;t©:,taket:v>«¥QM:.may be sures” l»g2‘d : Laasdowne told m@8 ® that ,we are - all ready«, ”3" Later that week Lord Lartsdowne wrote a careful letter

in response tp a note from Paul C.amb©n-9 making : certain that ' his remarks..had not been. mi.sihS.erp.reteds:...In this he, gives , his \.©wn version of the talkg. cencludlng, with: WI :d© not know .

.that "thi s hi csouii tdiffer s f the one:, .you gave 'to Mo Del * :- cass®g but 1' want to' make sure that you- understand that there, 'must be full and- confidential discussibn.; between the two :' g@y@r)E«B.ts first»:w'.:; i V ; . --1,- - : .1 ;

Their :future actions, show that.Gambon and Deieass® inter­preted Lansdowne1' s words according to their own desires e even': after this- cautious letter,,' 6ft- May,25thB' Gambon/-wrote to ,'y•' Pelcasse savlna that the entent# could. in. f act amount te an' ■... ■>,k, ' ' • ' ■: ;> - -i":: :-':' . ■■ ■•'alliance^ And Belea'ss.e made/his.last, stand, in the Cabinet ■.■ by guetinglthis illiffiftce as a defense, for . his- actionso .

3'■ British Documents..:vol0 111*. dbCb «©• 94= ". : . -: 4..Ibidoo dec.■ noe 96♦...b..Domm^#^#DW#ti#e,f^ngiis* .Second-..Series* jvol. VI,

25

ille state SB .Paris8 it stara to taks on Jforoe©©s Sultai

the Sultan rejected , the: ; Frenek demands - and . adopted the GermarInviting, the . powers . to an Internationa]

powersanswer® Even the: German government

ii.gn 1: British gov-

1® IE

0neui

3-9

first the; Bn.1

e at Tan'gierg; _governae:

IBS- ,at.. fa.ngi.@r:..to take; pert in£io o

.eiieouragea itJ

>.. Sueh .a discusi s.f a' large .Mumbes

merestIB

.Dosufflffits nor 109 c

26

; - v : \ . Gh a p c ^ i l o r Win' Bulow > e a t a ; no te ', t o ' a l 1 . th e s i g n a to r y ' ' ' ■

: pnw ers iof- the: M adrid Gon¥@Rti@n8 „ s t a t i n g t h a t th e I m p e r i a l ' i - :

.jse llieved t h a t . a e p fif iz e n ee , s n e h a s : the- S u l ta n 'h a d : ; ;

. , - • p ro p o s e d : .© ffe red th e . b e s t m eans to I n t td d t ic e refoz-mse and ••.-

i : : 'fox1 t h a t , e e a s Q n . i t had a c c e p te d :th@; S u l ta n a s ' .:few£tat£@ 6». ; : '

' ; ;':In h i s ' ' ’toea® lrs i ¥@tt Sylew is-it@@ his.-;:z® asohs ifoy: .se n d in g . 1- -

. ' ' ■ t h i s no tee ' He t h e y g h t t e - ' f o e th e b e s t way t@ s e c u re th e ' V '

. : ’ co m m erc ia l ;:i n t j e |e :s t s ..as: .# e l l a®. ©f o t h e r n a tio n s ^ . \ '

. - a g a i n s t th e . d a n g e r •.o£ Bel©®ssS.e©., tu iQ i.s if ic a ti© ii ' o f . th e ' . . ' i. • .: 't'h: ' "■ .; :i • '' i't . '...' - :: . c o u n try o . He thp tigh ty t h a t ..he haw ei'the s u p p o r t - o f ;, m o st :;;;v.y -; v

o l - th e p o w ers , i n su ch .a conference@ . T heodore R o o s e v e l t w ould

:.• : f a v o r I t p a s h e . fa v o re d - a l l , ; wo p a n : d e e r s ^ f ' B tilbw .h o p e d : t h a t : ' • -, '

; :v . R o o se v e lt , w ould h a v e g o o d ; e f f e c t , u p o n .:S r i t i .s h p o l ic y g and" :V , •

. - - t h a t he w o u ld : s t r e n g th e n , t h e pro^Germam. i n f lu e n c e o f . th@ i :::' 1:,

, . - I ' . vi London ;T im es. c b r r .e # p n d m h t; ih iT a r ig i e r q - : F ra n c e ..w ould' be l e f t ;A

' /.i ;a ;;E in © r i ty r -and : she’ .would .have a .. e o lo n i a l ■i.agreemeht,. r e p la c e d . ,

V.-;;"'; \ t i i :b y i .:a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l s # t t l ; ■ : -; - • -{ - ; ; ; : :

. • - ; ; -' O n t h a t ' saoie:,d:a y i h J u n e 9 1905s - when B ri t a i n and Germany

1::;' s.@Bt;e f f . . t h e i r ,deC i.s lon :s.;r e g a r d i n s th e -C onferences P rim e ' .; .

. i i -• M in i s t e r .'R o u v ie r: ahttouriced" t h a t ..F ra n ce m u st, c h o o se M tw een .;. ,:■. ; '

• - : ’ : . B e le a s s e 'and h im s e l f <, ’ He . f e a r e d t h a t \h i.s .F o re ig n M in i s t e r '. '■

: 1 was. le a d in g .y E ra n c e ...d i.is .c tly ,.tp - ..m rv w ith Germanyo' •; - ; : : f I -

; :.' ' l ' . ' 8 M a GeM sm.' P o l i t i c . v o l 0: XX«,- dOCo riOo 6 5 4 1 . ( ' : ' : . ' :. ; 9 The ©@rr@.s.p@nd:@.at was t h e .i n f l u e n t i a l , , 1* _Bo-:...:Harr£so I b l d e s ' .

V --; .l6oicV-.no;. 6558.' ' -■ ' v - . ' i / " v . ' - L ' , ■ : :; 10 I b i d .6 d o c , no,, 6 5 5 9 . - I t ; V ; I " ' -

■Fw seme time Prime Mioister Reuwies.. tiad■ beeB worried - ' about, Delc®ss©8s oppeditien to Germany0; HA. bad made a point: '.of: letting the "Germans, know that- 6 did net share'- his ■ Foreign • Minis ter Ss views o,: Qn April: 26 th Prime Minister. Rouvier dined; with. Prince Radolin; and;:'he, told : the Ambassador that under n©’-; 7, 6ir©uiistaB©es did: he: want ::t@ see trouble: feetween -Germany/and- Fr:an6@6 He; said that mest;Frenobm©B. iaelined mere towards . the...German..than 'towards the British . side» ' .Fran©© and Germany,; mus t "stand, together; to preserve . ther peaeb- of the worlds : 'Sp : -'long. as he wis. the -head, of; the; states this would be his'lpur- ; 'pos®0 He., guaranteed -the"status quo:.ihiMQrooco<> with ho. ■. ''' ' 1'"1 imita:ti©.n: to.. the ©onffiteroe ©f -otherJnatiphs«, By the - end of. .;' the evening9 Ambas.sador --Radolin had . the, idea - that Rouvier - ' - -

1 -would: saerifiee. B.ele:ass@ - if -GeriiiHy felt that "the Foreign: , . ;.Minister was dangerous t©: .German"interestso^. . . ' : :' - Radolin immediately:, reported this . talk, and; his impress^: I- - ions to. GhaneellQr.. von Bui©w.a' - The German -Ghaneellor needed: -.' n©; E@re6 ' He started to work towards Deleas'sS9 s dismissal7 : 1:Von Bulow. ©Qhsidered Deleasse- to be. a man most dangerous to; ,, ' "German prosperitfo1. In ■ his offi©ial. ©orr@sp.ohdenoe; he speaks about the. number :>£ timas■ tbst BeloassS: had -lied and aisre® presented in order . to'}'@dvahe@ Frahde ' over Germanyo ;.- The. ‘German Ghan eel lor made, it plain to Prime Minister" :

. R©wierr-iby means :©f the- German A»bas&gd©z sad. @©m<=respondeEdeij,; that .tlie Freiie.h . F©r@ig0 Minister'-was hateful toGermany o - During. thi s time * For eign' Mini s ter - Deleas se per®; 'sisted in his attitude towards' the" Germans»•; He told. M s "Prime Minister that he. did not believe in coneeding anything

I,: -. : ' . . V ' .. vV :to the -Germans in Eoroeeoo . Prime Minister/Rouvier'beoame .more vqgnvitioed 'dally thatxthis was net the, right attitude to'■ takeo .He knew- that his .cduhtry was:notprepared for warv

- ^ " ' ' - 'Sinc^'BelOasseiwouM 'not::ehange:tils bpinion* ;Prime MinisterKduviervda©ided,,: a ;t:he,:;must;Ohfng@ his Minis ter o: . ' ,V' vsps /on June': 5th 9 1905 9 Prime Mini ster" Boavi@r. went- to,

see President Ldubet0 • He .told the President that he was ■.pppoeed # : hi# Foreisn ..Minister.9 s pmliey regarding>Morocco v■ and Germanyo ... fhe Prim®,. Minister told his President -that he ■planned a/Gabinet meeting on the, next day. where., his; - € © 1 1 ® ague S', wotild have to ehoose ,between’hipl"arid;.Delcass#0^ ;y : : y ,1 - •. •; ;.. ■ ..In -that Cabinet meeting; hoth; the Foreign Minister and - '. the .Prime Minister s tated; their oppo.siiig .points- ®f view, .-Deleitsse spoke; first,.Ha- stated ' his ,opinion that ;France should -refuse to ac.cept1 the proposal for .a ■ eonferenee,' ;h@ ’ . said that 'Germany was bluffing* and;that a .conference was/ : uselessHe maintained that lordlLanaclown® had. offered." ■; ; ‘France-a British' alliance* and . that* with this .support* . -

13' Is^^^Mslrotigus. franeais* Second Series, vel. VI* ;14 1M:Li doc,, ho,: h93o:;■■ ' ; ;■■; - ■ : ■, ; ■ ; ■ ■ - ...

1 Gy. could be aggressive wilbtiout f@ar» ■Prime .Minister E©wi@r:, spoke... after him8. maintaining in

l .following. w@r#s that Germany.was not bluffings .Geraany is. disturbed and humiliated by your ' :'encirclement- of. her,. In our Morocco dispute she sees .an: excellent occasion to. break, the -. 'rings and she is preparing for extremities, .' :Be.sldesg. she..knows that England has offered ; . .us a military .'and naval alliance , , a few . • . ..

. days .ago Billow sent a'friend of his. to tell , . . :m@ that if we. accept the.'proposal of "th© . ' .British... government*. .Germany, -will' "declare war ' .

' , , e-Are we-, in a condition, to. sustain a war . -against ..Germany? .. Noe: V. Ev©h’.wi'th the aid of.’ -the British.Fleet,-- we shall be in for- a worse

ih such' never recover®-*®

the ■ end of '.the., s.essii Prime Minister, . Mo Deloas.s.@ had , to.-.resign. In .'the

opinion, of the Cabinmt9 .he had_ sinned against the cardinal principle that diplomacy should.not outpace military prepare, atlon, . :.-The, Prime Minister, himself»' -therefore, took over the foreign ...affairs, portfolio^■ '.; ; : . ... ./

.. The day after the fall of -Delcas-se, Kaiser William II .CO

The German-Chancellor was. ..still-in bed0 William II awakenec him. with th®. announcement ..that .Ms. Chancellor- was .now

oo ' It - i .Bernhard --

" m : r' . ■■ ■; ■

■ sourees of ■ iaager. te 'his, cotsnttry*.. Wh;@a. 'y@is:;;Buiaw wrate later . aboat his aetioas at this; h® saldt - t" ' .

• -It was not ;the magnitude, of. our eemmezeial and- . ;. ■■ ; ' pelitisal; interests in Moroe©©' that- decided me ; >

/v' t©.: advise-- the Kaiser .t©-; re sis t:>. .but the ©©n=» ■ ■ .;. . ■ Victionithat in the interests, ef pe.a©e9 we-could ...

;• ; n© longer swallow sush provoestioiiso I desired , ;. : . ' 'War with Fzance, a-s little at- that time. as - before ' .- . t.:: . . "■ or after ;0. 0 e. But-1 did net ' hesitate t© .©onfromt : : ■, ; - ■ her with' the,issue, of- war because I trusted -to • .

- ' . -' - - tty. skill .and strength- :t© prevent It9 while - at . 1 ■:\ ; ' - the s.®»e .ti»e-: t@-- @y@ithr©w--Belelsse0.: and to : ^I;;; 1 - - f ru s.trste thei aggres_sive .phase... o.i French policy*-” '

: Ihifc;:Qe$«an;:tr@ublos$, :howev©rs:'were far from over'with: -the 'fallf .@f ©elc.asse* . In':£act9 the .German tactics9 - in -

. .attempting. t©;' handle.:the;-:Internal. affairs of a neighboring :country s’ made her. future work mere ‘difficult than ever* ' Three'

' - days; after taking., over the Foreign Minis try s Rouvier begged: . -• ' the -German government not to press :£©r a: ©onference which :

1:V : V I : - , , . :; ■:. it:::,;:-. y wbuld.humiliate Fra-nce*-. The "humiliations .replied yon Bulow9;

;;t , .was on. thevside. of. jGermany which tould not n w throw .over:its • /‘promise to ;;the-Sultano"19 ; i ' :// . ; '

, :. The; Prime. .■Minister .then -suggested. a preliminary program"; -in advance* ' .When, the German Foreign Qfiic®. agreed to thiss. .. .

: ■ .-■' Rouvier s.eeiBed; "to .©hang.e. his .mindo ' This produced _a. stalettatethat lasted; for two weeks9, ; Soil® progress, was . made at . the end .of: June;:when;-Rouvier seat a. despatch to- J®bas.sad@r Rad@l.in*

' .In this-, he pointed out th# .position o.f Franeeg M s intention -■ of maintaining the independence..of., the Stiltan9. snd the crying

..18.. .B*. ,Bul@.w9' mei^g .volo .II9 p* 108* : ; , ;19 BIe...'Grosse.- Eolitlk a vQl * no* 5910*

need; fox- zefermso.. Ms. to. a ©QofezeneeE,: R@ut£ez Insisted that • it w@ul.d-' B@.4angez0tiL6.: if .net'pz.eGeded.by\am;, agzeememti).' and . usel@ss:;:lf it f©ii@w#d_ ©neo :Tfois."tiii.«, he.did o®te.::how@¥e$e:; .ahsolutelf. zefusea :rconf ezen©®F MewezthelesSi,.. h‘@ wished t@ ; know.preeisety what -the. Gszttaos wantedo ; : ' : ■-

At' this .timeyPresident‘fhejodtize ,RQ©g.eyelt. sent notes to. h@th Prise. Mini s.ter. Rouvier: and. to. Chancellor von Bulow6 ' : Roosevelt? s...friendship., for. the_. German Ambassador^ Baron • Speck

■ : : , :: . --y-: -yy - 'w n Sternbergs, influeneed: him..to., do ...his best ■ to stop the . German-Prenbh''stalemate over Morodeoo Roosevelt^s notes .

'■ii.,y-yy ..;y"'-'' t-^y y - - / -y y ■ • - - vt.y-urged ...the. Prenoh.. to aoo.ept. the. : #ohf.er#no® and urged the Ger- mans, to be considerate^ y ' y\;' : This op.inio.h: probably had some 'influ:e.n6ee ,. In any oase9.

on: July '8th & • 19050 ..the.. Frensb. .and .Gerraan-rgoverniaejitsy aecepted:. the pzlnoipl.e. of; ,@n - ihterna tional- oonfer.enee; on '.the following ;'baslsI-.s.overeignty and iftdepeBdehoe.of ..'tht ..SultanB; .esonomie , y liberty With.o.ut any l.a^ and heed ©£_ both . financial' •and..military reforiio^ • : y • . :'l ' "y'. - 1y;.: The next ...step, was to. formulate a /program for ..the' confer^

ene@o;: For ythlspurpose Chancellor':von, BulW-ordered. Dr* :y' ■ yiosen:8. German.:Miiais ter at Tangier a. toy go. to Paris to arrange .:. the detailso: ; There -Dr». B@sea9 ..with the1 French. Foreign Off- y icer arranged’ -a. program' for the: .eonf e.re:nce6. This program9 :' y'

m 'fencai^; Second 8eries8yv©l, VI, ‘ ■21 Ibid.« doco"no. 599. y '' y-';y'".iyf y■ : ..

32 ■■

slgnsd •Sep.tmber' 28thg; .190.5„ outlined .the, procedure for the. , -7 . eonfereneeg,_and-.determined: that it should take place, at Mge- ,- ciras in Spain on the.coming January*-The,main discussions :of the,.confer-ence were t© determine the following subjects;- --t-; " 1 o - Org@hi%ation of; the police* "■ ' "

: . ■. ; - -So.. Regulation for. the suppression ;©.£ contraband*. :'. r: .-.3* FiHancial-r@f©rfflse. esBeelally the. forming of: a .. - ' "

- ; , tv .state Bank*22 ; -. c t; ■ tv: ' V': ■ Before:, the conferehce: openedg -.the Brltis.h/electorate

.overthrew Balfour® © Tory : government * - 'bn. December 11 19058: - Sir ..Henry Gampbell-Bahmermam formed a . Liberal Gabinetg in \ which Sir .Edward. Grey replaced - Lord .Laiisdowne in the Foreign office. - . . . ■ . , f

.The French government -was anxious to know'-whether the-; me*: Liberml goyernmeht,:would sustain:.the assurances ©f Lord ' Lansdowne9 _or. whether it .might g© even -further*" On January m : 190&9 "Snbassador Paul Gambon asked Foreign°:Eihister: Grey .> - : whether,., the British government, “would .be prepared to render Framee armed- assistance” in: case of German aggressions, and whether it would' sMctidn .the .continuance; of the naval and. military conversations that had been going on for - some- . : :months,^ hy " : , '■' Sir Edward Grey . stated.; M s -. personal opinion.- that if : :.:France, were -attacked by" Ge any,.l.n,:cons.@.gumnce;: of/the Moroccan

agzeementg public "opinion in vfenoland"would" "3b« r no 1 v mm/arfin •■fa¥©r: _p;f ,vFran,€eo2 ;''. .

ien'■Sir Edward; Grey returned}.t© "London:later that :fii#nthfrom a: few ..days51 vasatleng. The found: Paul; Gambon /anxiously waiting for. a mire definite statement as t© whether .Franc©■ could eount .upon British; 'as sisfafti©0-. - lifter ■ talking -with . Haldane s,'. the...Minist<§r ©f• War9: .and with..:the. Prime Mini s ters,

. . . .communieaMon with the French9 and I assume " ■ :'" .. that all preparations . are readyi so that, if ■: a: erisis: arises^' no time will be lost for : " ■: v

:: ;: . want of a formal:engagement,v..«, ,,0 .1, have takenan opportunity of expressing to Count Better-;

:':nich my personal opinion » „ >; that9 as in - the.;' v;:. event .of an attack.upon France .by Germany y . v '1: : y' arising eut xif' our; Moroccan agreement^ public, 1 : :: feeling in ' Engl and would be so strong" that no, " :...... British' government could, remain; neutrall2 , -

: . :• "'British diplomatic supp.©.zi.:in-:th@. following months left :the" French., with no doubts .about British friend ship 0 The ,first. positive .evidence of ...this :c.am@;.. during the.MgecirasConf.erehceo - : ". - : :■:: ' ■ '■: v" . '• : • ■' ... .■. The : ©nference. of. Alg.ecira.s9 .je.alled..by rWinston Churchilla milesf one, oo .the., road ..•■ to Armageddoap .convened .©n January16p - 1906o Repressntatives.. of all...the thirteen .signatory :,::p.©#@rs of : the conference :©£ Madrids except Horwayg camev ■:Russiaa . net': represented at the: first: C6nfereh6e9 sent r-yp:t ,/

Sir: Edward " Grey. was. :abie., to give Caabon: this answers ■ - ■ &" QOdd • deal b.f broaress ha s been rniadl®« Out "

24.-i||iish^|C^in^^yolo III, doc* no, .241

representatives to this» Most powers seat two del ©gates 0 ; ■. France sent,;Paul •Revoil and EWgeiie Regnaalt@ . Geraaay sent. ’ .: Herr, -vqo Radowlti "and.' Count TOtt. fatterib'acho Great Britain , ' ,sent'only 'Sir tethsr - Mi col song her able. Ambassador to. Spain»

-At ■ meeting the., delegates-.:Mmanlmo'usly chose . ■the: Spanish .delegates '.-the Duke d8Almbd©var9. to be President of- the Conference^ _ /As a precautionary ..me.asur@g ■ they -decided ...■ t',--. I,:": : / : : ; v; 7 ■ 7.7:7.■ to . discuss-: the.Sess-'dmpbrtant: projects first® So' fr#m .January .16-. to. Eebruafy 20th the delegates, d©bated. p©aceful 1 y ; '::-

. upon; .the' questions,: bfcontraband :of arms : and - reforms in . .. 7-' imposts, and customs: :duties». 7 7 :7 .' -:.7;' .-.7 7 ■ . 7.. - . ,7 7,..

At the end of the .first' week bf' the Conferences German . 7 : ' .delegate Radowitz was. able to'malse this .eh@erf.ul' reports MSo ,:f sr if is-.clear .'that; ©ur ehdeayor . to win :the confidence, -of -77 all:, the powers wh® stand for .equal: rights and the preservation' 7-. ; ,7- 7 : .7 -7.. = 7 7 ;; 77- .-v7 '7:7 7 ' 7 7 26"of r: common: inf erests' 1m . Morocco & ' has . proved a success oro. .7 .7

. ' 7: - This.: r®ptimistlc.,Mood did hot., last® On February 20th ' 7 7,: ■ the. delegates star fed .discussing, the finances of Merocco® . 7- They'.all felt that @om@ form of state bank was necessary® .7, ,7, ’ The type ®f banlc; vthi s: .was., 'to.be p- however & started yiol.ent 7 - 77.7 ©ontrdyersy®,. -The Germans produced a prog eet that provided -for,:an administrative;council ©,-f twentyysix members.s chosen 7'

7" foy 'flie tiilrfedn members of "the 7Conferenee=: . 7 hls 7project also,.provided; that: the signatory, powers divide the: capital of the,;7 7

2iS7Di:e. Gross©: Politilc:® 7vol,7&X«.7:.d.oc® no, #317 .7' 77.7 '7:7; 7'/' 7 7 . ;

equally amgn.§ theffiselV'es* The State Bank, was to. ?eee; air the revenues of the Eraplre9 .Ineluding .the customs duties that had already been guaranteed, to the French lqao<> .. .

The - Jrench . delegates submitted a project that gave the' French most of the- control«,: Their.- plan..called for a State

control led. by four Directors from. the. Banks of France g Germany a ' These: four Directors, were to

the .capital ©f the, batik- into . fifteen equal parts g re= serving thirteen. portions for .each.of the signatory powers?

reserving two of/: these 'portions Of'capital. for •"France in . , for- her .Moroccan- iosn .made.,., in;,.1904

»ed . this vigthat, this would give the French almost.complete contrel over the State. Banka /Sine©; the English...andvSpanish

27

Then9 against .German.’»! . • . . . ' \ ',s o ; The -.re suit

and. threedelegates, went.

- ' - 28 Germanpr ©p.o sal«This. . <

discussed .thea the- .delegates

two weeks,* on the.two

was ten. .votes, . in. favor :©f; the French .: ito Only the Austrian and Moroc-”

g with .Radowi.tz in support'- ©f the .\

to-the German

28 Documents@o - Protocoles et Comptes -remdus

200.' Anhex@o'

- at the beginning..-that the:..Erench should not have the:-main . :eontrol .of':the peli.eeo ■. They, said that .©ontrol ©f - the polio®.

dplQ " ' ' - - - ' ' .■aeant control of'Mos'oeooo :. . The diseussion started: with M.»". Bacherachti,: the Rrissian

■ 'delegi.t®I..pointih§ ©yt 'h©w .well' equipped the -F enoh ’and Spanish weire to. oontrol the-pollo@:o" They both had many ’..yndez dtfioers df the Mehafflaedan faith -. who .knew how to’ handle'., the. natives® . - ' ■ - ■

The. French. delegate» Revoil 9: then. outlined the French . plan9 which described the Russian •s.uggestion in greater : detail® . .Revoil said -that.„for the:..eight treaty ports' hardly

37.

of 'entrusting he. police :to Freiieh-:and Spanish:officer.So But- in doing thisV, Herr .von: Radowitz Made >u©h' a determined - stand: that even hi# friends at the .G©nferen©e thought his' position : to be ■ tpe utieeiaprdaislEgo%e Italia# delegates in. .particular , did net iike von :Badowitz9 s actien-o That was not -too strangeP; . however e sine#. their .Maindelega t® g;:. Wi'scoh ti ”¥ens s ta from ' the very beginning^ had. ae ted more ..like" a, neu tral than .as " a.: *' representative of a state in the..Triple. Allianee.o Mat was ■ more imp.ortant was that -the Austrians left the Germans to stand;alohe. on this ; issueo- Fraiici.9 ■ 'Soseph expressed, the Austriah::attitude: to'; fhe -‘German ASbassa:Sbr0 : On--Mareh 10th . ■.he. said--that h@;wasfor -Sadlelhg- down’ on the police question/: ; ■

vote on. the. police's® the Emperor said9 “.would 'find :Britai.n8; Spain9 - - and :Ruisiaa and prQ.b.abl.y ■ the . United States9oh', the side .of Erancea with Italy folding her armso x Thls . -

i; ^ ' x ; 'T- - - -: ..'grouping i# to- be. avoided^ ® - . / / . : ; .. It . was not avoided»: ths Austriaps„ howevers;; did’ their . \

best; t©' save' the Germah -.positloiio' On March 18thp Count' - . - Welsershelabo the Austrian del eg® te 9.- proposed a ©©mproaise :;: -.solution, of seven partsg:' (1) the. Sultan f© have, supreme o©m= 1 mand ©f th# .'police troops? . ( 2 ) the Sultan , to place French ' officers in charge ©f the. organization of the poliee troops . at- Tangier . Saffig;.Rabafa and':Tel:anan? (i|. the,.Sultan'to

. in charge ©f the police at -Mogadors v , ;

-33; 'Die.: Gross# 'Politik,, volP. XX, doc* • no, 67550

Laraclie 9" and .'Magazan | :{4); the Sat tan,'to1 nanm an\©ffteer of:;: superior rank t o ' 'be- in, -charge -of the; police at" ■Casablancaj, ' and) at the same.time.s to function as ;Ihspeetor^General of ■all. the police ;troopsi {5)'' the poMcs to :,be' Moroccan^ and " the Ihspector-Gemerat. to .:be/;Swiss9 Belgian or Dutchi (6) ■; ■the pay to tome from the 'State Bankg and, (7)' the Inspector™ ;; General .to ,give; ari'\,_a'c©0Uirit-p'f ■■hi:§'v'wbrk to the diplomatic ,, " ■

The leading clerk in.-the,.German 'Foreign;..Office-g-Fried" ■.' ri ch ■ Hot stein- ref used to, consider theAustrian compromise@ But Chancellor von: BuloWg ‘ by this' time: fearing war more than he. feared the sinister 'influence of Holstein;, finally had ■' ■"■ the ■ o@ttrage;-to, i-SB® @: Sihd then- dismiss the mystery .man who; - had dominated the German 'Foreign. Off ice * for several years <,Hoisteip^ who frequently took charge' of matters in the For™. ■ ;■ eign Office without -.the knowledge of; his superiors9 . would; .1 I never accept a position; of -greater responsibility ' than that of Vortraqender Rat« or ‘ speaking- counsellor^ - He is too cdn™ ';: troversal a - figure to. he more .than'' meati oned her So . He is -Js'nown -to have, had' -'great influence- • ever Chancellor von. Bulowg. ■ probably .because -of tome, blackmailing material he. had in his. . "private ■ cabinet0: ' ; Von Bulo.w had- his iast. interview with, him

:34- Die. ;Grosse-: Poll tiki, volt .XX9 doCo-.fiOo 6756* .; , -35;Baron Holstein did not; send in his;resignation'until April ; :' 4th9.-, i9'G6-0 .But h©.;writes.. in his memoirs that he had his ' ' '. -last , interview with the. Chancellor eh February 26.ths and

that he' ceased to.,have ahything to ; do' af ter March .12th* ■

39

of the. Forei gn: Of fi ce by the .12 th alow instructed R a d o w i .to accept

the/Austrian, compromise® . By the end of March 'the- French and German delegates, reached: an: agreement on the police®

The German gov.ernment h.ad to concede-mere for this than did ■ the Frencho The- final.' agreement' accepted, the :Austrian corapreaise with this. ameadiientS' prench and: Spanish' police -Qffie®rs:0-:'aifM.-: hd't. a' /Swiss ’ iBspeetor^Generalp were to take . charge of the GasaManca police® 1 The:;lospecto'r^General -was to 'supervi.s®. the p.ollee in the eight, .treaty ports8 but his . .

ms limi ted to' supervising and. to reporting to the -36 - ' / ; / . ' " , , ■ ; -: ■' / ;.Tangier

r..Settliag the police . question a closea- except,for the execution of/formalitieso The final session, took place: oh/ April .?'9 1906s' with the signing of the General Act® - / - / : ' . : .; The Genera

©f:123 articles ganizatioii of the police a/the tllicit trade, ih arms8 the State. lanky the establi shine of a better'system of taxes and.revenue^\and th

sa; coverihg

36 Documents diol.omatlque fr.ancai's-® .S®

' When it .was all o>es9\ w o Bulow a M the Kaiser ..tried, to .view" their 'diploniatie ;is©iati@ia with" as calm a eeunteBanee '.as- :they eetild® . . An..lmp.@riai ..telegram: gave. Sustria9; “the - :brilliaiit. seeend™ ■ a pat ©B::;the. feaelu Bet Gemari ©ifieials ".: knew ..that. they .had suf fered a great hum£lia.ti©n» The ' Ger= .. ■ mans had; the rights - based upon a , previeus. eenferenceg, t© insist upon the. internationalizatioh of. Morocco^ But as'-' ; ... they, came to the. means;, o.f effeeting this .in the' eonfereheeg : :, they found.'theffiselves isolated and outvoted* ... ' . :■. - .. The. Frenehg British $ and. Bussiae.. delegates: worked to- - ■. g©.theE_.©p.ejsly0'. ...The delegates from; states.: that;..had ‘ few: inter­ests.: in Moroee©. sided with Frinee*/. And the Italian:;tielegatei Visconti-¥en©st.a8': Just watshed the proceedings and; voted '• with. Franee also-g although his oountry had .been a member of .GermanyTriple. Alliamee slnee 1882* ; i; ■ - t;:

- On'April 5thg; 1906$ .Von Bui ©w. d ©fended hip Moroccan ;..policy before the Reichsfagi • v, ;: -- i .

: ' Was it our duty or ©ur desire t®: fight about ::: : Morocco? ' No8 ..g®htleffiens not: about Meroccoo . ' ..

i. We haw there, no direct. political interests. or: ' : ;aspirations ; *. *; * . But we have economic inter- ■, '. :

V ::.;. ests in an - indepentientg. rich-: and undevelopei . • '. . -- , .land o « o Qur: aim.; wa s. to -show tha t Germany .;

'could not. be treated as a -negli.gible quantltyi :• that'the basis' of an international treatycould not.be shifted without the- consent of,

: ; all the signatories9 than'in an economic area> : ' .independent and of., great--importances the. door.

. . . ■ must- he kept .open:: for f©reigns competition >-• * <>■ ,: ‘ f ;He. ended - his : speech by saying, that he had upheld the ''x.'-.

-38 .B*.. Bulewo . Memoirs n. v.ol * H 8 p* 303.

; - 'principle of the ©pen door - and that he had upheld German ■ : V:1prestige^ . 41th e. end ‘ '©£- the ■ talk 9 ■ ■ Fr i nde" w n Bulow fain ted $ ■ : ...

. . .... - hhd had to. b@. carried from, the Reicha tag chamber 6 : V V. . .. • .. ..Reports in Die Grde.se P@litikx@he# that ¥@n Bulott? felt' : .. .- . the dipl.omatl©' .isQlation - suffered .at Mgeeiras to .be a great

■ f / blow to ,German pridee^v-He'told hisvminlsters 'in his..©ffi= /■ y- .; eial' c@rrssp.dnd.ehoe that'. Germahy. had. .taken a. beatings but he ,- .

; ardered. them to'make-.the 'bestyof the situati©n by not admit» :■ . - ting-it, .. . ; ■ , ; \ ' . •y : ' • Typicalv ©f the:.%tt Gezma.B . diplomats are the. /. t--tv boncludtng wdrdsVof/av t@legrWt©:.viiie Foreign Off!oe;';irom , . • .

m;baaS'a#r-\Baron. Spech yv# S # v ' - - ... t ' t.\: ; .:. : . y - ".- - ' . Yesterday if©und;; President Booseyelt:in - very - - . : -

Sigh:-spiritso -He said: Infdrm 01s Maje.sty fh®. - .v ,. ■ ' ' . .EEpererpf - my heartiest •Congratulations on ' ; - . v' _

' , - .- : - , vthis.: epoch-making -political/suceess, .at';.4ig@©iras : - '.v .:..:, V - - - . v Vvyo- o -c The Emperor has: done: all he wished to.;do. - - . " z",::--:vzy.- z " '''% er.ende' and the,: world - must be deeply ;- z. ,t z-z':--1.1-. . - - . ;grateful" t© him "for Ito. - fell ftis. Majesty that . Zzv' ;- ' z Z '■ • - - I shall. forward f© .him -through ,you my congratC ' . . Z

z - -zulations in:writing6 ' z 1 '- . :::- z : / ■■ z. ; 'z;.z :.:Z .'. Baroni vom''Sternburg .rounds off his message with these-: :;-;V"z

Z Z ,y - word#: fEvem :.thWugh.'the : foregoing .does, not. appear to agree - z' :'z z’ thezf aCtSg-;!; am-' conwinced; .Sat: -vtbC- words fro#' the Pres-' : z- '.

z. z :; 4dentVcame':.@Bfirely. .from: the heart='m : . ’ z'.-:,. • ’ ■ ' - / z zz-z:. z OtherzGerman statesmen also' realized that the. facts did . . . .'•

. : not" agree with. Theodore Roosevelt8-s 'j©vial enthusiasm - The .:. -• ;;.. ....'■ ' -,German-; f eeling that their country" was being ..encircled had ... .- . -Z

' Z 39 Dl.e .Gro-sse. Politik. ,vol>: XXIZ doer ho^ 69041% z .., Z-..

pK@mpt@i w h Bai©w to’.insist mpon’’ the oonferefiffiec.'; fhe ©©naan.’ iso.la.tioa.’ duriBg., tbi s ’ oenf@nefiee.:indz©a:S:ejd., ihi s . feeling more ;thaneirerd x’ ©ezraan diplomats started to. draw .closer' to the ;Austrlahsa their only friends at .the :ednference®. This allied-.,friendship, grew. into... a Wnd that made the Germans In 1914 ' ; ;’. supp.or.t. the Aastrians. in actions, of which. the Germans didhot entirely .approve„ , . The,political .htigoaients ©f Europe • ; ,-were definitely divided.' in to - thej Eren.ch-Bri’tish Entente andthe Gerinan^Aus.tri.aniMlianc®-at the time of this; conference6. After taking even, »or©ft<d@£init© ..shape during times ©f- subse*. : . ■ ' ; : " ;• ■ \ - . .- ■ . . .■ que.nt. international. .tension in. Eorocco, and in the, Balkans8':: these, two:;.alignments stood threateningly .face to face in

THE MEW. SULTAN AMD THE mSABIAMCA;.'DESERTEES CRISIS

Tcne ,a,JL g

teehsia. ©alM

?#.- anti'=©oloiiial feeling in France*Atiguste. JapreSs the: Sceialist leader .in -the Chamber of

DeputieSg had much to. do with this swing toward's

' powerful' stat©?:: took sq: long - in: SMpplyliig the; dtfieers^ : and. because, they. we®-®, so casual id i-ecraitihg an adequate ' ' - Vnuateez.' of :native.:- p.oil s.em.en0 the Eazopean _.£o-t.ez@$ts in: the eight - tzeaty ports #ez@__m@t suffieieistiy pzoteotedo^ This : . laek of police, protection allowed a- series of incidents to happeng whi.cfi, distressed / the..eiviliaB"::p©palation8 - and which... . tried the .p.atien6e- .of. the Fr6iiehfl . aMg,.- incidentallya of the . . * Geman-officials as wello:, % / ' '.' V " i :’ ;;...The first of these .Incidents, took, place in Mayg 19060 ....;

-" A. native' assassinated- a frenchman at Tangier0. The .Sultan'. . -did .not. give, the f reBch ■teg.afioh,:.bhe „ap.oldgy-;;Qrt.the';:drtdeimity:;.-.: it demandedo To get this.. satisfaction as quickly as possible^

'f the French sent a flotilla to .Tangierj ■ where, i-t stayed for . ' ..■■ several .weekse. : ; ■ ■ ■ . - ' ; , : ■ ■■ .. - Later that y@arg in Augusts, the-.bandit Raisouli . becameCaid-o or Governors, of . the area, just-.' outside of .Tangier» where ' he exploited,.the natlyes fey..'.'.demanding.: special tribute* Rai~-:f • souli s ' stzomg=arm@d methodsi, under -the protection:-of: the • ■civil;'' authoritys,.- s@ intimidated the mafiv'e traders and shopf' t.- keepers , in the. Tangier area. that foreign .business- .sufferede. :; f

, Scores . of ferei.gn . basiness. csmpanie.s/.pomplain®d- to the. Diplo^, : :' mmtic Corps at Tangier9 begging them to see. -that the hative V tradesmen get.mosr-protection*.5 . ' '. -:

, 3 if o.. Bo, Harris»'The-Tim® So. Mov0 11 -1906o : -,;■■ -f.-..,:,.. - . '4 Affaires du .MaroCo : 1906?1907B doc*' nosa 9s, Ilf i§0-" : , ..

' jus% at this time ;inyPrance; (6ctobee^ 1906) 'Georges. - Gleimetieeati: toek; the place of Sarz-ien as Prime'Minister; Clemeftceau'appbinted StephenPi chon t© be. Foreign Minis ter« In. hi s....first .address to the 'Chamber ; ..S'tephen Pichon'; "informed■ the 6eWtry > that; the.. Foreign ..Office’. ..stood' for calm and ... - peaceful: penetration into .Morocco: .along., the. lines Ihdlcated in the Algeciras Conferences M t he insisted: that, the; moment demanded'^more : action8 such as a. naval 'demonstration^ tobring order back to . Tangier. He. .-closed: his talk' with these:. . i / '."..-.-v-" . - . ' - .'Words'# ; - '

. Sine® the Act of.. Algeciras has intervened it ’- has regtilated. from the .international point of ' -

.: . ; viewa the''respective: states sf: all ' the P©m?@rs : ' -. ; , in Eeroceoo '" It' is '.by virtu© ; ©f .this Act ; ’

: : that we consider ourselves obliged today t© * ' ; •:■ ' ' . ' take the..measures I . have just Indicated to ..; .; .. yoUe' It is absolutely impossible for us to ' ' ’

1^ lives of, our - hit irens at the mercy ; '. ... ©f: the' outlaws, who threaten; .i© Become •masters

. of the’ city ©f faagiero Itz is impossible’' for :; ■ r us ' to. allow, .another Power the opportunity of "

’ ; profiting ■. By;.these circumstahees 9-: by substitute > ; ’ ■; ’ . ing. itself for us: In the defWSe and safeguard ' y> of French ©itizenso^ , - ' ;. . , ' •'.;. ’ Early in December@ 1906@ the French and Spanish sent■warships' .to .TaBgier. ,. This demonstration ef force9 .plus - ’.strong .words from .the Sultans, led t© : the native administra~

46

bandit:’ raetlibcls c©u3,d.;distyzb @nly m o u n t a i n e e r s ■ ■ ;-v ■' ,Mthough the French :knew that they hid not organized^ ;. - : ’

.the police:'system even up’ to the strength outlined in •the'Act ©f ' AlgeCirassV the. Foreign Office Was suffieiently slow .: in remedying this to- allow two more'.incidents to oceuro ' : . .

In March 1907.a natives’ killed. Dro Msuchampg a well-liked • •, Frenchman in. .charge of the French dispensary it Marrakeeho ’; . "

■ ’ ’■ i . ■•■■The■ Gdverno.r of Marrakech;-made.1 no attempt :to arrest the ’ . ’ : ’’ ’’gulityo-: Saiz ;was -dilatory In mak^ :- .lag formal' apologies ;and_ in paying -indemaitiesl f The „Frenchs; theref©re.9:' sen'f in troops :frdm Algeria to occupy and "to/keep :; the frontier ;City .of:Gudjda» - -Vi ; / /: i, ::7:’ ’ i .7

Then in July and.Augusf9 ■1907s;/;the:':iiB©st seriousf of ithese mi nor '-in eid'ent s occurred 0’" On July 30 th a mob/ of • natives in: ; - ; Ca sabl anch ■ attaeke# • some "• European laborers who .were construct- ing. a .raiiroad; that:'came too close" to - a native cemeterye . The .’ 7: natives killed nine BuropeanSg 7 three of whom:were F r e n c h . ; 7 -

the .French/Foreign -Office heard'of - this9: it decided to /777 ■send a strong naval and- military- force to occupy the cityo

8 ; Be sides /dlst.urblhg. mountaineers 9 - howeyer s -Rai sotil'i was / - .: able to annoy.;a Sir Harry MacLean and," the British.Govern™; ' :1 meEtb.. In 190.79 Sir Harry MacLeang "a British- subject who . ; . - had greih influence with Sultan Abdul’A i lZg had," gone into . the' Er-Rif Mountains to;. confer with ::Raisoulie ;ThO ’'British.,. Goverament had t©-7pay $1O08-0O0: .ransom to/Raisouil - to obhir : tain-MacLeanrs -releas@ 7 late In .1907,.' ; .. 7 it,.... ..- '7. -7 ; 7 , 7

7 -Bo' Meakips: article.: on 'morocco,:«7 Encvclopaedl* Britannl.ca.«- " VOlo X f l l l , :11th E d it io n , p . 8 8 0 , : 7 ’7 . , 7 79 fal£®s.;du: j^oca 1906-190.T9.. d©co- nos, _219™234‘o. - .. . : ;/.10 Brrm&k DofiumentSg yol, .111, doc,: «©,/ 78o . ;. /. - .;

fhsFrench ■ war.sh.ip Gal'ilae-:arri%reti an. A.ugust 2nd at. Casablanca@ with instructions from Tangier to.wait until -

d ..her9 .hut ill- the meanwhile, t© take whateveri -esi

lad him, t.© -premature acti©n0- ,, He .$"«small .landing party-g . at .a time. Wen vsueh a token-•be- inadequateo The natives at.'Casablanca had quieted downafter: - their; initial 'excitemen to-..' But, the arrival,. of armed.Frenchmen.:provoked; a fight near the gates0 To make theFrench retreat..easier-s the Galilee bombarded: the: ’cityh.", It - ? 'cohtlnu@d .;bmab@rdihg. the-:.city.; longaf ter.' the; landing. - party .'returnedo ; During the disorder.and: suffering that followedjlocal tribesmen came in and . pillaged the. stares that remainedstanding, • . - - - h ; - ' \ / • • ■ .. ; On..August ■7fhi, French■ and Spanish' troops arrived,... They -had to take the- city by force, - Before, the occupying forces .

$r: to .Ga s abl.anc.a... and..12e@ severaj French had to keep

sing the, size' of .this .jI? to a' total of 158

The Gonsul at® s at. Casabl anea. hi

third of: th.ese;evacues were’. Germans,

d the Suropeans di S turban c e 0. h Abou t

11 tPle Grosse .Polltike,: vo-l.b. X1E9 doc, .riOo-. 8286.6 ' ■ ' -■12 B,.. Meaklrio. Moroceon ™ . EncvcloBaedla. Britannlca. 11th Edi=. , ti©n.? .- v.ol s XW.111 s p o / 859,

sent in;60© men.

coux-sey reseated the :time ;and preperty: :they lost before they tiouid\retura»; 'Carl Fi eke a; : a. GersanVmercharit ". and newspaper x . correspohcl-enf at CasablancaacGused the Freneh .ef ' .purposely .

^arousing ..the natives by a wanton, disregard of; their preju”. : dipeSg - thus creating- a disturb'ance :calling' for military V;

9 German newspapers gave .considerable attention", to..the: tb the i they blamed the

to dei 16

i ti dual So. th«

,a since'they. had" neglected to15rim the olty*^^ German

tq-in Morocco not only censured;fher-s but 'Charged' them with a don-

;rdy German ihierestso' the' ebmplainfs pf

fit made no trouble .syez. thi August .68 .190.7g' Jules C'ambdng the Fa

ited: the official account: pf.'th.e: .,Ga sablanoa bombardment. to the German Foreign. Off ice 9 whi ch received .it, with consideratioho ;. Foreign Minister Ts.chirschky ' told. Jules Gambon that ”.France .has -all bur sympathies, in her

.V,work Of chastisement,in order to safeguard; the interests and,.

organize, business French.-scious

Germam ..goveri

the security of all - the Europeans«,17 The $pam=

49

;it 'had eomplairied that 'the 'presen©e of.: .Freneh.:'and Spanish : tzoopsrin HozQecan ports was' ari winfrihgemeo.t ©f .- the: A'et;'of Algeciras.. whieh:.-had oohtempl.ated - the ' ereation'. of a- police '. force, comppsed of fflo©rs0 Carrying''out her . friendly .; pollGyy-'/Girmahy sent instruetions to her. officials in Eorgcm ' .not to. oppom# the,Freach.and'Spami&h military 'action that had : resulted;: from :the .C.asablsnca iffairo^^; • , .; ;■ At: the end of the ye.arg Prince Radolin8" the German . ■ \7:Ambassador: to 'Franee9. wss,.instrueted to ask the. French two . v .- 7 .. 7. ' \ '7,7.:'t ;;77y7./' ' \:7,7 /- ':7qut.sti©nss,.: how •much compensation . did the. French '.'intend togive theim for the loss' .of 'German property in' Casablancag ■ andhew long:: did the French inttend/td. occupy, the, .city and . the ' . 7:'surrounding area?^® In' the spring .©f 1908g Chancellor yen '; Bulow - followed this up by. asking.' his Foreign Minis ter to con-- - -7; 7 . ■ - ' ■■ ' ■ - . ■'. 77 ... ■' 7 / ■.' 7suit with. Jules Cambon in an effir.t to7s@cur@: a. deiinit© 77-statement of her plans: from Erane@e / ■ - : : : ■ y ■■ ; . .7 ' 7

- - - - -- : - - ''22- ' - In: discussing fhis»: .Foreign .Minister7Schoep - said: that . ::Germany did not. agree -that France - had exercised -a Europein 7-:.mandat@g. .as Piohon had claimed7 and he,: urged French withdrawal..-from fhe7 Casablanca; area as soon a s.. order: .had' been fully . V-,.restoredo^® . - . ., > ;-r-7. 7 , 7 " - 7 - 7.; -

v.©l, EII ' doCo noV 780 : . . : . 7,:9 '.vol.* XUS? dotb-. hOo 8224a - - -’71906-19.07; doc. no. 241. .:».. vole 50tl$7 doc.: noo 8327 - . . -

son. .hid, taken...-9ver the.. Foreign portfolio, from .. fschirschky during the winter of l907o. ;23 Affaires du Maroc, 1906-1907. doc, no. 450, ; : : - ,'

;; : / • ■ . :;.v v - ■ 5 0 - : / • .

; - '■ ; .-By - this times, however8; the ihternai' affairs, of Morocco .. . made ' the' .probl em : .eveh more; compiles fed® 'Early ih 19089 the ; ■■-■'question' of cbntinuid, French millfary; oeeupatioB;of the 7 Casabla.nea\afcea ■b®c'am llhwiv.s4..:MthiS;CQrif@st for. the 77 ' throne of;;the 7 Sultan?: ' , 7,. - ' . 77"' : .77 ■■, . 77" ■ '7 ■ . - v

Abdul- Aziz3 s: e©ttfiaM©d.. subservience to. the; Breneh ' made ■many of his subjects -di'sio'yal fb-himo'. vSome: ©f these dis-= .' ' v oontented natives got together$, and on August 16th9 19Q77K ' 7they proclaimed .the true Sultan to be Mulay Hafido.: who was ' .at that-time'Governor, ©f -the Marrakesh district in the south®:

1. .Mulay Hif id s .was acMaliy: fh©; elder half-brother-of AfeiUl■ -Azizs,.'■had-a sterner9 more vigorous ..character: than,'the, 77 7 ■ .7 Sultan8© s.;' He .'quickly; f bok. up.-: the ■'ehillengeo.' Mulay Ha fid led- -a revolt,' that within a few weeks- .won .the ■allegiance: of -most ;'■ ' of "the ;nafiv@s -liviiig in: southern ■.Morocco During .the .. .", ywlnter7 of 19089 'thevF^ehch ■officials' had to watch, .helplessly ... ‘. this- mass' changing of 'allegiafte# that threatened- t© bring. - 7ciyil:’war: t@‘ the iAele coutttzyoi. 7.They : did. not attempt f© "

vInterfem" or tb,give:,more - ssiafefial: support to; Abdul Aziz9; , ;:; because- they; did ■mot -have adequate; armed strength . in -Morocco9

. ; except -in the: area- aroumd, CasablancaFurthermore8 they -.■'

. felt - that - more - aid to • the: Sultan, would- weaken further the ;

: 24 Affaires du M a r ^ 7‘ 25' -Mative tropps^SEt - fbllowed - Mulay; Haf id8 s, orders, were ; ,:■ : ■ . ■figtifing..agaies-t - the French: aray.. ©f occuBati.en' durinf - the ■"’wihter- ®£ 1907-88. -7 -'I,-',;./ ■ ‘ 1 , ; y-126 Affaire? du Maroc« 1906-1907, doc. no. 415.

' ' ; ■;;: :' / ■ :'V ■ X'' : V ; " ’v::v/ ; '

loyalty of his su'bjeetsa -, Mmnwhllei the business people ,- in Eorooeoe particularly the. Germansviewed "the social uo- rest /with' inereasing alara^^ / j ; - - .' ' Sultan/Abdhl Kziz made the Fr@tt6h> position,:, even oiore ,: ..

' dif fieulto - On September:21a 19078 h® moved, from the.-capital 8 - Fez9 -to @o to- Babatp ;-on'the plea that he;would ,be. in a :■ better; position :to bring the southern rebels foaefc- to-their. . ■allegianeeo 6n'%e 'other; hand the . closeness; of .Rabat to ; --the; French' military 'forces at -Oasablan'ca 'made ah increasing ■ .humber of .natives ©ohsider- him to' :be ,the ‘helpless: puppet;, ofFranh-y9 ' V-v. ; ; 1 \

Withiti a; few'weeks ;mos-t @f: the ; tribes of the Blad ': Maahzen- had • proclaimed their allegiance: to- 'Mulav Hafld« - "’ leaving Abdul - Aziz, in/control: of Rabat and C.asablanca' only». -' Early,in jaMuary8 1908v the. people, of. Fez proclaimed Mulay.Ha fid to be-: their Sultan= Mulay Hafid' started moving, north ; towards the. capital city in- an unopposed- march that heeame- c v a triumphan t pro cession g and: in JuWe' he took ■poss@ssi@B-: of f.

- -. ; v . Abdul Aziz g reco.ghlmed . as Sultan by: the . na tives - of ;. v :.Rabat' and Casablanca ohlyg- drew.■Closer to:'Frenchf supervision8 and -he sought the; advice: and. help of French '-'Consul' Regiaault'

2 72 829303 1 .

W a . B o ' ;Harrisp The Times'n- December 1 1 B; . 1 9 0 7 o

&£©s du'SlGross©.Polt»;,. 1906‘=i907.g; d©c0 . hos<, - 495 P 496< iS."voTo. XXIVl doc* n©v-:8309-o ;

..Sultario Abdol fdp. his .,part9 proml'S'ed to do allthe. Frehdhj, such as promi sing t© pay , a .huge; the. damage at Cssablancap if-.the Fretich would

him with arms against his brother* The" Freheh could do ; more than give him official support® . Ip "August,,. Foreign ■Minister. Pichon weakened the offieial. goverament pos

r .by stating that France would ..continue "to :iz; until MUlay Hafid had

help

le Apparent to German; offi.cials were, taking

between the two Sultans® * : As :©■3#fiheJL:

that the defeat.of and he urged a policy ©f v; a: means of increasing Gi

German.,busii ?s to take more aggressive

rs that ..the French ' op.p©sIng sides in the rivalry

AUgustg ' 1908»■ the ; : ; : >ld his Foreign Office ■ i a defeat -for Francey

Hafid as

ies urged their consular action,, Saying that the

withdrew their protection., from Ahdul' .AE-iza. the civil strifes sc harmful - to German bwtlmesss:: would ©hdo : v ’ •

In "the spring- @f 1908^ r the. "French made a : stiggestioh. that met with German approvals ?h#y proposed, an©the.r. 1 nferna.ti®nal agreement with all the' "signatory, power# :.Qf. Algeciras signing ■

the-' stipervisiQ.n ©f- the powers8 : sending this mote "to Mulay : - • v Ha fids: .showing .him the conditions Mpoii which "the- powers would i recognize . him as. 'Sul tano., .This' attempt;, tetus®- international - . diplomatic 'action, delayed, "the; recognition of Mislay Hafid. f o r . several moathSo®® -' ' lr- ;':" v ; •;:-v ' -'- . ; As the summer months of 1 9 0 8 . passed^ the German business...' people I n Morocco -.became increasingly suspicious., of . French ; ■ - ; motives o;., They : sent, in a n . increasing--number ./.of 1 e.t.ters to -- ■ >• their•- consular officess. saying; that fh© " contiitibns caused- by" :' the rivalry hurt , their .. trade j,; and that , they b.@lieve'd that .. . ; : ; "

r the;French, postponed recognition hoping'.that the u n r e s f wouid give; them a European mandate:,.to take the. 'country .as a;protect^-

... ; :: : The German.Ambassador to Spalrif -voo. Ead©witz9 let the• French' government k n o w 1 in " forceful, language ..that the stock 'of German patience was at a m ; end8 .and that the B e r m a n s ; could;;: • no longer. tolerate the Interruption; of their, trade With the:"':

34 Die: Gross#. Pblitiko v#l&. XX1V 8 doc, mbo- 8411,' : . . : .37 ~IbrdVa doCQ "a©, 8340®. : . " ' . - . .'38: M f M r e s du terocQ 1908-1910,. doc, mo, 419, ‘ : ; ;.39 M @ Gross®. P©li.ti.ka: vol, iXXIf, doc® ja®, @412,

'Eozdeeanso4® ; ' ; ' ‘ ' '' Ihls'e reports; frdm H©re.@co' regarding the redB©tisn; ef -

trade. .aGtiag' Bllmister:: of 'Foreiga- Affairs9:to mak@;'tbe- '&l,lowing;:;suggestioe$ .Germany, should either ■■ re©dgai2e7Eelay -Eaf£d ..:imaiedi:®t@ly9.. .@$s .;if. that was inadwis” ",. ateleg. .G@ria.a,EY. sh©uM-.;seBd-;a ;coBStila;r o-ffieial t© 'Fegg ■ “in' order; t© apply himself. t© our Interests thereg, which amount . to- 'several million and it the. same time- to maintain ; :: such: relitiohs: with Mulay Hail#- that: the: expected French ’ .V ; : , . ' :iv r ' . ;;:.;:: ,intrigue:iae ,itopped If. possihley18-' -. OtheM-GermaB. ©Ffi©iais'3toW"dp: the idea of sending a ;German consul to Fez*V; Wangenh@img Charge- deaffaires at Tan-gi®r9:. on August ,27s,1 - 1908g - recommended Dr0 Vassel g former ■ ' ..p fficial at Fez* Oh August, 28:th,a - a cting,;. Foreign Minister / VStemilch .repmrted to,. Chancellor von -Bulow. that. France was - - "

. sehding .a'-.®es.s@nger.. to 'Fes,,t©.;'b®gi.n ihdep.endent ne.gdtiationsj,and he therefore., urged hast@ in sending ,Dr* tassel to "Fez.B \saying that VaSsel, could easily_ reach there, .before the .'Fr@n©h»ans who . -was trawelimg on a mul eo^^ : - , - - . -

■ : Ora the 29th of- Au§Us:ta 1908V Chancellor von Bulew . tele- :graphed - the Foreign Of f ice to send Dr*. Was eel t® Fez.i) withiBstriictieras' for him .to. influence Mulay Ha'fid. to give the .. . \

seaeesiioros j£ m »®w ;p$rts: at Larache ahd laagier to Ger=- ,W n eoqpanles.f^ ' . '- " : / ' - \. ; Fg@m@h'and English statesmen 'Wieed their anger .on l@arn=Ing ' aheut tb@. arrival gf; a German Consul in Fez8 a mow thatjsraetisally; amountei to German recognition of ■Mulay Hafid0. Sir Eyr®. Growe9 s camment about 'this beings 88A piee.e. of sharp■practice on the part of Germasiyi' sheiiWshes' to: be first-inwith Mulay Hafid, 00‘*^;did not' go'" beyond, the' strictures: utteredby other officialso;-- 'Sir .Edward Grey■ wrotei-' >: . • ■: ..'■ - . I, should say that Germamy'-ha.d%,already' placed'- ' :

.herself in the wrongs she ought net to have ' ; ; ...seht. her Consul' back to Fez without any con- . ;

V .sultation with . the-. Powers ' Interestedy and she . - \ fought' sur.@ly9 .ti'efor® 0 = 0 recognizing the . .1

, new Sul tany to have, sounded the:: Frehch and . 1 . •- ; ■'Spanish. GovernaentSo4® . ;.■ ■ .' ■' ' : ■ ’ ; : .

■■ ■ One® more .the.. Gersiah Fereign- Office had; gone..too;,:fast ;;.in Meroseoc . ..Even Bpstrian F©r.eign■ Minister Behrenthal' felt-that his aliied .Beighb.or. shotili have, waited until a fim®' 'when reeggnitien.; would-:: net be -l'de.t.ermlned by ©n@ #ewer8'. butdetermined; by aii'agreement among the- collective signatory ' :•powers of the Gonf.erence of Algecir&So■ ; 1 : / '" The'French protested against - this' de facto recognitionof Mulay. Hafid . directly to. the-German Foreign Of At ■ ‘. the s ame time . F©r.ei gh . Mini s ter . Pi chon s aid - the t. this a e ti ©n" '■;

■ 44 .■45464 7

4 8

.Polltikn v.olo XXIV, dgcl ho, 8416,h q doco- BOo gt oV©io: . Via ;do©„' .nOo' 95o

s v@;l o XlVfl. do Co ;n©o .8425«S M ^ Am- ::Bmnisch@n. Kris#.volo'. l0, ,'docQ n©o 67#

56

; had ■ changed the 'plan#', for official recognitionThe latest " -. - French plan called' for the •French and Sp-Enish working out • -■■ concrete proposals .with; Eulay. Hafidg,.and upon, itolay H a f i d >

promise to: obey thes@ proposals5:; to submit them to the ' " : :signatory powers for final .approval*^ ' ' . -

Less than two. weeks after, the arrifal ©f: Brp: Vassel ' in - '■the French .and':-Spanish officials obtained the-, .consent ; -

... of Eulay Hafid to- their- demand - September 14^ 19088 the " ; ;.. French and Spanish governments presented their 'joint note t© -

.': fhe sigmatory pow'ers o ; " ' ' ' ' ■ ■ ' . - -■ . ' ' :• -' '■ .. : ::. This agreement .bound .Mulay Hafid to: the" fell owing pr©=>

: visioess;, (1) accept.ance. ©fall the articles of th@ Act of . ' -Algeelrasi 12) acceptance of all other tre.atles concluded . - '

’. by' his, predecessors; •'(3) assumption of all. the, debts' .of AWul ':i '.:ftzizg : .C4) the ;granting; to France ahd - Spain the right to’ ’ ; ;;- supervise coatraband ;fradei :" (.h)7; the 'submission of the problem:- of. the Casablanca fooabardwmtto an i.nternMtional coiamission ;•

ti'.'' -' -''I- kj, I ; t : ; ■;. to. decide,.the -amount of..damages, fo-. b©: paid® ; ; ,. - . vV , The ■fhirfeen: states -represented-■ at-: the Algeeiras Confer^ -.

- ence signed, the note by November 12s,. 1998»v . . -Eulay Hafidl8 . now undisputed Sul fanc' continued to rule under these terras .

■ .until. the French'becarae- political, /masters of Morocco ..lh. 1912v;; .

49 Affaires du MaroC. 196W91Q. doco mdi 430o ; a ,;:!- ' :: 50 M e - Gross© PSHTDc. volt XIVs doc, n#l 8433,. - -:-/x . ;

;■ vol olVII, decy no; 106,; ; ; ; t- ;; - 51. lMd0'3.-:dbc0 no, 114, • - - ' ■. -' - - . ;- ; - ■ -. :

52 Affaires. du. laro.cfl . 1908CT1;910%. ■ doc, no,. '33*; ; '. - ’.. . ' ' -

57

Just before ; the' peweys.: aeeepted the: inste that mad®, Mulay ; .Mafid -the legal Sultan8 the. Frenoh and. Gezman officials " '._ became imvolved in a serious/ disagreement over six Foreign ,.' Legion deserters,! $his created .a situation that made the- ' -

■ French and German statesmen almost as worried .about a war. as they had; been during the :Tangier crisis in 1905, This ■ ./■ •; ■'. crisis9 called the'Ga.sabianca. Deserters iCrisi'Se was the ■ , .secondv of ..the- three Mdroccan crises that might have 'involved'

; the European Powere, in. a,, colonial war,. . Only . the. sineer® desire for... peace oh the part of both French and German .leaders kept ythi.s from .'happening, -'

Qn September §5ff. 19080 German Consul Luderitz sent the Consular -Secretary Ju s t: t©" as si s t, six. -Foreign Legion deserters■ to, escape : to- a. German ship anchored. in- the- harbor -of ;Casa= / ... '..blancaoxf .Lud®riti-:gave Secretary Jhstysaf@=©ondu©f .passes 1 y -,■ for the' siz men9' only three of whom,were Gemaho — • #en Sec- - .: retary Just arid . the deserters, were!pushing off in a dingey .;to row'out to the..'ship 9 the French harbor police saw th@aB ; . overtook.. themD ..arid f©ree.d the., deserters-.' to acc.ompany. them, ' ;A French':offieer...threatened . Secretary: Just with a pistol . v :.- when- the consular, .official tried.:.'to prevent' the arrest of- -the -

: ; . ■ : 1 V ;;;! ! vThis seemingly trivial affair.had: widespread; implications,

.53 Besides. the: three Germansg; there - w@s a SwisSp ' - an'.-Mstrian j l ! and a Russian Pol®, . ! ' : ■. -;' .! ■ ' 1 ■!

' 54 M e Gross®- Polltik, val. XXIV,.'dec,; hee :S36td: British - : r 'rW m m m M z-wi* vix» .<foc> no* 119 - .. . .!' --' i v! . ’v:

58

The: solution to the-dispute depended upon an -interpretation ©f sovereign pQwer-o It became a questlori of whether the French had,, sovereign ..power .©vers(1) the soldiers in the : French'. Foreign,.Legiong the ■people. .within .the treaty: pert' ©f;Casablanca« / \ .v, ; : : ' :

' . .■ The''Caermahs- cbfttended that' servie© in the, French For- \ eign Legion,, did not deprive Germans, pf.,their, mational rights». and therefore-' the - .German CMsuX ' was -acting-.within- his author- irty in protecting-,G@aisrapesert®rs;:0 -.The. ;:Gtnsans maimtainedg'furthermore that the French military. occupation of the : district:ar@uBi Casablanca did net give sovereign rights ; : over. German, nationals -f®: Francee In any paaa, they said8. the ms© of armed- force agains t:: any / consular agent wi th recognized 'diplomatic: immumi.^ be,, -intolerableyamywher®,*' ;, -, ; . .The.:French ■ maintained: ■ that the German.. jurisdiction did not ■ cover German, subjects in a fereigB 'azmy9 and that desert- , i©n 'Was:; considered , always-, a crime ptinlshable By the proper military rautheritieso Besides' this only- three -of the. six ;'deserters were: Germans .what fight had the Consul- in helping "a : Swiss a an Austrian 9; ahd a'- -Russian to escape .from French . : authority? . , - , ' . /

Both, governments '$@"@m.©d anxious at. first, t®-. settle the . matters and each-suggested solutioiis 0' ©n October 17 8 - 1908:g:

ba Dio -Grosse Pelitlko' v®lo' Kli8 .d®c0: ;nese 83S2-8364y ^■ 57 -British -Docaaeatsw-.vel VII„ doc* no. 119* , : ' - .

. Foreign Minister S'€h©en made a. .proposal - that 'the French /.aeeepteclo Sehden proposed that a board.:, 0:f .>rbitra.tioB; review

. the internatiOBil aspec.ts. of right, and..wrong- invelved in the dispat@s that Frahc® . express, her’regrets,, for-.the acts com™ mitted by her officers against the German prerogatives^ andthat Germany empress her regrets for the Consul9s giving '

' 7 ' - ' - ; • ,: ... .:. - 5S safe-conduct passes to per.s0Es...@utside, German jurisdietioru-y-ln accepting this ;th@ French Foreign Office interpreted itto., mean that the que.sflo.n of apology was not to arise- until

: after the 'decision:' of : arbitration^^ After this disagreement■del yed-'-ittatters-' for. a few daysg German Foreign Minister ;Sehoeh>created another, difficulty by s fa ting tha t the question ofthe German:Consul^s atithority. could not come into .the arbi» !- : , .. . - ' : ■ - , - 60 ' ' ' ‘' - - . . ' 1 ’ tra.tion .discussion^ $hen9 on -October.-. 3Sths Chancellor von ■Bulow made the settlement -even more. ■involved. ’ by demanding- ■ . - : the Immediate release of the three German .prisohersV^ . ’ The: French: Foreign Office replied, that;roIt would,be'Impossible : for the- French government .to give the .'wished-for 'satisfact­ion- o o o .but that if the arbitration - Court declared' France :

; Germany insisted; upon.’her" demanciss . attd the Fr#n©h refused to yield = Onee more, the.-relations between the two countries became strained» The newspapers, mentioned the in= Greasing, possibilities of. war0 And Sir Edward Grey informed the British Foreign Office that “The Admiralty should be kept in readiness, to' make preparations in ease Germany, sent Francelan ultima turn -and .the.'Gabinet decided that we must'assist ■' ' 6<4 \France0 ™ . German Foreign Hinisfer Sohoen showed his nervous^

hes.s in hi s.. correspondence| he said that he feared rothat' wemight have. ■ to "bring up - the heavy artillerys ' and with the . dis”:tarbanees. in the diploma tic relations a we. might have to

p-

threaten by sending . ships to Casablanca <>1,9In early November Kaiser William 11 told Foreign Minis- " ■

:ter Sehoen that he must solve the Moroccan problem* The Kaiser was worried about.the excitement caused by the recent annexation- of Bosnia and Herzegovinac He. fe.lt that Morocco was a small matter compared to, the danger:, in the Balkans,

In view, of these, elrcymstan©es this wretched.* Moreecan affair must be brought.to a conclusion^. quickly and definitely; there':is nothing to be ' ,. made ©f it8 it will, be French anyway6 ' S© let. us get out ofthis affair with..dignityj, so that we may finally have done with.:this friction . ..

. with France9 now that, great issues are at - :' stak@»66 ■' . ■ . : . . . 'With definite orders that h@ must find some solution^ .

Foreign Minister Scheen met with Ambassador’Jules Cambon ' in almost daily conferences«, The two men carried on negotia™ :tions. until. Moyember Ithg when Scbpen became. Ill o By. this : tlm@y however»..the two governments had reached a formula

- This is. the that the German .and JFremch governments ,.signed on Mo.vember 27> 1908$° . - : ; / \ -

. The German and French Goverhnients regret the - "■ events that took place - at Casablanca ©n the

V 25th of September and which gsve rise to the' exercise ©f force and to the aggressive acts

gn the part of....subordinate 'officials* They : ,V:: have decided: to submit -all the. questions' which

, v / have arisen in this connection' to a court of arbitration*'By mutual agreement each.of the Governments bind themselves to express their regret at the. conduct, of these- officials,,.

.;. -according, te. the decisions ..that the-arbiter .. '. : shall give on- the .questions of- fact and law* ■ . ,. -' .They .then sighed a note fixing, the rules of the arbitral

procedure that'stated that the tribunal should consist-of

66 Die. Gross@ ■Poli'tikn vol* 30CIV* doc* no*. 44Q0 '67 Bri ti sh . Documents * vol *.. ¥1:1 *. ..doc * no * 130V . '68 Signed by Kider Len=lfa e eh ter and Jules. Gambon * Kiderlen-

Wa@chter8 ..the acting. Foreign Ministerg. disapproved of the way Schoen-handled, the negotiations^ and.he claimed the

: ■ whole. credit for the peacefui settlement == an ©pinien not shared by. others* British Documents * vol» VI I* doe* no*- 144 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' : ' , - .

editorial oft•the way in which:the French and German govern-' ment's had settled; their differences0' and it lauded the fairness

69 The text of the final decisions V- : J ... Conflict between exclusive Consular jurisdiction- esta­

blished fey the capitulations and exclusive ..military Juris- diction of "an Army of Occupation should, in the present ; instances be 'decided in favor of Franees,.'..as, Casablanca '.was ' at the -time .'occupied. fey .■ the. French.,military forces« In

■ viewa • howevers of-absence of universally accepted doctrine on the subject"of concurrent Consular and .military, juris- - .

. dictiensg German Consulate, was net::to blame for protect- ., ing deserters at their request<> But Secretary to German Consulate, coroitted .a fault of manifest gravity in .

: attempting the embarkation on a German steamer of deserters.not of German nationality* and in making the Consul sign to that end ..a safe conduct for six instead,of three • personal- In .signing the . safe 'conduct Consul committed am uftimt@mti.omal faults Further, under. circuRistaaces Geraan Consulate had no right to ..grant: protections evem - '

■ t© deserters of-Geraan - - nationality* though error in so doimg caimot be; deseribed as a fault either international . or :thS- reverse0 ... On ,.ths other haad French, military auth- ;

- ©rities should have - ©©mfined action to- preyemtimg embark­ation and have, left deserters in.custody ©f Geraan Com- -sulate pending - decisions- as te; competing military and Gonsular jurisdictionso They should have, respected,.. so far as.possible, de.facto.protection exercised by German-

: Consulate, which ©ourse. would.have.cemtributed to.main- - : tain prestige of Consular'authority in Horoc.eoo Threats. ; :made with .aid "gf - revolver■ and' blows dealt. at 'Moorish : - ■' iSoMier attached to - German. Coasulafe,' after he had ceased

./ - to-resist/werslnQt .justified® . ('This appears in British - • Documents, .•voI /¥II/:.doc-o ' ftOo :145o j . ' ,

the

sIqb aecep.table; to '-all 8 one “which had furnished an honorable solution to a dispute. whieh9. however trivial was its origin»had almost set Europe on firev ,71

CHAPTER IV

IINING CONCESSIONS

Conference,busine and n

leen impedes

In. the Er^Rif

goodsathis periods howevers was over a natural product.that appear, on any export list of -the tisi@6. This 'm

res that lies'.in the .Er ftif ;and Atlas' 1 Frtnehg with their special privileges^ had i. miningthe. iron because of ..the irregular^, t

the. Moroccan eustom of granting concessionso . Severs] mpanles finally received, concessions, to mine iron

ins in. 1905 <=> but then the Tangier crisis Mgeciras Gonv.ere.oce interrupted any mining - they had ;

One. of the problems, that concerned the delegates

65

extracted from .the ground to any great extent,, ■ To this the main wealth of Morocco is agricultural^ But in the | iod just before the- country became a French Protectorate^ thev European .hational'sa -sup ot:t@dr by their governmentsg "

try the iron# go&iag gand antimony that lie in its mountConference the -GermaEs were the chief competitors of theFrench .in securing rights to mine these minerals» This frivalry continued until.they settled their differences inthe Accord of v : : 1, ' ' - ,:l\.... John B.akel'@ssg, in his study of the,- causes of :the World

says this about the UThe Moroccan g

■ Europe to the. verge of; war8, was partly a; result .of the Franco^German conflict over iron0,Moroccan @3

: the;. German .irsn^mastersg facimg . #./ shortage of or® in thi the- mines8 as yet unworked9 known to exist in'

' "that country o'.4 . . - . ■■ . : .One group of Germanss in particular5 made, the competi«to get mining concessionsthe six Eanaesmann brothers founded the Karol

a. of which was-2g78.ig^v ■, ant minerals are g ranthraeite -ore {125g200 metric tons' lead.(15g300 m

4 Jo Bakelessg The Economic •<

is phosphate9 the tons in 1946 o Other is _ is800 metric tons)8 iron

55 g 200 metri© tons)8 the Statesman8 s Yearbook o-of Modern War« p a 154e

66

Mannii>0 This

in most .-of ' the lo.cai products^ ' but the chiefinesmanns. was the attempt to get a monopQly of th

in 19089 when1Ha fid was rising with, sufficient power to challenge

his half-brother as Sultans; The: Mannesmanns planned, to he.sr„. as much as they could; then if he did become

;©0'S:Sultanr the Mannesmanns would' reap their reward sessionso " ' ' .

ly the middle of 19089 it was. .the; Mar©kk.o-Mannesfnano : mie.against.all the other French and German companie

German,"companies had “formed „ early in 1907g called the Union of Miness .as the best means

itin#.. the .mineral, resource's of . Morocco0 These com-charter st

il f the ■ Gi the Spanishg. 6

ested inl.at IS;

.■. '20. per cent? the Eng @nt? the. Italians, 4 per cent? and the

5 -ai i - ther German companies inter-this syndicated

e .Mdrpkk©-M.anne.smann Compagni©o .mining sept, th

5 The. President; and ■eight directors, were to be French? the VI©e President and two. directors^ German| "and. . the ether - ■ directors were't@': b®. an Englishman9 a Spaniardp an Italian£Th© ■ chi@f ’ German. companies: Krupp^ Gelsi i@m and Thys sen

During the summer of 19078 the Union of Mines.sent a group of engineers into the Er-=Rif and Atlas Mountains to

■vexs it had to wait for the. new mining law ting oeneessions® ; The Conference of Algeciras had

rmine.d that the Sultan: Ahdul Aziz- should issue .eohcess-':- only in eonformity with the European mining lawsQ The gates/ of .the Conference ©©mmissioned a group of experts

g the pexperts were■working on * ^

odneessioBSo Before the- miming Mulay Ha.fid0 s id Sultan Abdul

the. mining law'same time« • ' , - .'' ■ The MannesmanW brothers look

ris#. to political power as. anvance their sent agents .had proclaimed went south to

(s' pes.

d .upon the Mulay ’ Ha fid' llent opportunity to ad= ‘

interestso . The Marokke^Mannesmann Compagniethe natives .of Marrakesh bhsir Sul tan 0 These agents. ,

assist, the. cause .of the pretender to the Sul =>During the few months

68

y to "' the The Mannesmanns3 re’M'

until Movembezg. sigi siasin'Sg . giving; there, the right

was to be the next Sultan 10

1908o At that, agnized as Sul tar

proposeiBe me

/first the-.Gsthe Consul /Rosen.* favored the. activities of - the Mannesmanns0 Wien Dro Vassel went to Fez* before the official recognition of Mulay Hafid* he; supported the interests of the Mannesmann brothers By the beginning of 1909* however $, the GermanForeign' Of j

nse":

started to withdraw^its- support from the January' 15*' 1909» W r Rosen told Be .Har= Times correspendent* that two agents of the

lesmanos had. gone to Fez to make, the final arrangements .66 their - hew mining concessionse He, assured Harris$' that this would "not hurt the

The G< Foreign Office, at the end of January* 1909;instructed. Dr0' ¥ass@lg.. the. Consul in Fez,

o S few days later the Marokk©"

1.0 The Times, ist 219 1908,11 Affaires du Maroc* 1908-1909;12. Andre.. Tardieu * Le. Mvstere 13; Britlsh .Documents«, vol«, yil-*-

no, 220Is p., 43 o 3»' 147>..

C©rapagnie.8 instrueting it to com® to terms with the Uni-oii of Mines6 Schoen said that-he had heard that the Krupps had ; offered the Mannesmanns Qne«=fQurth; of the German share ©f the Union of Mines,, and he urged the brothers to take the offer; The Mannesmanns:: refMse.d. to dovthis8. eontinuing to, make.: plans to take-over the-mining monopoly that Mu lay had' " given t© theme^ ■ - ' - \

This period of stalemate between the:Marokko^Mannesmann Gempagnie. and the Union of Mines might have continued for some time had net the French and:German governments com® to a commercial and political agreement over their,Moroccan. interests* - Government officials .in Paris and Berlin decided that they mus..t have'more'peaceful' condi.tiotis in Moroccoa .... The home governments went over the heads ©f the bickering -industrialists in Morocco8 by arranging an agreement: that

■years* Because, the French made-many economic concessions to the Germans in "this .agreements, .the German.,government put sufficient pressure,-upon. the..Marokko-Mannesmann Compagnie to.; keep: it, from: causiBg trouble* Although the Eannesmann brothers, refused to join the Union of Mine's., they lost to the.syndicate most of the mining concessions that Mulay Hafid had given, to their, company* , The. agreement that helped bring about more peaceful, condition s. was called -the. Franco-German

14 Eh Staceyg, . roMannesmann BEning Interests and the Franco- :, German: Conflict-over- tforQCCOs68 Journal '-.of. Political ■ Ecpn=

vole XL, po' 61*

,70 .

1909.

CHAPTER V

THE. FRAHCO“GERMAM' 'ACCORD OF 19Q9

Europeans and natives suffered commereial losses during the civil- strife * preceding the recognition of Sultan Mulay . Hafid in M©vemhers 19.08«, ! Furthermore8 m:@a; stopped working, ©ft such public works ‘as. the harbor■ improvements at Laraehe. and. Tangiers which caused considerable outcry^ since the Sultan SMul Azim had :'given the, ..coneession _ to do this-

companyo. Uncertainty of travels also> si usually adtive trade' with; the:; interiorb • ••..

During’ this period ©f decline in commercesan increasing number, of Gerfiian officials realized that they .must settle' their differences with the French in Morocco® Only by doing thisg they reasoned9 could they help restore the-political

ation of the enp also» began to to the fullest Spaina' it must ;

realize that from, its

for any worthwhile- exploitA ■ ' '. country^ : 'French- states:

their nation' was toness- to England

in'trade, declined, from $’$10 £, 637.9 755 in 19087 : The decline .’in domesti -much greatero V From the Statesman rs To Bourg eaud^Hau s.¥©1® XX9 docs EOs . . _W6 Bo Harris« The- $imes

e trade .1911o

.Gesel-lschaf to ’ Die Gross® Politik,

4 Die Gross© Poli'tik, vol® XXXV9 doCo no So. 8438=’8499'0

cooie. : some.' sort of understanding with Germany about Morocco® Historians can.now tract the steps that the. diplomats

.took; t© come to a peaceful solution of the French and German differences; The Germang Frenchg and British'official docu^ meats give a--definite record of the way iri which they accom­plished, this® ,■ _ : v '. . yiX - . .

Efforts -to come to some-sort of .economic adjustment started in. 19070 One evening, .in Augustg 19078 the French and :

- German Charges d’affaires., in fangiers.;. talked '.at length, about the possibility of coming to an agreement on. economic affairs' : in Morocco® ■; They reported the, purport ©f: this, discussion to ; their superiorso Chancellor von Buiowls comment on the margin . ©£ the report, wass- “what‘form 'should- this agreement take?". Sir'Edward Grey informed the French- government on August.

. ’ .. . * ocf' : ' J. V;-. .' . ‘ - -■ ■:22g .1907g that-vori"'Bulbws. -was most anxious for an improvement- in the ' . -relations between France and Germanyo He ■ . ' .:

, thought this could be effected- by a display of .tact .on both sidesg' especially on the. part of ■

'. the.'local representatives of the two Powers® ‘ ■• He was. conviaced that-France, had no intention : ■ ;.

of .attacking. Germany®'. 4nd he. gave most formal ; '.'assurances that Germany had no intention ©f - '

; attacking Franoeg nor of creating difficulties:;. •- . :' for her in Morocco 0 ® ®. All 'Prince von Buiow .;' . . . :

wanted was that-German, traders and merchants:, ' . '. .. -' .' : should' not be unfairly, treated: by the "French •. ; -; ..- . ::

authoritiess and should not be excluded from .;. -. - ..fair' ■ competition, * '

5 Affaires du Karoo® 19O@-i.9109 doc0 mo® 41® - ..6 Die Gross®•Politika :vol» XXIV^ doc® no® 8280®•7 Report .on an interview that - M®' Goef fray had with von

BliloWo British Documentsi vole ,Vll.® doc®. n@® 73®,

: The unrest in Mereeeo during,the next few months delayed.any attempt-to transfer such, feelings into any sort @f actioaMW@n' -the cannoBS. speak in Morocco is a. bad time for - diplo=-aiaey"8 w. said Foreign Minister: won Tsehirsehky<,®.- -"

: By. Se;pt®iaber@- 19089 . however9 Baron. William w n Scho@Bgwho. be camei Foreign Minis'ter during:, the previous win ter g feltthat- the time was opportune ..to press once more for some sortof economie agreemehto Foreign Minister.von Schoen toldAmbassador Jules Gambon thati : . : -. .

Germany had no intention ©f creating diffi-=, ; • eulties for Franceg whose.special interests ;

we fully realize, s.- o » Sn ...tinderstanding.9. mainly ‘: in the economic fields' perhaps toy insuring

: . equality in the, Morocco market9 . appears. to me■ _ not too difficulty’■ . : : ■Jules Gambon; made' the next . move. On October 28 9 1908 9

he told- Fpreign. Minister Schoeh that the mutual interests, ofFrance, and-. Germany in the Eastern question.'(this was. afterAustria annexed Bosnla-Herz@gov.lna) made it desirable forthe two states to come, to an. understanding about. Morocco®^

The French Minister of Finance0 Gaillaux9 on December14p .1908 9 t@ld Geman, Consul yen lanckeBs , -

It is '.absolutely essential that Morocco be . removed ss. an eventual object of strife, in

' ' our relatibns<> If this does not happen? we ' ■ . :move towards a conflict with certainty^' For'France it is a. life question to maintain a

- far-reaching political .position in M o r o c c o , -

8 Die Grosse Politike vol» XXIV9 ...doco nOo 8292» .9 Ibid on doc, ho, 84399'10 Ibldoo .doc0 nQo 8463<>1.1 Ibido j do Co no, 84710 .. ' .

74

GonSul Lanekert told 'Gaillatix that Germany: ©nly wanted; ipen do&i ih M o r o c m s but that many feared that France

would- not even give her thate, ■ Gaillaux. .then asked what ' guarantees Germany wanted*. Lan.cken replied? "It would be . the business of France to come, forth with proposals*”. .Gaillaux, said :that, he thought his. government would be will-

' .. . ' ' "TO : '■ ing. to do so» ? x ■ ' v . / . ,len days later® Prince RadollBg.German Ambassador to

■France reviewed . the Moroccan situation in a letter to Chan=- ' . 00 ‘ - ' - . -- - Cel lor von Bulows ciosing his;, letter with the suggestion foi

an agreemea't' founded.' on the basis 68that France guarantee usthere the .ffopen door'g 9 and for this we could leave them the'greatest. political freedom- of actierio ® $© ■ .this KaiserWilliam 11- added the marginal comments “lights I have sc: ' ; ■■■■ "■ . / 7' . ; '■ ; X t -that again and agaiia*w : ;. i ■ ; : -,

former. German Consul 'at'' T.angier> wrote a59 1909® that did much towards formulata

the Foreign"Office9 s ideas on this subject* He said thatthe conflict of interests between' Germany and France; inMorocco was bound to lead to a defeat for Germany* TheFrench would dominate the new Sultan sooner- or later® therthe French Legation in Tangier would be the center of the

s Genit IStg G«

12„ Bie -Gresse Pelitik*L® 9

8471*

•note with this statements We. must- seek a new basis for our : Morocco' polioy V' o o ® " He suggested that Germany grant‘ poll®■ fical power f© ' France in return f ©r-::guararifees to German tradeo In addition^ Erkert suggested that. Franc© should have

asked.Schoen. if he had anything in minde • Schoen said -that ;a formala for Frensh and German cooperation in financial matters.that;would give a considerable: political predomin­ance to France9 would be easy to .arrange* Gambon promised .to , take the., matter up in' Paris when he; arrived there in a few d a y s y . ; .

. The exact phraseology of the terms whereby Geraany - acknowledged the French . political ■pre.dominarice in .Morocco ■caused"'.some;difficulty.®.'■ • Foreign Minister Schoene after . several days8 discus si oh 9 was abl:® t© chang©- Cambon9 s . expr @ @ s 1 #n a * The Imperial Government resolves not to oppose - any political action' of the. French HepuMieg ™ to a 'more aceeptable wordingp “The imperial Government decides: to pur-y sue o.nly economic; interests: in Morocco0:w ^ ' - -

The negotiations carried on by the'Foreign Offices ofy

16 Die Gross® Polltikfl volo XXIV@ doc» n©« 8479o . 17 Affaires du Mago.c0. 19Q8-19101 doc« moso 98» 100.® .18 I-bld® o ■doco noo; 1 0 0 l. ' ' ■ - ■ '19 -Pie Grosse- Politlka'. voir XXLV® d©-€0 no® 8485® -- . y

1909a formed the basis for the French' and German relationshipin Morocco yearsit is enough toquote her® in its entirety!

The Government of the French Republic and /. the German Imperial Gowramentg animated by- -

an equal desire/to facilitate the .execution.'' :of-the; Act ..''of .Algecirasg- have agreed in stating the' itiport which they attach to the clauses^

_ / in. view oS awoidlng all cause of misunderstand^. ihg between them in the fi

- " - ■ - In consequence£the- Fri

the ihtegrity the. Sheri fi an" easpire &-

laf©guard there economic,equality^industrial interests thei®p

the Imperial German Gowrmentaterests in

inizing on the other hand that the special interests of France are there closely

tied, to the consolidation of internal -peace and .erders, and resolving-not-to' interfere in

■ . these Interests9. . - ■ , ' . -. . - ,.declare that they will not pursue nor

encourage any measure of a nature to create in . their -favor or in favor of any power whatsoever an economic privilege and that they will seek .to associate- their nationals, in the affairs ' for which they may obtain the contracts20

Public-and official opinion in Germany$, Frances and England . received enthusiastically.; the. mews. of . this agrees 11

ires du Maro cl 0. vol. ,XXI¥r/<

201259 126,

Andre Tardiey $>' the Freneh statesmanFrench public.epinien saw in the

,w 22; :

said that the end ©f German

The London Times "r< isl his ;ta

:t@d that Glem.eBceau could his opinion that the t9Aee©rd was

more, nor less than Germany^s withdrawal fromthe.end of the

'Graham Stuart, s pei CYo that;

the arrangement at its face value* as' an lissembled nothingg which Implied no clandei

tine, ooneessi©n.g and which on the part of Germany was themt of her policy of chicanery and .the inauguration

inU - The Kali

The .governments the 1

essions-ofssador in Paris« ; -The.French gov the 'Grand Order of the_Legion ;of

Sch©en0.

the men telegraphed his '

the German : -.'its parte

79

Aedordg von Buiow saidtMow Mores#®' is a. fruit that;'is ripening for - -. you, and you are'sure of picking lt@ w@ omly- 'i' ;

: . ask one - thing of yeuV that is to be patient '■- : and to have regard for .Gemas -pufelie opinions25.

. ' • this friendly feeling, on the part of the. Freneh; and Ger« :'man governments did not .last two years0 But- during the' time/it did lasfs French and German.business prospered^ and the' :..-FreBch progressed in their desire ::tp bring political-border v-:to Morocco's^ . The Accord, of 1909 indicated; a peaceful wayby which; the French could have taken over the political eon- 'trol of; the, c.puntryo ' / :: ■ ; - . .

Frenthtoeh and Germans decided ;in. the course of"time that

The.'scope, of this• thesis does not include» ■h©wever8. a study

had continued to wish a compromise.solution to their.quest

they: did:: nQtvyi.sh, to' follow the pattern of, the Accord of 1909o Later this led to-,more trouble between the two nations

of- these-;subsequent actioBSs which led to another MorocCan cris ^,.: The Accord of :1909 remains a .' testimonial of how theFrench and German# could have proceeded i-n Moroccog if they

for land and resources»

25 R» Plti.on emaane,. p, 1879 -26" Affaires =19109 doe® n©o ,251

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Documents diplomatique:.Affaires du Marocs, Minister® des■' affaires etjcangeres, Paris9 1901-=1912oDocuments diplomaticiue francais-„ 1871=19149 Mialstere des

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Fifth Series.'Londono 1909'.

Memoirs Containing Source MaterialHo ,Ho 9 ■ fh® GeoesIs of th® .War. Hew .York9' 19230

Bulowo Bo..Memoirs. translated by P* A* Volghty 4 vole*. Boston9 ,1931 o ■ ..Churchill® . W. s The World Crisis0 New York® 1927«, .

■ E.y Rventv-five Years. 1892«1916® 2 vol.8 London® 1925

" v . •■ Secondary Sources.Achorn. E.. European Civilization and Politics since 1815s

Yorks 1938. : ;• : i -Anderson® E. N.® The First Moroccan Crisis. Chicanp. 1930.

BakelesSg, The EGoaemlc Causes of Modera Wag Mew York

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Carml 18. E* M» 9 French Public Qpinio.a..and : tendon/ 1931* . : ' , • srf

f9. no- • H«.. and Stioknevk Eo« Readings in' European Inters national Relations* ‘Mew Y®rkg 1931® : ■'

Descent to the Abyss t, German Doeuments translated by EoT'eS, o Mew York9 ISSO? : - % . .

Fayg So. Bo gGob eh,g Go Po 9 B_

York, 1938•

the World Waa=9 o-p

Grant® Hu J Lbndon 19320

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M on. Ba

1929.o9 : 2 ¥©1« g

2Qth

Da vi So Wo So® .The. Course

» # : Vv© ^The Imperialism,' New York0 1936&

s0 Co Po s The Partition..and Colonization ®f Africa,

Hie.Qlson.g .Ho Go.®.. Portrait of a..Jo: .Wo s UnPaleol.o.gu

Paris fl‘ 1912 c

itistg Boston, 19300

Pindno v-R-o, Lj Mi neeo Pariss 1909b ’.1870-1913. Paris,.1913.

«g Ao. Fo g' Enol.and and the: International Policy of the .. Europe.an: ’Great" Powars. .iSTl Tgi iTo forS. 1931 o'> $ ‘ V <> " D©Bosteng 19180 m

■ Schmitt,.. Bo -Eog .New York® "19346 :e and the Triple Enti

Stuartp. Ge Ho o- French : Foreign Peligy frem Fa shod a; to Sera i @v@ New Yorkp 1921o ' ....Swaiap Jo Wo9 Beginning the' Twemtietb CeatugVo New YorIc8,1933o„Taydiey fl' A e La rCenference 'd'8AIqecira8o:- Pari6« 1907o ■

La^Mvst^e d^Aqadlgo ParlSo 191&o , • : .Turnerp E® R® 9; Europe Since 1870. New York & Tor©ri-tor: 1,9210Wedel8 Oo.Ho s Austro-German.Diplomatic Relations® Stanford University p 1932 . ; ■ . / , . ■ ' * . 'Woolf p. Do So-p Imperialism and Civiilzationo New York». .19280 ;.

The Times (London)!' 1906'=‘19Q7=-'19.080

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