Psychology of Rivalry

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The Psychology of Rivalry: A Relationally-dependent Analysis of Competition

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The Psychology of Rivalry: A Relationally-dependent Analysis of Competition

Abstract

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Magic Johnson, former professional basketball player for the Los Angeles Lakers.

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Larry Bird, former professional basketball player for the Boston Celtics.1

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Hypothesis 1A. Perceptions of rivalry vary significantly at the dyad level.

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Hypothesis 1B. Perceptions of rivalry are determined more by the relationship between

competitors than by their individual characteristics.

Antecedents of Rivalry

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58' Ri0Rs #pt 0\\"Q 85 +C( -*'.*%M( .% '.-*2'7 '*+.%?): .%3.M*+.%? +C*+ M('+*.% +(*H) (2.M.+(3

C.?C(' 2(-(2) 85 '.-*2'7 5'8H 8&&8%(%+): 8% *-('*?(: +C*% 8+C(')0 $% )4&&8'+ 85 =7&8+C().) ">: *

5422 j\0fs #pt 0\\"Q 85 +C( -*'.*%M( .% '.-*2'7 '*+.%?) G*) *++'.A4+(3 +8 '(2*+.8%)C.& (55(M+)0 LC.)

.%3.M*+() +C*+ +C( )+'(%?+C 85 '.-*2'7 A(+G((% +(*H) .) +8 * 2*'?( (N+(%+ 3'.-(% A7 +C(.' 4%._4(

'(2*+.8%)C.&)0 >) *% (N*H&2(: `'(?8% D+*+( '*+(3 .+) '.-*2'7 +8G*'3) '(?8% *+ +C( H*N.H4H

2(-(2 85 "\0\X C8G(-(': `'(?8% D+*+( 38() %8+ 5((2 *A%8'H*227 C.?C 2(-(2) 85 '.-*2'7 .% ?(%('*2

#F q j0j\Q: %8' 38() `'(?8% (2.M.+ 4%4)4*227 C.?C 2(-(2) 85 '.-*2'7 5'8H 8&&8%(%+) #F q j0RjQ0

LC.) .%+(%)( '.-*2'7: +C('(58'(: .) &*'+.M42*' +8 '(?8% D+*+(^) '(2*+.8%)C.& G.+C '(?8%0 a.%*227:

D`J@F` .%3.M*+(3 +C*+ "[0ks 85 +C( -*'.*%M( .% '.-*2'7 '*+.%?) G*) 34( +8 (''8': '()42+.%? 5'8H

+C( 2*M< 85 &('5(M+ M8%)(%)4) *H8%? '*+(') *+ (*MC 4%.-(').+70

U(N+: G( +()+(3 GC(+C(' +C( -*'.*%M() (N&2*.%(3 A7 &('M(.-(' *%3 +*'?(+ (55(M+) G('(

)+*+.)+.M*227 3.55('(%+ 5'8H +C( -*'.*%M( (N&2*.%(3 A7 '(2*+.8%)C.& (55(M+): *) 58228G)0 a.')+: G(

4)(3 D`J@F` +8 '4% +C( -*'.*%M( &*'+.+.8%.%? *%*27)() )(&*'*+(27 58' (*MC M8%5('(%M(0 LC(%:

G( 4)(3 +C()( 3*+* +8 '4% * )('.() 85 '(&(*+(3gH(*)4'( >U`c> *%*27)() .% GC.MC (*MC

M8%5('(%M( G*) +'(*+(3 *) * ).%?2( &*'+.M.&*%+ #U q iQ: *%3 +C( -*24() 58' &('M(.-(': +*'?(+: *%3


25/68

Rj

'(2*+.8%)C.& -*'.*%M( G('( +'(*+(3 *) +C( '(&(*+(3 H(*)4'()0 J(2*+.8%)C.& -*'.*%M( G*) 584%3 +8

A( ).?%.5.M*%+27 ?'(*+(' +C*% &('M(.-(' -*'.*%M( #F#": jQ q "R\0kk:pt 0\\"Q: +*'?(+ -*'.*%M( #F#":

jQ q VR0[i:pt 0\"Q: *%3 (-(% +C( )4H 85 A8+C &('M(.-(' *%3 +*'?(+ -*'.*%M( #F#": jQ q "V0Vk:pt

0\jQ0 >33.+.8%*227: +C()( '()42+) G('( M8%).)+(%+ *M'8)) M8%5('(%M() S '(2*+.8%)C.& -*'.*%M( G*)

2*'?(' +C*% +C( )4H 85 &('M(.-(' *%3 +*'?(+ -*'.*%M( .% (-('7 M*)(0 LC('(58'(: G( C*-( )+'8%?

)4&&8'+ 58' =7&8+C().) ";0 LC*+ .): '.-*2'7 .% U9>> A*)M'8)) 84' )*H&2( 85 V[b 37*3): +C( M8''(2*+.8% A(+G((% +C( )+'(%?+C)

85 '.-*2'7 *H8%? &*.') 85 +(*H) G*) )4A)+*%+.*2 #rq 0if:pt 0\\"Q0 a4'+C('H8'(: D`J@F`

&'8-.3() *% ()+.H*+( 85 +C.) M8''(2*+.8% +C*+ &*'+.*2) 84+ *M+8' *%3 +*'?(+ (55(M+)0 LC.) G*) (_4*2

+8 0[j: .%3.M*+.%? +C*+ 8%M( *-('*?( +(*Hg2(-(2 +(%3(%M.() +8G*'3) 5((2.%? *%3 (2.M.+.%? '.-*2'7

G('( M8%+'822(3 58': '.-*2'7 A(+G((% U9>> A*)


26/68

Ri

M8H&(+.+8')0 a.%*227: G( *2)8 584%3 (-.3(%M( 58' 2())(': 7(+ )+*+.)+.M*227 ).?%.5.M*%+: +*'?(+

(55(M+): .%3.M*+.%? +C*+ )8H( )MC882) *'( ?(%('*227 &('M(.-(3 *) ?'(*+(' '.-*2) +C*% 8+C(')0

EMPIRICAL ANALYSES, PART II: ANTECEDENTS OF RIVALRY

B( %(N+ +4'%(3 84' *++(%+.8% +8 +C( *%+(M(3(%+) 85 '.-*2'7: G.+C * &'.H*'7 58M4) 8%

&'(3.M+.%? 37*3g2(-(2 -*'.*%M( .% '.-*2'70 `4' .%3(&(%3(%+ H(*)4'() .%M243(3 *'MC.-*2 3*+* 8%

+C( k" +(*H) *%3 V[b +(*Hg37*3) .% 84' )*H&2(: 3'*G% 5'8H $%+('%(+ G(A).+() H*.%+*.%(3 A7 +C(

+(*H) *%3 *+C2(+.M M8%5('(%M()0 B.+C '(?*'3 +8 84' 3(&(%3(%+ H(*)4'(: G( G('( &'.H*'.27

.%+('()+(3 .% 37*3g2(-(2 -*'.*%M( .% '.-*2'7: *%3 )8 G( C*3 D`J@F` 84+&4+ '.-*2'7 '(2*+.8%)C.&

(55(M+) 58' (*MC 85 +C( 37*3) .% 84' )*H&2(0 D&(M.5.M*227: +C()( '(&'()(%+ +C( '.-*2'7 5(2+ A7 +(*H

> +8G*'3) +(*H ;: M8%+'822.%? 58' +C( (N+(%+ +8 GC.MC +(*H > 5((2) '.-*2'7 8% *-('*?(: +C( (N+(%+

+8 GC.MC +(*H ; (2.M.+) '.-*2'7 8% *-('*?(: *%3 *%7 M8%5('(%M(g2(-(2 3.55('(%M()0 J.-*2'7

'(2*+.8%)C.& (55(M+) G.+C.% 37*3) G('( M2(*'27 %8+ .%3(&(%3(%+ #' q 0[j: *) %8+(3 *A8-(Q: GC.MC

H(*%+ +C*+ G( M8423 %8+ *%*27O( +C(H *+ +C( +(*H 2(-(2 #1(%%7: 1*)C7: h 988


27/68

Rk

$+ .) G8'+C %8+.%? +C*+ H*%7 85 84' H(*)4'() *'( A*)(3 8% 3.55('(%M( )M8'() A(+G((% +C( +G8

+(*H)0 > %4HA(' 85 H(+C83828?.M*2 M8%M('%) C*-( A((% '*.)(3 .% '(?*'3 +8 4).%? 3.55('(%M(

)M8'() *) &'(3.M+8' -*'.*A2(): H8)+ %8+*A27: +C( 5*M+ +C*+ +C(7 H*7 M8%584%3 +C( (55(M+) 85 +C(.'

M8H&8%(%+ H(*)4'() #@3G*'3): R\\RX @3G*'3) h K*''7: "bbVQ S .% +C.) M*)(: +C( .%3.-.34*2

*++'.A4+() 85 (*MC +(*H0 L8 *33'()) +C.) M8%M('%: G( .%M243( 5.N(3 (55(M+) 58' .%3.-.34*2 +(*H) .%

84' H83(2): .% 8'3(' +8 M8%+'82 58' *%7 3.55('(%M() A(+G((% +(*H) 8% +C( M8H&8%(%+) +C*+ H*99 *%3 ;.? @*)+ M8%5('(%M() &'.8' +8 +C( R\\fg\j

*%3 R\\jg\i )(*)8%) #;8)+8% 9822(?(: 9.%M.%%*+.: E84.)-.22(: F*'_4(++(: F.*H.: *%3 c.'?.%.*

L(MCX * +8+*2 85 ii 37*3)Q0 a4'+C(': +8 (%)4'( H(*%.%?542 -*24() 58' +C( .%3(N 85 '(M(%+

jLC( '()42+) 85 +C()( *%*27)() *'( 4%MC*%?(3 GC(% '*G *-('*?( '.-*2'7 .) 4)(3 *) +C( 3(&(%3(%+ H(*)4'(: 34( +8 +C(

4)( 85 +(*Hg2(-(2 5.N(3 (55(M+)0


28/68

R[

M8H&(+.+.-(%()): G( 8%27 .%M243(3 &*.') 85 +(*H) +C*+ C*3 &2*7(3 (*MC 8+C(' *+ 2(*)+ +C'(( +.H()

8-(' +C( +C'(( )(*)8%) &'.8' +8 R\\jg\i #+C.) (2.H.%*+(3 *% *33.+.8%*2 j 37*3)Q0 >22 H83(2) G('(

'4% 8% +C.) )4A)*H&2( 85 V"[ 37*3): G.+C +C( (NM(&+.8% 85 +C8)( +C*+ .%M243(3 &'8T(M+(3

M8%5('(%M( '*%) +C( ;.? L(% M8%5('(%M( 38() %8+ &4A2.)C &'8T(M+(3 '*%) &'(3.M+(3: ?(8?'*&C.M 3.)+*%M( A(+G((% +(*H) .) ).?%.5.M*%+27

%(?*+.-(27 '(2*+(3 +8 37*3g2(-(2 -*'.*%M( '.-*2'7 #tq g[0[\:pt 0\\"X *22 +()+) *'( +G8g+*.2(3Q0 $%

8+C(' G8'3): +C( M28)(' +G8 +(*H) *'( 28M*+(3 +8 (*MC 8+C(': +C( )+'8%?(' +C(.' '.-*2'7 +(%3) +8 A(0

$% *33.+.8%: G( 5.%3 +C*+ +(*H) 28M*+(3 G.+C.% +C( )*H( )+*+( C*-( ).?%.5.M*%+27 )+'8%?(' '.-*2'.()

G.+C 8%( *%8+C(': *A8-( *%3 A(78%3 +C( (55(M+ 85 ?(8?'*&C.M 3.)+*%M( #tq k0Ri:pt 0\\"Q0

B( 288


29/68

Rb

).H.2*' '(2*+.8%)C.& A(+G((% '.-*2'7 *%3 '(M(%+ )+*+4): *) H(*)4'(3 A7 M8%5('(%M( G.%%.%?

&('M(%+*?( 8-(' +C( +C'(( )(*)8%) &'.8' +8 R\\jg\i #F83(2 fX tq gR0"":pt 0\jQ: *) G(22 *)

A(+G((% '.-*2'7 *%3 M4''(%+ )+*+4): *) H(*)4'(3 A7 &'8T(M+(3 M8%5('(%M( '*%< .% +C( 4&M8H.%?

)(*)8% #F83(2 jX tq gR0iR:pq 0\"Q0

E*)+27: G.+C '()&(M+ +8 A'8*3(' 4%.-(').+7 MC*'*M+('.)+.M): *A)824+( 3.55('(%M( .% *M*3(H.M

_4*2.+7 G*) ).?%.5.M*%+ #F83(2 iX tq gV0R\:pt 0\"Q *%3 *A)824+( 3.55('(%M( .% (%'822H(%+ G*)

H*'?.%*227 ).?%.5.M*%+ #F83(2 kX tq g"0[b:pt 0"\QX C8G(-(': ).H.2*'.+7 .% +('H) 85 GC(+C('

4%.-(').+.() G('( &4A2.M 8' &'.-*+( G*) %8+ '(2*+(3 +8 *-('*?( '.-*2'7 #F83(2 [X tq 0b[: nsQ0

`-('*22: G( C*-( )+'8%? )4&&8'+ 58' =7&8+C().) R S ).H.2*'.+7 .% +('H) 85 28M*+.8%: A*)


30/68

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H*'?.% 85 -.M+8'7 #F83(2 "RX tq gR0"i:pt 0\jQ: *2)8 &'(3.M+(3 +C( )+'(%?+C 85 '.-*2'7 A(+G((%

+(*H)0 LC('(58'(: G( C*-( )4&&8'+ 58' =7&8+C().) f0

Recent vs. historic similarity and competitiveness. >) *% *33.+.8%*2 )(+ 85 *%*27)(): G(

288) 3.)M4))(3: +C()( +G8 M8%)+'4M+) H*7

85+(% A( C.?C27 M8''(2*+(30 $%3((3: .% +C.) 3*+*)(+: C.)+8'.M )+*+4) ).H.2*'.+7 #.% +('H) 85 *22g+.H(

M8%5('(%M( G.%%.%? &('M(%+*?(Q *%3 C.)+8'.M M8H&(+.+.-(%()) *'( M8''(2*+(3 *+ rq 0k":pt 0\\"0

B( (%+('(3 A8+C 85 +C()( &'(3.M+8') .% F83(2 "i: *%3 584%3 +C*+ *A)824+( 3.55('(%M( .% C.)+8'.M

)+*+4) G*) %8+ ).?%.5.M*%+ #tq g0b\: nsQ: GC('(*) C.)+8'.M M8H&(+.+.-(%()) '(H*.%(3 C.?C27

).?%.5.M*%+ #tq V0i\:p t 0\\"Q0 >2+C84?C +C()( '()42+) )C8423 A( .%+('&'(+(3 G.+C M*4+.8% 34( +8

+C( C.?C 2(-(2 85 .%+('M8''(2*+.8%: .+ *&&(*') +C*+ +C( (N+(%+ +8 GC.MC M8H&(+.+8') C*-( A((%

(-(%27gH*+MC(3 *M'8)) +C(.' &'.8' M8%+()+) H*7 +'4H& C.)+8'.M ).H.2*'.+7 .% )+*+4) 8' *A.2.+7g2(-(20


31/68

V"

Full models. E*)+27: G( &'()(%+ +G8 5422 H83(2)0 F83(2 "k .%M243() *22 &'(3.M+8' -*'.*A2()

(NM(&+ 58' 3.55('(%M( .% &'8T(M+(3 M8%5('(%M( '*%


32/68

VR

98''(2*+.8%) G.+C *22 584' H(*)4'() 85 A*)


33/68

VV

+C( M28)(' +C( C.)+8'.M H*+MCg4& A(+G((% +(*H) G*) +8 * j\gj\ )&2.+: +C( )+'8%?(' +C( '.-*2'7

A(+G((% +C(H: (-(% GC(% M8%+'822.%? 58' ).H.2*'.+7 .% +C( +(*H)^ *22g+.H( G.%%.%? &('M(%+*?()0

LC.) .%3.M*+() +C*+ &'.8' M8%+()+) A(+G((% +(*H) &'(3.M+(3 +C(.' '.-*2'7 '(2*+.8%)C.&) *A8-( *%3

A(78%3 +C( (55(M+) 85 +C8)( M8%+()+) 8% +C(.' '(2*+.-( )+*%3.%?) G.+C.% +C( M8%5('(%M(0 LC4): .+

)((H) +C*+ &'.8' M8H&(+.+.-( (%M84%+(') M*% 2(*-( * H*'< +C*+ (%34'() 28%? *5+(' +C(7 C*-( A((%

3(M.3(3: .% )4&&8'+ 85 +C( %8+.8% +C*+ M8H&(+.+.8% .) &*+Cg3(&(%3(%+: *%3 M8%+'*'7 +8 GC*+

'*+.8%*2 H83(2) G8423 &'(3.M+0

LC.'3: G( 584%3 +C*+ C.)+8'.M ).H.2*'.+7 *%3 M8H&(+.+.-(%()) *&&(*'(3 +8 +'4H& '(M(%+

).H.2*'.+7 *%3 M8H&(+.+.-(%()) .% &'(3.M+.%? '.-*2'70 LC.) .) *2)8 M8%).)+(%+ G.+C +C( .3(* +C*+

M8H&(+.+.-( &('M(&+.8%) *'( (%34'.%? *%3 H*7 %8+ %(M())*'.27 '(52(M+ M4''(%+ M8%3.+.8%): *%3 +C*+

M8%+()+) *'( (HA(33(3 G.+C.% A'8*3(' '(2*+.8%*2 M8%+(N+0 F8'( A'8*327: +C( 5*M+ +C*+ G( G('(

*A2( +8 '(2.*A27 &'(3.M+ )+'(%?+C 85 '.-*2'7 -.* H(*)4'() 85 +(*H)^ '(2*+.8%)C.&) A82)+(') +C(

*'?4H(%+ +C*+ M8H&(+.+.8% .) '(2*+.8%*20

a.%*227: *+ +C( +(*H 2(-(2: C.?C(' )+*+4) G*) &8).+.-(27 '(2*+(3 +8 8&&8%(%+)^ 5((2.%?) 85

'.-*2'70 >2+C84?C +C( &'(M.)( H(MC*%.)H) A(C.%3 +C.) 5.%3.%? *'( 4%M2(*': .+ H*7 A( +C( M*)( +C*+

*M+8') +'7 +8 &'()(%+ +C(H)(2-() *) '.-*2) +8 C.?Cg)+*+4) M8H&(+.+8') .% 8'3(' +8 ?*.% )+*+4) A7

*))8M.*+.8%: &*'+.M42*'27 .5 '.-*2'7 .) ?(%('*227 &('M(.-(3 *) )7HH(+'.M0 >2+('%*+.-(27: &('C*&)

M8H&(+.%? *?*.%)+ +C( A()+ .) (%('?.O.%? 34( +8 +C( '(&4+*+.8%*2 A88)+ +C*+ M*% A( ?*.%(3 +C'84?C

-.M+8'7: 8' A(M*4)( *M+8') (%-7 +C(.' C.?Cg)+*+4) M8H&(+.+8') *%3 G*%+ +8 A'.%? +C(H 38G%0

a4+4'( G8'< )C8423 3(2-( 54'+C(' .%+8 +C.) &C(%8H(%8%0

EMPIRICAL ANALYSES, PART III: CONSEQUENCES OF RIVALRY

Measures


34/68

Vf

$% 8'3(' +8 .%-()+.?*+( +C( M8%)(_4(%M() 85 '.-*2'7 A(+G((% U9>> A*)2+C84?C +C.) 5.(23 )(++.%? 38() %8+ *228G 58' 3.'(M+ H(*)4'(H(%+ 85

H8+.-*+.8%: .+ 38() &'8-.3( * '*%?( 85 &('58'H*%M( H(+'.M)0 =7&8+C().) j &8).+) +C*+ ?'(*+('

'.-*2'7 .%M'(*)() &('58'H*%M( 8% (558'+gA*)(3 +*)


35/68

Vj

&('58'H*%M( 85 8%( +(*H .) M8%584%3(3 G.+C +C( 3(5(%).-( &('58'H*%M( 85 +C( 8+C('Q: G( 4)(3

+C( *-('*?( 2(-(2 85 '.-*2'7 .% (*MC ?*H( *) +C( &'(3.M+8' -*'.*A2(: *%3 *??'(?*+( ?*H(g2(-(2

)+*+.)+.M) *) 3(&(%3(%+ H(*)4'()0 L(*Hg2(-(2 5.N(3 (55(M+) 58' C8H( *%3 *G*7 +(*H) G('(

.%M243(3 .% *22 *%*27)() .% 8'3(' +8 M8%+'82 58' +(*H)^ *A.2.+7 2(-(2)0

$% F83(2 ": '.-*2'7 .) &8).+.-(27 '(2*+(3 +8 5*% *++(%3*%M( # t q V0kj:p t 0\\"Q: )4??()+.%? +C*+

.+ C*) * &8).+.-( (55(M+ 8% +C( .%+('()+ 2(-(2 8' H8+.-*+.8% 85 +C8)( GC8 58228G +C( M8H&(+.+.8%0 $%

F83(2 R: '.-*2'7 .) %(?*+.-(27 '(2*+(3 +8 &8.%+) )M8'(3 &(' &8))()).8%b#tq gR0"f:pt 0\jQ: GC.MC

'(52(M+) .%M'(*)(3 3(5(%).-( (55.M.(%M7 #K8H('87: R\\jQ0 F83(2 V (N*H.%(3 *%8+C(' H(*)4'( 85

(55.M.(%M7: 5.(23 ?8*2 &('M(%+*?(: *%3 '(-(*2(3 * ).H.2*': H*'?.%*227 %(?*+.-(: *))8M.*+.8% G.+C

'.-*2'7 #tq g"0[":pq 0\kQ0 LC4): .% ?*H() A(+G((% 5.('M( '.-*2): 3(5(%).-( (55.M.(%M7 +(%3) +8 A(

C.?C(' +C*% .% ?*H() A(+G((% H.23 8' %8%g'.-*2)0 LC()( '()42+): C8G(-(': M*% *2)8 A( -.(G(3 *)

'(52(M+.%? 3(M'(*)(3 855(%).-( (55.M.(%M7 S 855(%).-( *%3 3(5(%).-( (55.M.(%M7 *'( &('5(M+27

M8%584%3(3 *+ +C( ?*H( 2(-(20 LC('(58'(: G( *%*27O(3 +C( 5'(_4(%M7 85 )+(*2) *%3 A28M


36/68

Vi

L8 54'+C(' .%-()+.?*+( +C( ).?%.5.M*%+ 5.%3.%?) 58' &8.%+) &(' &8))()).8% *%3 A28M


37/68

Vk

&(')&(M+.-(: G( G8423 (N&(M+ +C( %(?*+.-( (55(M+) 85 (N+'(H( *'84)*2 8% &('58'H*%M( +8 (N+(%3

+8 5'(( +C'8G )C88+.%?0 $%3((3: G( H.?C+ (N&(M+ (NM()) *'84)*2 +8 A( *+ .+) H8)+ C*'H542 2(-(2

GC(% * &2*7(' .) )+*%3.%? *28%( *+ +C( 5'(( +C'8G 2.%( G.+C +.H( +8 +C.%< *A84+ +C( 4&M8H.%? )C8+0

>) M*% A( )((% A7 +C( '()42+) .% L*A2( j #F83(2 iQ: +C('( G*) %8 ).?%.5.M*%+ '(2*+.8%)C.& A(+G((%

'.-*2'7 *%3 5'(( +C'8G )C88+.%? *MM4'*M7 #tq g\0jb: nsQ0 >2+C84?C 8%( H4)+ *2G*7) (N('M.)(

M*4+.8% GC(% +'7.%? +8 .%+('&'(+ %422 5.%3.%?): +C.) '(34M() +C( &2*4).A.2.+7 85 +C( MC8


38/68

V[

6).%? * )+*+.)+.M*2 +(MC%._4( 3().?%(3 +8 H83(2 .%+('&(')8%*2 &('M(&+.8% #1(%%7: "bbfQ: G(

584%3 +C*+ &('M(&+.8%) 85 '.-*2'7 A(+G((% U9>> A*)


39/68

Vb

D.H.2*'27: 5.'H) +C*+ '()(HA2( 8%( *%8+C(' #.% +('H) 85 ?(8?'*&C.M 28M*+.8%: '()84'M( &'85.2(:

8'?*%.O*+.8%*2 58'H: (+M0Q: C*-( * C.)+8'7 85 M8H&(+.%? #(0?0: Y*++*M


40/68

f\

Limitations

LC( (H&.'.M*2 *%*27)() &'()(%+(3 C('( G('( 3().?%(3 *) * 5.')+ +()+ 85 84' +C(8'(+.M*2

5'*H(G8'> A*)


41/68

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M8%)(_4(%M(): *) (-.3(%M(3 A7 +C( '(2*+.-(27 )H*22 H*?%.+43( 85 84' '()42+) 58' 3(5(%).-(

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42/68

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Administrative Science Quarterly: VVW f\"gf"k0

>'H)+'8%?: /0 D0 h 98228&7: a0 "bbi0 98H&(+.+8' 8'.(%+*+.8%W @55(M+) 85 8AT(M+.-() *%3.%58'H*+.8% 8% H*%*?('.*2 3(M.).8%) *%3 &'85.+*A.2.+70Journal of Marketing Research:

VVW "[[g"bb0

;*4H: /0 >0 90 h 18'%: =0 /0 "bbi0 98H&(+.+.-( 37%*H.M) 85 .%+('5.'H '.-*2'70Academy ofManagement Journal: VbW RjjgRb"0

;*4H: /0 >0 90: h 18'%: =0 /0 "bbi0 98H&(+.+.-( 37%*H.M) 85 .%+('5.'H '.-*2'70Academy of

Management Journal: VbW RjjgRb"0

;*4H: /0 >0 90: h F(O.*): D0 /0 "bbR0 E8M*2.O(3 M8H&(+.+.8% *%3 8'?*%.O*+.8%*2 5*.24'( .% +C(

F*%C*++*% C8+(2 .%34)+'7: "[b[g"bb\0Administrative Science Quarterly: VkW j[\gi\f0

;*4H: /0 >0: h 18'%: =0 /0 "bbb0 I7%*H.M) 85 37*3.M M8H&(+.+.8% .%+('*M+.8%0Strategic

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European Journal of Social Psychology: jW VRVgVV[0


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;'(CH: /0 B0: B'.?C+: J0 >0: D828H8%: D0: D.2H('.M*% H*'


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9'8))2*%3: 90: h =*HA'.M0 E0 h F8''.): F0 B0 R\\\0 J*&&8'+ .% M8%52.M+ '()824+.8%W >MM84%+.%? 58' C8G 5*M(g+8g5*M( M8%+*M+ 58)+(') H4+4*2 M88&('*+.8% .% H.N(3gH8+.-( M8%52.M+)0Journal of

Experimental Social Psychology: ViW Rigj\0

IG(M


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@'(-: $0: ;8'%)+(.%: ,0: h ,*2.2.: J0 "bbV0 98%)+'4M+.-( .%+('?'84& M8H&(+.+.8% *) * )824+.8% +8

+C( 5'(( '.3(' &'8A2(HW > 5.(23 (N&('.H(%+0Journal of Experimental Social Psychology:RbW fiVgfk[0

a(''.(': B0 /0 R\\"0 U*-.?*+.%? +C( M8H&(+.+.-( 2*%3)M*&(W LC( 3'.-(') *%3 M8%)(_4(%M() 85

M8H&(+.+.-( *??'()).-(%())0Academy of Management Journal: ffW [j[g[kk0

a(''.(': B0 /0: DH.+C: 10 ,0: h ,'.HH: 90 F0 "bbb0 LC( '82( 85 M8H&(+.+.-( *M+.8% .% H*' )+437 85 .%34)+'7 2(*3(') *%3 MC*22(%?(')0

Academy of Management Journal: fRW VkRgV[[0

a()+.%?(': E0 "bjf0 > +C(8'7 85 )8M.*2 M8H&*'.)8% &'8M())()0Human Relations: kW ""kg"f\0

a27%%: a0 /0: h >H*%*+422*C: @0 L0 R\\f0Psyched up or psyched out? The influence of coactorstatus on individual performance.K*&(' &'()(%+(3 *+ +C( if

+CF((+.%? 85 +C( >M*3(H7

85 F*%*?(H(%+: U(G `'2(*%): E>0

,*'M.*: D0 F0: L8': >0: h ,8%O*2(O: J0 R\\i0 J*% A(C*-.8'*2 +C(8'7 85 5.'H ?'8G+CW D(_4(%+.*2 *++(%+.8% +8 ).O( *%3&('58'H*%M( ?8*2)0Academy of Management Journal: j"W fkigfbf0

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=*HH8%3: E0 10 h ,823H*%: F0 "bi"0 98H&(+.+.8% *%3 %8%gM8H&(+.+.8% *%3 .+) '(2*+.8%)C.& +8

.%3.-.34*2 *%3 ?'84& &'834M+.-.+70Sociometry: RfW figi\0

=*%%*%: F0 L0: h a'((H*%: /0 "b[b0 Organizational ecology. 9*HA'.3?(: F>W =*'-*'3

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Administrative Science Quarterly: VkW VR"gVVj0

=*7G*'3: F0 E0 >0: h =*HA'.M 288< *+ J4)).*%)Z &('M(&+.8%) .% &8)+gD8-.(+

('*0Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin: RVW "\"VS"\R"0

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1(%%7: I0 >0: F8C': 90 I0: h E(-()_4(: F0 /0 R\\"0 > )8M.*2 '(2*+.8%) -*'.*%M( &*'+.+.8%.%? 85

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12(.%: 10 /0 I*%)('(*4: a0: h =*22: J0 /0 "bbf0 E(-(2) .))4() .% +C(8'7 3(-(28&H(%+: 3*+*

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18C%: >0 "bbR0No contest: The case against competition.U(G l8'% (H&.'.M*2 *%*27).)0

Strategic Management Journal: "kW f"bgfVb0

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+.H.%? 85 )&((MC() *%3 H(*)4'(H(%+)0Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology: jbW"gb0

F8)M8-.M.: D0: h m*-*228%.: F0 "bib0 LC( ?'84& *) * &82*'.O(' 85 *++.+43()0Journal of

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F42-(7: K0 B0 h J.AA(%): ;0 >0 "bbb0 LC( (55(M+) 85 .%+('?'84& M8H&(+.+.8% *%3 *)).?%(3 ?'84&

?8*2) 8% ?'84& (55.M*M7 *%3 ?'84& (55(M+.-(%())0Small Group Research: V\W ij"gikk0

U(H(+C: 90 /0: h D+*G: ;0 F0 "b[b0 LC( +'*3(855) 85 )8M.*2 M8%+'82 *%3 .%%8-*+.8% G.+C.% ?'84&)

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J((-(: /0 h I(M.: @0 E0 "bbi0 @2(H(%+) 85 +C( M8H&(+.+.-( ).+4*+.8% +C*+ *55(M+ .%+'.%).M

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FIGURE 1

Theoretical Model

D.H.2*'.+7

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TABLE 1

Pac-10 Rivalry Matrixa

L*'?(+)

>'.O8%*

>'.O8%*

D+*+( 9*2.58'%.* '(?8%

`'(?8%

D+*+( D+*%58'3 69E> 6D9 B*)C.%?+8%

B*)C.%?+8%

D+*+(

>'.O8%* [0kj j0j\ f0kj "0kj [0kj k0Rj V0kj k0kj R0\\>'.O8%* D+*+( "\0\\ R0\\ "0ik "0VV j0\\ j0\\ V0\\ R0ik "0VV

9*2.58'%.* j0j\ R0Rj j0Rj V0\\ b0kj b0\\ i0kj f0j\ R0j\

`'(?8% k0\\ f0\\ f0j\ "\0\\ k0\\ i0Rj V0kj "\0\\ j0j\

`'(?8% D+*+( [0\\ "0j\ f0\\ "\0\\ f0\\ f0j\ "0j\ b0j\ i0j\

D+*%58'3 [0kj V0\\ k0Rj V0j\ R0Rj i0j\ j0Rj j0kj V0j\

69E> [0\\ "0kj i0kj f0kj "0Rj [0Rj b0Rj j0kj "0Rj

6D9 i0\\ V0\\ j0ik f0VV R0"k i0VV b0[V f0j\ R0\\

B*)C.%?+8% [0\\ R0VV R0VV b0\\ f0\\ i0VV i0ik "0VV [0ik

B*)C.%?+8% D+*+( i0\\ j0\\ j0VV f0\\ f0ik i0VV i0ik i0ik b0ik

* J.-*2'7 '*+.%?) '(&'()(%+ +C( *-('*?( *M'8)) *22 _4*2.5.(3 '()&8%3(%+) *+ * ?.-(% 4%.-(').+7: 8% * )M*2( 5'8H \ +8 "\0

K('M(.-(')


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TABLE 2

Antecedents of Rivalry: Independent Measures

Variables Description

Similarity (geographic)

,(8?'*&C.M 3.)+*%M( I'.-.%? 3.)+*%M(: .% C4%3'(3) 85 H.2(): A(+G((% +C( +(*H)Z )+*3.4H)

*) '(&8'+(3 A7 ,88?2( F*&) #C++&WddH*&)0?88?2(0M8HQ

D*H( )+*+( I4HH7 -*'.*A2( )(+ +8 " .5 +(*H) *'( 28M*+(3 .% +C( )*H( )+*+( #\ 8+C('G.)(Q

Similarity (basketball status)

>A)0 3.55('(%M( .% *22g+.H( M8%5('(%M( G.%%.%? s >A)824+( 3.55('(%M( A(+G((% +(*H)Z *22g+.H( G.%%.%? &('M(%+*?()

.% .%+'*gM8%5('(%M( &2*7

>A)0 3.55('(%M( .% *22g+.H( M8%5('(%M( +.+2() G8% >A)824+( 3.55('(%M( A(+G((% +(*H)Z %4HA(' 85 '(?42*' )(*)8%

M8%5('(%M( +.+2() #.0(0: 5.%.)C.%? .% 5.')+ &2*M( .% +C( M8%5('(%M(Q

>A)824+( 3.55('(%M( .% '(M(%+ >A)824+( 3.55('(%M( A(+G((% +(*H)Z G.%%.%? &('M(%+*?()

M8%5('(%M( G.%%.%? s .% .%+'*gM8%5('(%M( &2*7 8-(' +C( R\\Rg\V: R\\Vg\f: *%3 R\\fg\j )(*)8%)

>A)824+( 3.55('(%M( .% &'()(*)8% K'8T(M+(3 M8%5('(%M( '*%< 58' +C( R\\jg\i )(*)8%: *) -8+(3 8% A7 M8*MC() &'8T(M+(3 M8%5('(%M( '*%< *%3 H(HA(') 85 +C( %(G) H(3.* *+ (*MC M8%5('(%M(Z) H(3.* 3*7

Similarity (university characteristics)

>A)0 3.55('(%M( .% *M*3(H.M _4*2.+7 >A)824+( 3.55('(%M( A(+G((% 4%.-(').+.()Z *M*3(H.M _4*2.+7: *) H(*)4'(3 A7 *%

*??'(?*+( 85 +C'(( H(+'.M) 4)(3 .% +C( 60D0 U(G) *%3 B8'23 J(&8'+ R\\j

4%('?'*34*+( 4%.-(').+7 '*%


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TABLE 3

Antecedents of Rivalry: Descriptive Statistics and Correlationsa

Variables Mean s.d. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

"0 >-('*?( '.-*2'7 '(2*+.8%)C.& (55(M+ \0"\ "0iV

R 0 I.)+*%M( A( +G((% )+*3 .4H) f 0i f R0bi g0f [www

#.% C4%3'(3) 85 H.2()Q

V 0 L (*H) G.+C.% +C( )*H( )+*+( \ 0" \ \0V\ 0jV www g0VV www

f0 >A)824 +( 3 .55('(%M( .% M8%5( '(%M( "V0bi ""0"j g 0"Vw 0 \R 0 \"

G.%%.%? s #*22g+.H(Q

j 0 >A )824+( 3.55(' (% M( .% M 8%5('(%M( i 0i k [0\f g0\ V g0\" g0\ f 0V jwww

+.+2() G8% #*22g+.H(Q

i 0 >A)824 +( 3 .55('(%M( .% M8%5( '(%M( R"0ff "f0kR g0 "Vw g0 \" 0\f 0f[www 0 Rbwww

G.%%.%? s #&'.8' +C'(( )(*)8%)Q

k 0 >A)824 +( 3 .55('(%M( .% &'8 T(M+ (3 f 0fR R 0[f g0 "iww g 0""y g 0\R 0 V[www 0 "[www 0 fVwww

M8%5('(%M( '*%A)824+( 3.55('(%M( .% \0bf \0kb g0"jww 0""y g0\R g0"\y 0\f g0\f g0\f

*M*3(H.M _4*2.+7

b0 >A)824+( 3.55('(%M( .% (%'822H(%+ "\0ij [0R\ g0\b 0"Vw 0\V g0\" g0\j g0\" 0\V 0Riwww

#+C84)*%3) 85 )+43(%+)Q

"\0 ;8+C &4A2.M 8' &'.-*+( \0kR \0fj g0\" 0"fw g0"fw 0\\ 0\R g0\b g0\b g0Rkwww g0V"www

#34HH7 -*'.*A2(Q

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#H(*%gM(%+('(3 A7 M8%5('(%M(Q

"R0 98H&(+.+.-(%()) .%3(N Vk0[b b0fj 0"bwww g0"fw 0\b g0k"www g0fjwww g0Viwww g0Rjwww 0 \R g0\V g0\\ 0RVwww

#*22g+.H(Q

"V0 98H&(+.+.-(%()) .%3(N Rj0b\ "i0V" 0"Vw 0\f g0\R g0VRwww g0R\www g0i\www g0R\www 0\f 0\V 0\i 0\[ 0RRwww

#&'.8' +C'(( )(*)8%)Q

"f0 >-('*?( H*'?.% 85 -.M+8'7 ""0Vj f0\\ g0"Rw 0\j g0\V 0Rfwww 0\V 0Viwww 0R"www g0\k g0\R g0\" g0\[ g0Rfwww g0R"www

#&'.8' +C'(( )(*)8%)Q

*n q V"[ +(*H 37*3): (NM(&+ 58' zk: 58' GC.MC n q Rii +(*H 37*3)

y & 0"\: *22 +()+) +G8g+*.2(3

w & 0\j

ww & 0\"

www & 0\\"


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TABLE 4

Multivariate Regression Models of Average Rivalrya

Variables Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6 Model 7 Model 8 Model 9

I.)+*%M( A(+G((% )+*3.4H) g\0V[www g\0Riwww

#.% C4%3'(3) 85 H.2()Q #\0\fQ #\0\jQ

L(*H) G.+C.% +C( )*H( )+*+( R0fRwww "0bjww

#\0VVQ #\0VjQ

>A)824+( 3.55('(%M( .% g\0\jwww

M8%5('(%M( G.%%.%? s #*22g+.H(Q #\0\"Q

>A)824+( 3.55('(%M( .% g\0\[w

M8%5('(%M( +.+2() G8% #\0\VQ

>A)824+( 3.55('(%M( .% g\0\Rw

M8%5('(%M( G.%%.%? s #&'.8' V )(*)8%)Q #\0\"Q

>A)824+( 3.55('(%M( .% g\0"Rww

&'8T(M+(3 M8%5('(%M( '*%< #\0\jQ

>A)824+( 3.55('(%M( .% g\0jkww

*M*3(H.M )+*+4) #\0"[Q

>A)824+( 3.55('(%M( .% (%'822H(%+ g\0\fy

#.% +C84)*%3) 85 )+43(%+)Q #\0\RQ

;8+C &4A2.M 8' &'.-*+( \0fR

#34HH7 -*'.*A2(Q #\0fVQ

U4HA(' 85 ?*H() &2*7(3 \0\"ww

#H(*%gM(%+('(3 A7 M8%5('(%M(Q #\0\\Q

98H&(+.+.-(%()) .%3(N

#*22g+.H(Q

98H&(+.+.-(%()) .%3(N

#&'.8' +C'(( )(*)8%)Q

>-('*?( H*'?.% 85 -.M+8'7

#&'.8' +C'(( )(*)8%)Q

JR

\0i[ \0f\ \0V[ \0Vk \0fR \0Vb \0Vk \0Vi \0ib

>3T0 JR

\0j\ \0\i \0\f \0\V \0\b \0\i \0\V \0\R \0jRJ

R.%M'(*)( 5'8H 5.N(3 (55(M+) H83(2 \0VR \0\f \0\R \0\" \0\R \0\V \0\" \0\\ \0VV

>3T0 JR.%M'(*)( 5'8H 5.N(3 (55(M+) H83(2 \0f[ \0\j \0\R \0\R \0\V \0\f \0\" \0\\ \0j\

* n q V"[ +(*H 37*3): (NM(&+ 58' H83(2) j: "f: *%3 "[: 58' GC.MC n q RiV

A>22 H83(2) .%M243( 5.N(3 (55(M+) 58' +(*H)

y & 0"\: *22 +()+) +G8g+*.2(3

w & 0\j

ww & 0\"

www & 0\\"


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TABLE 4 (continued)

Multivariate Regression Models of Average Rivalrya, b

Variables Model 10 Model 11 Model 12 Model 13 Model 14 Model 15 Model 16 Model 17 Model 18

I.)+*%M( A(+G((% )+*3.4H) g\0Rkwww g\0"bww

#.% C4%3'(3) 85 H.2()Q #\0\iQ #\0\iQ

L(*H) G.+C.% +C( )*H( )+*+( "0ijwww "0\jw

#\ 0V[Q #\0fRQ

>A)824+( 3.55('(%M( .% g\0\fww g\0\Vy g\0\" g\0\\ \0\\

M8%5('(%M( G.%%.%? s #*22g+.H(Q #\0\"Q #\0\RQ #\0\RQ #\0\"Q #\0\"Q

>A)824+( 3.55('(%M( .% g\0\" \0\"

M8%5('(%M( +.+2() G8% #\0\RQ #\0\VQ

>A)824+( 3.55('(%M( .% g\0\" g\0\" \0\"

M8%5('(%M( G.%%.%? s #&'.8' V )(*)8%)Q #\0\"Q #\0\"Q #\0\"Q

>A)824+( 3.55('(%M( .% g\0\[ g\0""ww

&'8T(M+(3 M8%5('(%M( '*%< #\0\jQ #\0\fQ

>A)824+( 3.55('(%M( .% g\0"" g\0"j

*M*3(H.M )+*+4) #\0"VQ #\0"VQ

>A)824+( 3.55('(%M( .% (%'822H(%+ g\0\R g\0\Ry

#.% +C84)*%3) 85 )+43(%+)Q #\0\"Q #\0\"Q

;8+C &4A2.M 8' &'.-*+( \0\j g\0\j

#34HH7 -*'.*A2(Q #\0V\Q #\0RbQ

U4HA(' 85 ?*H() &2*7(3 \0\"w \0\"www

#H(*%gM(%+('(3 A7 M8%5('(%M(Q #\0\\Q #\0\\Q

98H&(+.+.-(%()) .%3(N \0\kwww \0\kwww \0\iwww \0\R \0\"

#*22g+.H(Q #\0\"Q #\0\"Q #\0\RQ #\0\"Q #\0\"Q

98H&(+.+.-(%()) .%3(N \0\"w \0\" \0\"y \0\Rw

#&'.8' +C'(( )(*)8%)Q #\0\"Q #\0\"Q #\0\"Q #\0\"Q

>-('*?( H*'?.% 85 -.M+8'7 g\0\iw g\0\V g\0\V

#&'.8' +C'(( )(*)8%)Q #\0\VQ #\0\RQ #\0\RQ

JR

\0fV \0Vk \0Vk \0f\ \0fV \0ff \0fV \0kV \0ki

>3T0 JR \0"R \0\V \0\V \0\i \0"\ \0"R \0"R \0ji \0i\

JR.%M'(*)( 5'8H 5.N(3 (55(M+) H83(2 \0\k \0\" \0\" \0\f \0\k \0\[ \0\k \0Vk \0Vk

>3T0 JR.%M'(*)( 5'8H 5.N(3 (55(M+) H83(2 \0"\ \0\R \0\R \0\j \0\b \0"" \0"\ \0jf \0jf

* n q V"[ +(*H 37*3): (NM(&+ 58' H83(2) j: "f: *%3 "[: 58' GC.MC n q RiV

A>22 H83(2) .%M243( 5.N(3 (55(M+) 58' +(*H)

y & 0"\: *22 +()+) +G8g+*.2(3

w & 0\j

ww & 0\"

www & 0\\"


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iV

TABLE 5

Correlations with Target Scores on Rivalrya

Variables Correlation

98%5('(%M( G.%%.%? s #*22g+.H(Q 0kVwww

98%5('(%M( +.+2() G8% #*22g+.H(Q 0jfwww

98%5('(%M( G.%%.%? s #&'.8' V )(*)8%)Q 0[Rwww

K'8T(M+(3 M8%5('(%M( '*%< g0i[www

>M*3(H.M _4*2.+7 0VVww

@%'822H(%+ 0R\y

K'.-*+( 4%.-(').+7 g0"\

*n q k" +(*H)

y & 0"\: *22 +()+) +G8g+*.2(3

w & 0\j

ww & 0\"

www & 0\\"


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if

TABLE 6

Consequences of Rivalry: Control Variables and Dependent Measures

Variables Description

Control variables

>++(%3*%M( LC( %4HA(' 85 5*%) *+ +C( ?*H(0 LC.) -*'.*A2( G*) .%M243(3 .% 8'3(' +8 M8%+'82 58' +C( .%524(%M( 85 +C( M'8G3 4&8% &2*7(' H8+.-*+.8%

*%3 *'84) *2 #m*T8%M: "bijQ: *) '.-*2'7 .) 2. 3(5(%).-( )+*+.)+.M .% GC.MC * &2*7(' .%+('M(&+) * &*)) 8'

8+C('G.)( +*


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Gavin J. Kilduff #

Documents

Psychology of Rivalry