Foundation and Experience for Digital Earth Tecnology

8/9/2019 Foundation and Experience for Digital Earth Tecnology

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Virtual Nature Systems: Creation and Applications

Valeriy KLENOV

Private

Abstract. Virtual Nature Systems (VNS) are acting computer doubles for their initialActual Nature System. Each VNS skills for evaluation dynamics of Actual Nature

Systems (ANS). River basins. River basins are objects for elaboration of corresponding

VNS. Virtual Nature Systems belong to the Open Non-Equilibrium Nature Systems

(ONES). Each VNS is set inside a multi-layer Matrix of square cells. Many separatelayers of the VNS include spatially distributed digital variables and parameters

(elevation, soil, water, snow, and others). External Climatic, tectonic, and human

influences are drivers of Virtual Systems dynamics. Complex of various virtualSystems is the Virtual Digital Earth. The first step is the Automatic Nature Systems

analysis (ANSA), which is evaluation water/mass/energy exchange between all cells of

the Matrix of square cells. The ANSA results in current state of the Earth System. It

uses Genetic Coding, which contains full current state of a system (river basins forvarious scales and nearby coastal zones and other types of systems). The VNS is

efficient tool for numerous tasks for evaluation dynamics of the ANS. The GC

determines order for estimation for next time system state under external factors. Below

is discussed creation and application for many Virtual Nature Systems on Land andCoastal Zone. Coupling of VNS for river Basins, Coastal Zones is the necessary

component for building the complex Virtual Earth, including their processes.

Index TermsVirtual Nature System, Moving Digital Earth, Automatic Systems

Analysis, Automatic Computer Mapping, Floods, Debris-flows, Validation


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Introduction

The Virtual Nature System (VNS) repeats spatial-temporal dynamics of Actual

Nature Systems. All Nature Systems belong to the Open Non-Equilibrium Nature

Systems (ONES), which emerge and live under continual influence of external

exogenous and endogenous factors. Properties of the multi-dimension ONES are

oscillations, thresholds, disasters, self-organization, systems memory, and others.

The VNS is enlivening computer double for the Actual Nature Systems (ANS).

Objects of the VNS are as follows: River Basins for any size and structure, Coastal

Zones for nearby seas, Glaciers, Deserts, Oceans, and others. Similarity of the VNS to

ANS is in the processes (water/sediment flows, soil erosion, abrasion, and others), by

the governing of exterior (Meteorological) and Interior (Tectonics) drivers

(influences, pressure, impacts). The similarity VNS and ANS is that all processes in

the VNS are acting by actual 2D spatial-temporal factors (precipitation, temperature,

tectonics, and others). The VNS and ANS has own advantages and disadvantages.

The ANS contain more factors, then VNS. The VNS is always restricted by factors

and cannot be completely adequate ANS. Advantage of the VNS is property to follow

up for evaluation any compound of external drivers (exogenous and endogenous). The

scenarios have property to evaluate dynamics of the VNS under any external

influences (including human activity). For the efficiency of scenarios, the VNS must

be acceptable double of the ANS. It is distinguished by teaching and training. Below

are discussed results for the VNS elaboration, validation, and experiences of VNS

running for a variety of nature objects and processes in the Changing Earth. The ANSand the VNS belong to the Open Non-Equilibrium Systems (ONES) [9]. Below will

be discussed following applications of the VNS: dynamics of river basins in scales

from local to sub-continental, spreading of Oil through river basin and through

Coastal zone, processes in Gulfs (beach and bottom abrasion, sedimentation, and

spreading of bottom pollution, et al.), research of response on engineering, et al).

1 Digital System Analysis

Methods for the VNS elaboration include algorithms for water/mass/energy exchange

inside the selected area and organization for the VNS structure y the automatics

Digital Systems Analysis (DSA) [5]. The purpose of the VNS is automaticevaluation of water, mass, and energy exchanges between all elements of the 2D

system. The basic element is a cell of the mother Genetic Matrix. The DSA operates

with a multi-layer Matrix of variables and parameters [3, 4, 5, 6]. Order of estimation

for interactions between the Matrix cells depends on governing processes in the ANS.

River basin looks like a tree of water streams. Therefore, the order for estimation

should use order of water flows through a river net. The order is recognized and

written in the Genetic Code (GC) of a linear structure (multilayer string) The GC


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contains all information for an order for evaluation of flows between all cells from

upstream to mouth, and contains all information for content each multi-dimension

cell. The multi-layer string uses procedure for scanning - tracing by use main layer

Elevation grid. Self-building of the GC is the automatic Digital Systems Analysis.

The following are evaluation for next step Genetic Matrix, and multilayer mapping of

an area.

In the Coastal Zone, governing drivers are pressure of wind-wave power and

direction. The algorithm uses the oblique scanning of the Matrix, across wind

direction [3, 4]. This algorithm was used for the VNS - Coastal Zone. The VNS

evaluates abrasion/sedimentation processes and transport of bottom pollutions along

bottom and coastline. Instead of the Genetic String, the Genetic Matrix keeps all

information on a systems current state. Instead of the Genetic Code was worked out

method for Genetic Matrixes (GM), which directly scans a grid. Complete direct andoblique scanning is method for the Digital System Analysis (DSA). Repeating of the

DSA, with regular input for the new 2D data turns the DSA into the Virtual Nature

System (VNS).

The GS and GM methods provide repeated estimation for water/sediment/energy

exchange and flows in most widespread nature systems. They also offer estimation of

systems mutations. Changes of systems structure are basic for the next step. They

describe evolution. Incessant external influences results in origin inside the VNS and

ANS for a variety of oscillations and thresholds. The complex systems include River

Basins and Coastal Zone. Automatic selection for them provides interaction for the

systems.

Peculiar VNS (spreading for oil spills above a and land) uses both methods.

Automatic selection provides use for single or both algorithms. For example, thecomplete VNS evaluates spreading of oil over land and water, and simultaneously

evaluates water/sediments flows. Complex VNS can operate in various media.

The VNS offers estimation for pollution spreading and flows through any area. In

this task, governing processes are loaders for any pollution spreading.

Contamination transfer corresponds with estimation for their dangerous, and

assessment for impacts on biota, fishing, and population. Other VNS (groundwater,

glaciers, and others) are foreseen and included in the VNS. The VNS Desert

requires for evaluation for wind driven particles and wind erosion.

The problem for the grid based VNS is evaluation processes in various scales,

from local to sub continental. The problem is to enlarge area and to keep acceptable

spatial resolution, and to provide high speedy regular evaluation of large areas. These

are problems to save New Orleans, Amsterdam, and other cities in mouth (delta) oflarge rivers and other cities near large rivers from disastrous floods, failure of dams.

This hard task requires quick estimation for large areas inside a single mother

Matrix. Including for a single basin into Matrix is obligatory for accurate estimation

of processes from upstream to mouth.

The task to increase an area, to keep high spatial resolution, to keep high velocity

for estimation of a large matrix is controversial. The acceptable (optimal) resolution is

size of a cell not more then 10m, for feeling geomorphologic elements of relief. For

computing of a large area with acceptable minor step, the necessity is in powerful


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computers. The mapping of a large area should be done for selected fragment of yet

computed area in view to offer computer mapping. If to remember about computer

mapping, then the DSA and VNS offer for simultaneous computer mapping for

selected layers. The VNS becomes the Moving Digital Earth (MDE) technology. The

MDE skill is evaluation disastrous processes in any part of an area even before their

direct initiation and observing. This invaluable property appears due common delay

of the ANS response on external influences. Because velocity for estimation for next

systems state exceed contemporary slow earth processes, then the MDE always

outstrips evaluation and mapping of impending disasters [5,6,7].

High resolution and high frequency of computer mapping is necessary to supply

real-time computer monitoring of an area by use remote sensing data. The remote

monitoring for any area, direct reforming of observed data to mapping of processes

does not require for use of the data storage by the GIS, because of the VNS offersfunctions of GIS.

The regular (each time step) or/and on demand mapping for assigned/changed

layer includes fast reforming of grid to contours (with assigned steps). Corresponding

graphs provide analysis of trends and oscillations. Current grids of changing levels

repair for each step, what decrease necessity for data storage.

2 Virtual Nature Systems:Validation

The strong VNS validation requires for independently observed data for actual area to

compare with computed data. For example, validation of water discharge and floods

requires observed records, provided by land gauges. These data exist only for twocase studies: basin for Moscow River upstream, and mountainous basin in Caucasus,

near Elbrus Mount. In the first case compared are computed (by measured data on

precipitation and air temperature), and observed record of water discharge on

Moscow River (one gauge).

Figure 1. The VNS validation for the Moscow River by statistic R2 criteria (up) and by

flood peak value missing (down).

The VNS reforms observed (with a daily step) external meteorology data to 2D

water discharge. Comparison by statistic criteria (Figure 1) by a single gauge post

shows satisfactory results for discharge and floods estimation.


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In the Caucasian basin, several debris flows for about 20 years, coincided by

dates with independently observed events (Figure 2). This experience is a foundation

for consistency for two VNS (plain and mountainous basins). The outlet is that for

more events for validation are required.

In other VNS (small basins and large Rhine basin), accurate validation was

impossible due deficiency or no accessibility of data on high-resolution elevation,

meteorology, and hydrology. The data fill up a Matrix of square cells. Size of a cell

determines feeling of details. All numerical values (elevation, pollution, and all

others) present a whole cell.

Satisfactory validation of Virtual System exceeds properties of the Actual System

in direct observing for systems Geodynamics as by actual data, so by generation for a

variety of scenarios (for Engineering, for Land use, Soil Erosion, Disasters, and many

others). For the two validated basins were computed many scenarios for floodmitigation by dam building, including dam overfilling and following destroy. The

validation for the VNS is primary task.

Figure 2. Successful validation for debris-flows was estimated by the VNS. The

1965-1966 years were used for the VNS calibration, and 1967-1983- for validation.

For the purpose for efficient imply the Moving Digital Earth technology (in real

time input of data), the VNS must be installed multiply for systems of various scale

and complexity. Firstly, the MDE is necessary to calibrate in several local and

regional scale basins, by former hydrology-meteorology records and sources of

remote sensing 2D data. Usual lack of the required data may be temporary avoided by

use single gauges for reforming of the data over grids with a high resolution, as it was

done on below discussed samples with satisfactory results. The teaching is

optimization of parameters so to avoid false alarms and missing of actual events [5].Without MDE verification, it distribution may be dangerous for people. Major

conditions for the MDE efficiency are its providing by regular 2D data, continual

correction for distributed parameters.

In the ONES peculiarity is that VNS continually self-educated and becomes an

information system for itself. It is due property of the VNS to remember all own Past,

including the history of external influences. Regret, that to to read the history is

extremely hard [9] due the non-completeness of existing VNS (current and principal)

and due weakness of computers for this task.


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The VNS includes high-resolution information about reasons exterior

(precipitation, air temperature, and others) and interior Geodynamics (spatial

deforming in a core and in upper mantle, etc.). The MDE becomes continually

working Time Machine for evaluation the nearest Past and the nearest Future, and

their view by high-resolution computer mapping (automatic). Evaluation for the

further Future depends on external influences for the interval of prediction, which

may be, or may not be.

3 Virtual Nature Systems: Applications

During the long time were worked out and experienced many Virtual Nature

Systems (VNS) for initial Actual Nature Systems (ANS). The VNS family evaluatesprocesses in various environments (land, groundwater, coastal zone, sea, glaciers,

deserts, and others). Usually the goal is a River Basin, but then VNS included any

compound of river basins and a Coastal Zone for nearby sea/reservoir. Compound

VNS evaluates interactions VNS between nature systems with other processes (for

example, between land and sea).

Experience on the elaboration of VNS for concrete area uses Geography,

Geology, and Geomorphology experience. The researcher extracts major processes to

be included in the VNS, and takes in mind non-restricted quantity of insufficient

factors. The main effect was in that river basin delay on external powers exists both

by in the VNS and ANS (Figures 3-4).

In spite that 2D spatial-temporal meteorology records are in deficiency, results

for evaluation of hazards by single gauges are more then satisfactory. In the mostdeficiency are 2D data on earth surface both plicative and disjunctive deforming

(current and recorded). This is the major blank of data for any ANS and for VNS. It is

a one of major components of the environment. Simple scenarios for use artificial

data on current tectonics resulted in high sensitivity of this factor to erosion/

sedimentation processes in river basins.

The requirement for fast evaluation for the next time step is to supply more time

before input of next step data. The scenarios included local and common impacts of

storms, of earthquakes, and on simultaneous earthquakes and storms (Figure 4). The

basins response was from several hours to several days (for a large river). Delay of

the on impacts varies from a week (the Rhine basin) to 1-30 minutes (for debris flows

in a local scale basin).

The method is applying for presentation of processes and current ANS states by

continual/regular automatic mapping of an area. Any area is shown in contours with a

high spatial resolution.

This mapping in contours is provided by fast raster-vector reforming for convenience

of analysis. Changes for maps corresponds changes in actual system and describes

dynamics of a system. The VNS provides changing of counters, and even offer

appearance, changing, and defeat of spatial objects. Contours of Snow area intercept

contours of elevation (et. al.) and demonstrate compound response of the Nature

Systems on external pressure and impacts. It is filling up of reservoirs with mapping


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water depth in contours, and for other processes (Evaporation, Rainfalls, Infiltration,

Withdrawing, et. al.).

1. Multi-Purpose VNS RIDEC for large River Basin, Delta, and Coastal Zone).

Figure 3 - 4. Simultaneous evaluation and separate mapping of the Rhine Basin (layers for

erosion/sedimentation and river nets (including water depth and velocity): P observed

Precipitation, T observed Air temperature, P Precipitation (over a land)/ Wind Power&

Direction (over the Sea (right), D estimated water depth/thickness


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2. The VNS for outstripping monitoring of hazardous processes in mountains.

Figure 5. Delay for debris flow on external impact. On the left marked

track for debris flow for current time step: Grid resolution 100 m...

Figure 6. Activation for water and debris flows by complex impact

of simultaneous earthquake and storm (with 10 m resolution)

The multi-layer Matrix of variables and parameters make possible for following not

only spatial, but of single objects (in special layers), what was implied for transport

nets, building, and others, in separate layers.

The VNS applies regular computer mapping of an area and remember tracks of

debris flows. It is direct additive mapping of danger. In time, the mapping of treats

becomes more representatives (Klenov (7, 10)). Colored or grey tracks indicate their


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power in gradation of streams velocity. This is direct assessment of danger for

people, building, and infrastructure.

3. The VNS for engineering of building area in small basins.

Figure 7 - 10. Scenarios for Soil proof during building and soil erosion downstream (up);response of groundwater processes (down) on reservoir building and water withdrawing.

For the VNS-Rhine Basin were evaluated scenarios for dragging, for independent

and separate sea level raising and flooding in a basin, land use scenarios, and even

small tectonic deformations of the large basin. External exogenous (storms) and

endogenous (earthquakes) are both provoke hazardous flow by several mechanisms

(increasing of flows, lowering or destroy for soil/rock resistance. Insurance for

hazardous flows changes during a time by, in dependence regime, power, and trends

of external impacts.


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4. The VNS Terrain-Oil for urgent response on Oil pipelines disasters)

Figures 11- 12. The VNS Terrrain-Oil is application for Oil disasters engineering (up)

.The Urgent Dam on left branch of Oil flow is resourceful; carrier on left branch is overfilled

by oil (10m resolution).

The next (education) case study was evaluation for several overlapping

processes in an area (Figures 11-12): water flows, oil flows with water streams, oil

flows over land in oil pipeline accident, erosion, water infiltration to aquifer, and

others. Moreover, were calculated scenarios for responses (soils losses, dam building,

and carrier excavation) after accident was happened.

The complex of necessary data must be set up in the VNS [4, 5, 6]. In most cases,

data on groundwater surface are in deficiency. Groundwater basin does not coincide

with a surface basin. One case study is a small basin with projected building area,

which has some 2D data on aquifer and water table. This area (Figures 7-8) was

projected for building (on watershed). It requires making optimal engineering for

minimize erosion on slopes, what were proposed to customers, among other

conclusions.

In the actual Project were computed several scenarios for the VNS response on

proposed human influence: a) maintain initial state of soils, b) soil protection in


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building area. The first scenario is to do nothing with soils. Second scenario

(protection of soil in building area) resulted in hazardous erosion downstream. The

third Scenario (active destroy of soils) results in local strong erosion/sedimentation in

a building area, but in lowering of erosion downstream. Building for reservoirs on

slopes may cause landslide because of upraise of groundwater.

4 Virtual Nature System estimates pollution spreading inCoastal Zone.

Figures 13-14.The VNS Coastal Zone is for evaluation for Coastal Zone

morphodynamics (up) by influence of winds and currents (up), and for spreading(simultaneously) of wastes (down) by pressure of .winds and currents.

Environmental processes include sediments, pollutions, snow, water, and others,

under their external drivers (precipitation, temperature, wind, and others. These are

conditions for most environmental processes. The non-equilibrium system

automatically changes velocities of processes over an area. The age of sediments is

also mixed. Delay of nature systems response on external influence varies in time and

space, and corresponds with distance to vulnerable site(s).


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5 Conclusions

Objects of the explore are Natural Systems (basins, sea, rivers, et. al.) and their

common and disastrous processes (water flows, floods, debris flows, and lot of

others). Nature systems change under external drivers and by own drivers (energy of

water flows). Their non-linear geodynamics are described by the GeoInformatics of

nature systems and processes (in 3D coordinates and in time, and for selected layers).

Tools for GI are Virtual Nature Systems (VNS), and the technology of the Moving

(Changing) Digital Earth (MDE). They spread, evolve, and change their forms,

boundaries, topology, and others. Natural systems are background for humans life

and activity (building, bridges, roads, and so on) properties. These systems and

objects usually do not change independently, but even by humans influences, and

VNS - MDE evaluate and mapping the Geodynamics of actual systems.

Virtual Systems are in principle non-comprehensive; because of they never take

into account all factors of Actual Systems Geodynamics. The exactness on of the

VNS is proved by satisfactory validation even by use only one-two records of data

over an area. It provides satisfactory level for at last one-step estimation the future by

the VNS-MDE. The duration for the view of the Future by enliven mapping

depends on external future influences on the ANS inside a time of prediction. Strong

Past influences makes available to evaluate the Future of an Actual system for a more

time steps (floods in large rivers).

However, during the destination time from upstream to vulnerable cities

downstream is under influence of a weather which enables to enlarge floods in deltadue strong rains. Otherwise, droughts for this time (weeks) and high air temperature

in basins of tributaries results in strong evaporation and decreasing of floods. This

effect was received by scenarios, and it explains indeterminism and non-predictability

of the future for a long time ahead. Scenarios of smooth tectonic deforming of a basin

lead to essential change for pattern of erosion/sedimentation. It is because large rivers

are strongly sensitive even to small deforming of riverbed incline. Complexity for

spatial-temporal pattern of external influences make a task for evaluation of river

basin non-reliable for calculation, However, it is not a problem for the VNS to

calculate processes on contemporary small time ahead with satisfactory exactness.

The property of the VNS and the ANS is automatic evaluation and regulation of

flow velocity from zero (in reservoirs) to disastrous (in debris flows). The advantage

of the VNS over the Actual Systems is in their ability to estimate future processeswith acceptable exactness. It is vital for recognition for non-expected surprises in

engineering, land-use, human impacts, and many others activities. It makes possible

even automatic decisions and response by the MDE. Belonging of Natural Systems

and their computer virtual doubles to the Open Non-Equilibrium systems provide

properties of their memory. The ONES remembers all own Past, and all history of

external influences. However, this memory is hidden from a view and is used by the

Systems for own behavior. One way to extract this memory seems in systematic


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moving ahead to the Past, and turn back in the Future for regular compare for

estimated and actual Past [9]. Evaluation the Future requires validation by records,

and systematic compare of evaluated and actual Future (by wait a little) and by

continual improving of the VNS-MDE technology. This is extreme task, especially in

the large Matrix.

Due the ONES properties, to view the Future is non-symmetry to view the Past.

For the first aim is necessary knowledge of older reasons (knowledge for spatial-

temporal processes mechanics for storms and earthquakes). The Information Loss

Law [9] explains mechanics for destroy protocols of the Past (sediments of any kind)

by own dynamics of Nature Systems. Otherwise, the necessary information (records)

is distributed (dissipated) through complete multi-dimension Nature system.

GeoInformatics of Nature Systems GeoDynamics has primary condition for

safety Past, and task for restoration the Past by step-by-step moving back along thephase trajectory [8]. The opposite task for evaluation the Future needs observing in

earliest Time drivers (deforming of the Mantle surface and of Earth Crust, moving of

tectonic blocks, et al.) for evaluation of future earthquakes, atmospheric processes for

more time, and for following estimation of response of the Earth surface. Knowledge

for generation, moving and mapping of cyclones should offer mapping of

meteorological factors. Both tasks now seem as fantastic, but it may enlarge time

delay between pressure and response, and increasing time to view the Future.

Properties of water-sediment-energy exchange and flows are generation of

oscillations, thresholds, self-organization for spatial-temporal structures (river net,

river basins, and others), due belonging to the ONES [9, 12]. The MDE continually

evaluate impending environmental processes in the Actual Systems. The VNS

demonstrates possessions for evaluation the nearest future of an area (inside durationof records). Therefore, the VNS seems be useful in small basins, which are less

sensitive to local influences. The VNS is necessary for multiple scenarios of

management of nature systems by controversial conditions.

Figure 16. Continual acting of the non-linear Information Loss to the Past, and under

indeterminism of the Future external influences.

The strongly expected property to view computer map in the Future appears

with non-predicable future external impacts. It is because future events with a small


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destination time deform the view ahead. However, even continual view Tomorrow

due response on external power is useful for population safety by outstripping

response on impending threats. (their place, time, and power)

Property of Open Non-Equilibrium Systems to delay own response on outer

influences offers that at last the nearest Future is written in the Past (in sediments

and in multi-dimension phase trajectory). The Past may is possible to extract from a

nature system by corresponding Virtual Nature System.It is answer of the VNS-MDE

on three main questions of tomorrow disaster: this Time, Place, and Power. In all

above cases (projects) were used likeness theVNS.

Peculiarity of properties to evaluate gradually Past and Future of the ONES, is

due acting of processes on a surface of corresponding layers in the VNS (Figure 14).

Only a short time between the Past and the Future does not essentially distort natural

records. Fortunately, it provides continual and satisfactory evaluation, withcorresponding automatic mapping for impending Future of the area.

The whole Earth System and it acting Double Digital Earth is joining of various

types of separate systems on Land and Sea/Ocean. It requires creation for Virtual

systems for governing processes in various media: Land, Atmosphere, Sea, Ocean,

and others by specialists on Geology, Hydrology, Geomorphology, Geotectonic, and

other sciences.

Local Virtual Systems cover continents, and a global belt of the Coastal Zone.

The creation of Virtual Digital Earth needs regular observation of processes over the

World, data transfer to powerful computers, and running the Moving Digital Earth,

with corresponding visualization by regular mapping. Regular mapping for complex

processes needs global remote and earth observation, what is enormous task too.

Automatic recognition of threats makes available automatic response of impendingdisasters. Property for estimation the far Future stays in strong dependence on

research of external/internal processes.

Virtual Nature System is portrait computer complex, which is acting double of

the initial Nature System. Dynamics and evolution of both Systems are directed by

continual spatial-temporal influence of external exogenous and endogenous

influences (factors) and of own properties of Nature System (actual and virtual).

Dynamics of Virtual systems is driver by influence of tectonic deforms of the Earth

and for complex of exogenous processes (water, sediments, and energy flows and

exchange over an area. This area is covered by river basins with large variety of

scales, and plane structure of river nets inside. During the time river basins become a

pattern, covering continents. Other nature systems (glaciers, deserts, lakes, and other)

has own complex of natural (environmental processes), separate or overlapping.

Processes in coastal zones are driven by wing wave energy, sediment flows, by

earthquakes and tectonic distorts of the bottom. Processes in open seas/oceans are

driven by sun radiation, winds, and currents in a complex water body. Oceans and

seas do not discussed here.

Nature systems and their interaction are strongly variable and are problems for

research. However, on the erosion/sedimentation processes by influence of external

factors form structure of river basins. River basins are basic units for Earth. These

multi-scale units reflect influences and interacton for exogenous and endogenous


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factors (object of the Geomorphology). They organized by pattern of meteorology and

geophysics structures.

The methods for research of Earth Systems units river basins direct use for the

Matrix (with acceptable resolution), direct Raster method for numerical analysis.

Raster method offers regular calculation. Fast reforming of raster grid to vector (with

fixed step) is effective for visualization of processes. High resolution of grid provides

high resolution of processes, but requires adequate system of global observation. It

makes a problem for building and execution of virtual acting globe.

Virtual Nature Systems (VNS) repeat spatial-temporal dynamics of Actual

Nature Systems, by use actual data. Possessions of the VNS are widely then of the

ANS, because they build own dynamics by use the same or other external data. This

is convenient advantage of the VNS, which provides skills for engineering the Nature.

It is dangerous skill, because of unknown properties of the ANS result in that otherways (phase trajectory) of evolution will never coincide with actual one. This threat

must be minimized by continual examination and comparison of actual and virtual

evolution. It is reality for virtual systems application.

References

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4. Klenov, V.I. 1996. Environment simulation models. HYDROINFORMATICS96, Zurich,Switzerland. p. 843-844, Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands.

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Foundation and Experience for Digital Earth Tecnology