FIRE & EARTHQUAKE EVACUATION DRILL

Comparative Statistics

20082009No. of Fire Incidents139121No. of Fatalities3 civilians1 civilianNo. of Injuries6 civilian3 civilianEstimated Damages51, 842,100.0050,111,050.00

FIRE HAZARDS

Fire Hazard Any condition or act which increases or may cause an increase in the probability of the occurrence of fire, or which may obstruct, delay, hinder or interfere with the fire fighting operations and the safeguarding of life and property.

IDENTIFICATION OF FIRE HAZARDS

Sources of HeatFuelPeople actionEquipment failuresFire protective devicesFire safety constructions

KINDS OF HAZARDSSPECIAL HAZARDS- that arises from the processes or operations.COMMON HAZARDS- probable frequency of the hazard being found Personal hazard- the most serious of all common hazards.

FUEL SUPPLY HAZARDSHEAT SOURCE HAZARDSChemical heat energy-heat of combustion, heat of decomposition, spontaneous heating, and heat solution.Mechanical heat energy- friction heat and heat of compression.Nuclear heat energy- heat created by fission and not common.

Electrical heat energy- resistance heating, di-electric heating, leakage current heating, heat from arcing, heat from static electricity.

BASIC CHEMISTRY OF FIRE

WHAT IS FIRE? it is the result of a rapidcombustion reaction.

B. THREE ELEMENTS OF FIRE

FUEL any combustiblematerial, solid, liquid or gas;most solids or liquids becomevapor or gas before they willburn.

2. OXYGEN (oxidizing agent) arethose materials that yield oxygen orother oxidizing gases during thecourse of a chemical reaction.Oxidizers are not themselves combustible, but they supportcombustion when combined with afuel.

3. HEAT is the energy componentof the fire tetrahedron. When heatcomes into contact with a fuel, theenergy supports the combustionreaction.

CHEMICAL REACTION a series ofreactions that occur in sequence with theresult of each individual reaction beingadded to the rest.

FIRE TRIANGLE or TETRAHEDRON THEORYOxidizing AgentChemical Chain Reaction

TemperatureReducing Agent

If any of these is removed, a fire cannot exist.

FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT THEORYa.) Reducing its Temperatureb.) Removal of available Fuelc.) Exclusion of Oxygend.) Inhibition of Self-Sustained Chemical Chain Reaction.

PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERSIt is a handy first aid firefighting equipment.

METHOD OF OPERATION OF FIREEXTINGUISHERS

Cartridge typeStored pressure typeSelf Expellant

TWO METHODS OF LABELING FIRE EXTINGUISHERSUses specifically colored geometric shapes with the class letter shown within the shape.

Uses a picture that is designed to make the selection of fire extinguishers more effective and safe to use.

LIMITATIONS OF PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

It is usually a first aid method for extinguishing fire.

They are designed and rated with certain types and sizes of fires in mind.

CLASSES OF FIRE AND ITS EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

CLASS A

Fires involving ordinary combustibles such as: wood, paper, cloth, plastics and rubber.It can be extinguished with water, water-based agents or foam, and multi-purpose dry chemicals.Water is usually used by the fire dept.

CLASS B

Fires involving flammable and combustible liquids, gases and greases such as: gasoline, oils, alcohol, propane and cooking oils.

Common extinguishing agents are carbon dioxide (CO2), regular and multi-purpose dry chemical and foam.

CLASS CFires involving energized electrical equipment, which eliminates the use of water-based agents to put them out.

The recommended method of fighting these fires is to turn-off or disconnect electrical power and then use an appropriate extinguisher depending on the remaining fuel source.

Extinguishing agents includes carbon dioxide (CO2), regular and multi-purpose dry chemical.

CLASS D

Fires involving combustible metals and alloys such as: magnesium, sodium, lithium, and potassium.

Great case must be used when attempting to extinguish in these types of fuels.

Extinguishing agents for this class of fire are called dry powders and should not be confused with dry chemical.

CLASS K

Is a new classification of fire as of 1998 and involves fires in combustible cooking fuels such as vegetable or animal oils and fats.

Its fuels are similar to Class B fuels but involves high temperature cooking oils and therefore have special characteristics.

Class K agents are usually wet chemicals.

CLASS E

Fires involving high voltage electrical installation and bulk LPG.

This class of fire needs special fire fighting operation by trained personnel.

Just remember the word PASS in operating a fire extinguishers.

Pull the pin (then test for pressure).Aim the nozzle.Squeeze the operating lever.Sweep it to the base of the firePORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER OPERATION

WHAT TO DO IN CASE OF FIRE1.If you detect smoke or evidenceof fire see if it is still possible for youto extinguish it.2. Call the fire department.3. Close transoms and doors atonce.4. Shut off main switches ofelectrical current if fire is electrical innature.5.Take time to plan your exit. Do notpanic. In going out from a room, feelthe door first before opening.

6. If the hallway appears safe, usethe planned exit.7. If the hallway is not safe, plug upany openings, cracks or holes in theroom through which smoke mayenter by using wet towels, blanketsor sheets of cloth.8. Open the window slightly and staynear it. Be clam, avoid hysteria anddo not panic. 9. In the event that you are able torush out of the building with yourcloths on fire, smother the flamewith a wet blanket or sheet. If none,roll over the ground.

10. As soon as responding firefightersarrive at the scene, give them wayand help clear the area so that theycan operate orderly.

HOW TO STAY SAFE AND GET OUT OFA BURNING BUILDING

1. Always be prepared for fire

2. Take no chances of entering aburning building to save property.

3. It is always dangerous to remainin a burning building. 4. If caught in a fire inside abuilding and there is a mad rush ofpeople in panic for the main exit,keep out of the crowd and attemptto find some other means of escape. 5. If forced to remain further insmoked filled building, Stay close tothe floor therefore by crawlingtowards the exit. 6. If burned in a fire, report formedical treatment at once. Manyburns or smoke inhalations that atfirst seem not serious, but later onhave a fatal results.

1. Qualified electricians shouldregularly check all electrical wiringinstallations.2. All electrical appliances should beunplugged and turn off all the lightsbefore leaving offices or rooms.3. All trashcans should be emptiedbefore the close of school hours.4. Flammable liquids andcombustible materials should not bestored inside offices.

FIRE PREVENTION MEASURES INGOVERNMENT/PRIVATE ESTABLISHMENTS

5. Floor wax, oily or waxed ragsshould be kept inside noncombustible containers with cover.6. All waste materials, rubbish orscrap should be discharged fromschool/office premises.7. Have a fire extinguisher withinreach at all times.8. A fire/disaster brigade should beorganized and conduct regularevacuation drill.

FIRE SAFETY CREEDOIt takes one minute to write a Safety Rule;It takes one hour to hold a Safety meeting;It takes one week to plan a Safety program;It takes one day to inspect a workplace;It takes one month to put into practice;It takes one year to win a Safety award;It takes a lifetime to make a Safety worker;It takes only a second to destroy all in one FIRE

LAYERS OF THE EARTHLithosphereAsthenosphere

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Layers of the EarthLithosphere is the outermost layer of the earth's crust. The lithosphere is about 40 - 250 miles deep or 60 - 400 kilometers deep.

The asthenosphere is white hot and can be deformed. The asthenosphere is not liquid but there is a small amount of melted rock there. The asthenosphere is more solid than liquid. The asthenosphere is about 400 - 700 kilometers deep or 250 - 435 miles thick.

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EARTHQUAKEWhat is Earthquake?

Feeble shaking to violenttrembling of the groundproduced by the sudden displacement of rocks or rock materials below the earthssurface.

TYPES OF EARTHQUAKETECTONIC EARTHQUAKESudden displacements alongfaults fissures in the solid andrigid layer of the earth.

VOLCANIC EARTHQUAKEInduced by rising lava ormagma beneath activeVOLCANOES

Earthquake prone areas

Along tectonic plate marginsAlong active faults

.

Can Earthquakes Be Predicted?When exactly a strong earthquakewould occur cannot be predicted atpresentWhere earthquakes would begenerated can be determinedMaximum Size (magnitude) of anearthquake that can be generatedby a fault can be estimatedEffect of an earthquake can beassessed and evaluated.

Damaging effect of an earthquakecan be prevented or minimizedMEASURES OF EARTHQUAKE STRENGTH

MagnitudeA measure of the total energyreleased at the earthquakes pointof origin (below earths surface)based on information derived from aseismograph (Reported in Arabicnumerals ex. 6.3, 7.5)

The M7.6 30 September 2009 Sumatra Earthquake

Intensity

Perceived strength of anearthquake based on relative effectto people and structures (on theearths surface); generally highernear the epicenter (Reported asRoman numerals ex. VII, X)

EARTHQUAKE HAZARDSGround Shaking Collapse of BuildingLiquefactionLandslideGround RuptureTsunamiFire

HOW TO REDUCE EARTHQUAKE LOSSESThe occurrence of earthquakescannot be prevented. Therefore,the only way to prevent disasterscaused by earthquakes is toanticipate and prepare theoccurrence of earthquakes.

WAYS TO DO BEFORE EARTHQUAKE

Evaluate the structural soundnessof the buildings and places whereinyou frequently stay.

Prepare your place of residence forthe event.

Strap heavy furniture to restrictsliding or toppling duringearthquakes.

Familiarize yourself with yourplace of work.

Do not use the elevators duringand after an earthquake.

Prepare a stock of potable water, flashlight, radio and batteries, spare clothes and somefood packed and ready to takewith you in case an earthquakeforces you to evacuate yourplace.

WHAT TO DO DURING THE EARTHQUAKE

If you are indoors, stay there. The best thing to do isto protect your body fromfalling debris by getting undera sturdy table or desk or by bracing yourself in the doorway or corner of the room.

If you are outside, moveto an open area away frompower lines, posts, trees, walls and the like.

If the earthquake occurswhile you are out in thefields or forests, stay clear from steep escarpments which may be affected by landslides.

When driving a vehicleduring earthquake, pull to theside of the road and stop. Donot attempt to cross bridges oroverpasses which may havebeen damaged by earthquake.

In crowded places like stores,theatres, malls and churches, donot rush to the exit! Try to calmthe crowd and direct them awayfrom materials which may fall.

If you are residing in a coastalarea, always be aware oftsunamis. Immediately run to thesafe and higher area.

WHAT TO DO IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE Check yourself and others forinjuries Wear shoes and protection. Use flashlight when searching. Check for fires and if any, haveit controlled! Check your water, electrical, orgas lines for defects. Clean up spills immediately.

Never touch fallen electricalwirings or objects touched bythese wires.Do not use the telephoneexcept for emergency calls.Gather information frombattery operated radios or fromvictim assistance centers whichthe government shall provide for the purpose. Do not use your vehicle unlessthere is an emergency.

Be prepared for aftershocks. Obey public safetyprecautions.If you must evacuate, leavea message on where you areheaded and take with you adisaster kit.

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