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FIRE DETECTION &
PROTECTION SYSTEMS
Engr. ZAFAR AHMEDSuperintending Engineer
PWD E/M P&D CircleDhaka.
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How Does a Fire Work?
Need all threecomponents to start afire
Fire extinguishersremove one or more of
the components
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Fire Tetrahedron
Basic components ofa fire are:
fuel
source of ignition
oxygen
process of
combustionCommonly referred
to as the "firetetrahedron"
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Types of Fires
Class A - fires occur in ordinarymaterials, such as wood, paper, cloth,carpets, and rubbish.
Class B - fires occur in the vapor-air
mixture over the surface of flammableliquids, such as gasoline, oil, grease,paints, and thinners.
Class C - fires occur in or nearenergized electrical equipment
Class D - fires occur in combustiblemetals such as magnesium, titanium,zirconium, lithium, potassium, andsodium.
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Extinguisher Classification
Class A ordinary combustibles (wood,cloth, paper)
Class B flammable liquids, gases,greases
Class C energized electrical equipment
Class D combustible metals
Letter classification given an extinguisher to designate the class or
classes of fire on which it will be effective.
A B CD
Ordinary
Combustibles
Combustible
Metals
Flammable
Liquids
Electrical
Equipment
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Fire/Life SafetyFire Protection
Class A Fires: Ordinary combustiblessuch as wood and paper.
Class B Fires: Flammable and combustibleliquids and gases.
Class C Fires: Energized electricalequipment.
Class D Fires: Combustible metals.Class K Fires: Cooking Oils and Fats.
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COMPARISION OF FIRE CLASSES
AMERICAN EUROPEAN AUSTRALIAN/
ASIAN
FUEL/HEAT
SOURCES
CLASS A CLASS A CLASS A ORDINARYCOMBUSTIBLES
CLASS B CLASS B CLASS B FLAMMABLELIQUIDS
CLASS C CLASS C FLAMMABLELIQUIDS
CLASS C Unclassified CLASS E ELECTRICAL
EQUIPMENTSCLASS D CLASS D CLASS D COMBUSTIBLEMA
TERIALS
CLASS K CLASS F CLASS F COOKING OILOR FAT
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DETECTION AND SUPPRESSION HARDWARE
Fire Alarm Control Panels, Digital / Analogue Addresable Panels
Ionisation Smoke Detectors Duct Mounting Kits
Rate of Heat Rise Detectors Analogue Fire Sensors
Optical Smoke Detectors Callpoints
Combustable Gas Detectors Alarm Bells
Sirens and Strobes Gas Extiguishant Systems
Even the best fire-fighting agent is ineffective without the right detection package. FM-200 fast agent discharge, combined with early fire detection, provides maximum assetprotection and limits the production of combustion and decomposition products.
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Fire Extinguisher
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Different Kinds of Extinguishers
The 4 most common fire extinguishers:
All Purpose Water
Carbon Dioxide
Multi-Purpose Dry Chemical
Dry Powder
Each kind of extinguisher has a specificuse
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Extinguishing Agents
Class ARespond best to water or water type
which lower the fuel below its ignition
point.Class BRespond to Carbon Dioxide, Halogenated
Hydrocarbons (Halons), and dry
chemicals, all of which displace theOxygen supply making combustionimpossible.
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Extinguishing Agents
Class C
Respond best to Carbon Dioxide which
displaces the Oxygen.Must have a non-metallic horn to prevent
static electricity and transmission of
electricity to operator from the fire.
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Extinguishing Agents
Class C cont.Halons or dry chemicals may be used but
the disadvantage it the powder
contamination which can lead to furtherdamage of electrical components.
Class DResponds best to dry powder which
prevents oxidation and and the resultingflame.
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Fire Extinguishing Agents
Agents work by two methods
Displacing the oxygen
Chemically combining with oxygen to prevent
combustionAgents commonly used
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Freon (chlorinated hydrocarbon)
Halon 1301 (monobromotrifluoromethane CF3Br)
Nitrogen (N2)
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Fire Extinguishing Agents
CO2 is usually limited to to older,
reciprocating engine powered aircraft.
Freon is used in modern aircraft.Halon 1301 is used in modern aircraft.
N2 is typically used primarily in current
systems as a propellant for the other
chemicals.
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Fire Extinguishing Agents
Liquid Freon and Halon 1301 are stored under pressure
in liquid form but when released are in gaseous form.
When released the gas can cause frostbite due to
extreme low temperatures during evaporation.
Dry chemical extinguishers are not used because of the
damage caused by toxic and corrosive chemicals.
Some gaseous agents may be considered toxic
because of the rapid displacement of Oxygen when
used.
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Identification of Fire Extinguishers
Class A
Triangle containing the letter A
GreenClass B
Square containing the letter B
Red
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Identification of Fire Extinguishers
Class C
Circle containing the letter C
BlueClass D
Five point star containing the letter
DYellow
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Volume of the room or area
Cause/ Nature of the fire
Contents of area (Flammable objects or materials)
The number of occupants of area
Some agents like Halon 1301 (banned in Montreal Protocol) are toxic
to humans, have adverse effects on the Ozone layer and leave residuesthat are damaging to equipment and machinery. Also, conformity withinternational safety standards like the Montreal Protocol, NFPA 2001and ISO 14520 have to be made, and taken into consideration beforean appropriate agent can be chosen.
Extinguishing Agents are the gases used to put out fires. Specific agents will be required forspecific hazards, and in order for it to be completely effective extinguishing agent must-cause minimal or no damage to any equipment within the hazard area
not have any ill effects on personnelput out the fire in a minimal amount of time (10 seconds)The extinguishing agent depending on the following variables:
EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
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All Purpose Water
Use on CLASS A
fires
Pressurized water
Pressure gauge
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Carbon Dioxide(CO2)
Use on CLASS Band
CLASS C fires
Hard, plastic nozzle
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Dry Chemical ExtinguishingSystems
Use the same types of finelypowdered agents as dry chemicalfire extinguishers
Agent kept in self-pressurized tanksor in tanks with an external
cartridge of carbon dioxide ornitrogen that provides pressurewhen the system is activated.
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Multi-Purpose Dry Chemical
Use on CLASS A,CLASS B, andCLASS C fires
Fine powder underpressure
Pressure gauge
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Maintaining Portable Fire Extinguishers
Must maintain in a fully charged andoperable condition
Must keep in their designated placesat all times except during use
Must conduct an annual maintenancecheck
Must record the annual maintenance
date and retain this record for oneyear after the last entry or the life ofthe shell, whichever is less
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PortableFire Extinguishers
Extinguishers shall be distributed so that
maximum travel distances apply:
Class A 75 feet
Class B 50 feet
Class C Based on appropriate patternClass D 75 feet
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Emergency Procedures
Building Evacuation
Proceed to nearest exit in an orderly fashion
Assemble at least 100 feet from building
Provide emergency crews with informationabout people still in the building
Provide information to emergency crews about
the reason for evacuation Neverre-enter a building until instructed to by
the police department, fire department.
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Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Extinguishing Systems
Designed toprotect a single
room or a series ofrooms
Should beconnected to the
buildings firealarm system
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Several fire extinguishing cylinders work as extinguisher tank under pressure
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FM 200 CYLINDERS
DETECTORS/SENSORS
FIRE CONTROLPANEL
DISCHARGE NOZZLES
BASIC FM 200 INSTALLATION
ELECTRICAL PIPEWORK
FM 200 GAS PIPEWORK
LEGEND
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A TYPICAL FIRE DETECTION SYSTEM
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Introduction
Fire protection systems have fairlystandardized design requirementsacross North America.
Most areas follow the applicable NFPAstandards.
Local fire prevention and building codes
may require different types of systemsfor different buildings. In BangladeshBNBC is followed.
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Fire Alarm and DetectionSystems (1 of 2)
A fire detection system recognizeswhen a fire is occurring and
activates the fire alarm system.
Alerts occupants
May alert the fire department
May automatically activate firesuppression systems
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Fire Alarm and DetectionSystems (2 of 2)
Fire alarm and detection systemscan be very simple or very complex.
These systems generally have the samebasic components.
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Fire alarm system control panel
A simple control Panel
An integrated control panel
Control Panel
With auto dialer
Control Panel
With Suppression
System
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Conventional panels have been around ever since
electronics became small enough to make them viable.
They are no longer used frequently in large buildings, but
are still used on smaller sites such as small schools, stores,
restaurants, and apartments.
A conventional system employs one or more initiating
circuits, connected to sensors (initiating devices) wired in
parallel. These sensors are devised to decrease the circuits
resistance when the environmental influence on any sensor
exceeds a predetermined threshold. In a conventional
system the information density is limited to the number ofsuch circuits used. A small map of the building is often
placed near the main entrance with the defined zones
drawn up, and LEDs indicating whether a particular
circuit/zone has been activated. Another common method is
to have the different zones listed in a column, with an LED
to the left of each zone name, or to use an LCD interface to
display information.
The main drawback with conventional panels is that one
cannot tell which device has been activated within a circuit.
The fire may be in one small room, but as far as emergency
responders can tell, a fire could exist anywhere within a
zone
Control Panel type: Conventional
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Multiplex systems, a sort of transition between
conventional and modern addressable systems, were
often used in large buildings and complexes from themid to late 1970s into the late 1980s. Early on, these
systems were programmed to function as large
conventional systems. Gradually, later installations
began to feature components and features of modern
addressable systems. These systems were often
capable of controlling more than a building's firealarm system (i.e. HVAC, security, electronic door
locks...) without any type of alarm or trouble condition
present. While the main panel was the brains of the
system and could be used to access certain
functions, fire alarm controls were usually accessed
through transponders. These were smallerconventional panels programmed to 'communicate'
the status of part of the system to the main panel and
also could be used to access basic fire alarm control
functions
Control Panel type: Multiplex
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ALARM SYSTEMS
Alarm systems can be divided into four groups: local,auxiliary, central station, and proprietary.
All types of alarm systems should be equipped with a
signal system that clearly communicates to all persons inthe building, plant, or laboratory.
Whenever an alarm is sounded in any portion of thebuilding or area, all employees must know what the sound
means.
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Central Station Systems
Central station systems are available in most major citiesaround the country.
Operated by trained personnel, a central station continuallymonitors a number of establishments and, in case of an alarm,calls a nearby fire station and alerts the buildings personnel.
Central station devices are almost always leased.
Proprietary Alarm Systems
Proprietary alarm systems feed alarms to the buildingsmaintenance force, and, optionally, to the fire department as
well.
One reason for their acceptance is that insurance regulations
generally require security officers.
R id ti l Fi Al S t
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Residential Fire Alarm Systems(1 of 2)
Single-station smokealarm most commontype of residential fire
alarm system. Includes both a
smoke detectiondevice and an audiblealarm within a single
unit Millions installed in
private dwellings andapartments
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Fire Alarm System Components
Three basic components in a firealarm system:
Alarm initiation device
Alarm notification device
Control panel
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May performadditionalfunctions, and may
interface with othersystems andfacilities
Vary greatly
depending on ageof system andmanufacturer
Fire Alarm System Control Panels(2 of 3)
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Used to silence the alarm and reset thesystem
Many buildings have an additional display
panel, called a remote annunciator in aseparate location.
In some systems, a battery in the firealarm control panel will automatically
activate when the external power isinterrupted.
Fire Alarm System Control Panels(3 of 3)
36
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Manual Initiation Devices
Designed so thatbuilding occupants canactivate the fire alarmsystem
Primary manualinitiation device is themanual fire alarm box,or manual pull-station.
Once activated, should
stay in the activatedposition until it isreset.
36
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Double-Action Pull Stations
Variation on thedouble-action pull-station, designed toprevent malicious false
alarms, is covered witha piece of clear plastic
Often used in areaswhere malicious falsealarms frequentlyoccur
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Smoke Detectors
Designed to sense thepresence of smoke
Commonly found inschool, hospital,
business, andcommercialoccupancies with firealarm systems
Most common are
ionization andphotoelectricdetectors.
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Fixed Temperature Heat Detectors
Designed tooperate at a presettemperature
Usually use a metalalloy that will meltat the presettemperature
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Gas Detectors
Calibrated to detect the presence of aspecific gas
Need regular calibration
Usually found only in specificcommercial or industrial applications
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Air Sampling Detectors
Continuouslycapture airsamples and
measure theconcentrations ofspecific gases orproducts of
combustion
I id fi ti f S k d t t
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1: Optical chamber
2: Cover
3: Case moulding4: Photodiode (detector)
5: Infrared LED
Inside configuration of Smoke detector
Photoelectric smoke detector
Ionization smoke detector
Alarm initiating device types
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CO2 Gas detector Smoke detector
Heat detector
Rate of riseInfrared Flame detector
Alarm initiating device types
Manual Call point
Or Hand Operated
Initiating Device
Heat detector
Fixed temperature
Ionization versus Photoelectric
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Ionization versus PhotoelectricSmoke Detectors (1 of 2)
Ionization detectors are triggered bythe invisible products of combustion.
Photoelectric detectors are triggeredby the visible products ofcombustion.
I i ti Ph t l t i36
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Ionization versus PhotoelectricSmoke Detectors (2 of 2)
36
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Thermo-switch System
A circuit in which one or more thermal
switches are connected to an electrical
circuit with a warning horn and an aural
alarm to alert the flight crew that an over-heat condition is present.
If more than one thermal switch is used
they are connected in parallel, so closing of
any one switch will provide warning.
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Thermocouple System
Also called a rate of rise detection system.
A circuit where one or more thermocouples
are connected in series to activate an alarm
when there is a sufficient temperatureincrease at the sensor.
Thermocouples are made of two dissimilar
metals which are twisted together inside anopen frame.
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Thermocouple System
The frame allows air to flow over the
wires without exposing the wires to
damage.The exposed wires make a hot
junction.
The cold junction is located under theinsulating material in the sensor unit.
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False Unwanted and
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False, Unwanted, andNuisance Alarms
Malicious False Alarms
Caused by individuals who deliberately activate
a fire alarm when there is no fire Unwanted Alarms
Occur when an alarm system is activated by acondition that is not really an emergency
Nuisance Alarms Caused by improper functioning of an alarm
system or one of its components
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Fire Department Notification
Fire alarm systems can be brokendown into five categories, based onhow the fire department is notified of
an alarm: Local alarm system
Remote station system
Auxiliary system
Proprietary system Central station
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Fire Department Notification
Local Alarm System
Does not notify the fire department
The alarm sounds only in the building to
notify the occupants.
Remote Station System
Sends signal directly to fire department
or to another monitoring location via atelephone line or a radio signal
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Fire Suppression Systems
Include automatic sprinkler systems,standpipe systems, and specializedextinguishing systems such as dry
chemical systems
Understanding how these systemswork is important because they can
affect fire behavior
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Automatic Sprinkler Systems
In most automatic sprinkler systems,the sprinkler heads open one at atime as they are heated to their
operating temperature. One of the major advantages of a
sprinkler system is that it can
function as both a fire detectionsystem and a fire suppressionsystem.
Automatic Sprinkler System 36
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Automatic Sprinkler SystemComponents
Four majorcomponents: Automatic
sprinkler heads
Piping
Control valves
A water supply,
which may or maynot include a firepump
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Automatic Sprinkler Heads
The working ends of asprinkler system
Composed of:
A body, which
includes the orifice(opening)
A release mechanismthat holds a cap inplace over the orifice
A deflector thatdirects the water in aspray pattern
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Fusible Link Sprinkler Heads
Use a metal alloy,such as solder thatmelts at a specifictemperature
Alloy links two otherpieces of metal thatkeep the cap in place.
When designatedoperating
temperature isreached, solder meltsand the link breaks,releasing the cap.
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Frangible Bulb Sprinkler Heads
Use a glass bulbfilled with glycerinor alcohol to hold
the cap in place As bulb is heated,
liquid absorbs theair bubble andexpands until it
breaks the glass,releasing the cap.
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Types of Automatic Sprinkler
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Types of Automatic SprinklerSystems
Divided into four categories:
Wet sprinkler systems
Dry sprinkler systems
Preaction sprinkler systems
Deluge sprinkler systems
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Dry Sprinkler Systems (2 of 2)
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Residential Sprinkler Systems
Relatively new, butmany homes nowbeing built include
them Typically use
smaller piping andsprinkler heads
with smallerorifices and lesswater discharge
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Mounting Position
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Sprinkler Piping
Network of pipes thatdelivers water tosprinkler heads
Includes main water
supply lines, risers,feeder lines, andbranch lines
Usually made of steel
Plastic pipe sometimes
used in residentialsystems
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Water Supplies
Water may come from municipalwater system, on-site storage tanks,or static water sources.
Water supply must be able to handledemand of the sprinkler system, aswell as the needs of the firedepartment.
Preferred water source for a sprinklersystem is a municipal water supply.
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Fire Pumps
Used when thewater comes froma static source
May also be usedto boost thepressure in somesprinkler systems,
particularly for tallbuildings
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Class I Standpipes
Designed for useby fire departmentpersonnel only
Each outlet has a2 1/2" malecoupling and avalve to open the
water supply afterthe hose isconnected.
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Class II Standpipes
Outlets generallyequipped with a lengthof 1 1/2" single-jackethose preconnected tothe system.
Intended to enableoccupants to attack afire before the firedepartment arrives,but safety and
effectiveness isquestionable.
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I d F i ti L
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Increased Friction Loss
Sediment and Debris Incrustation from Mineral Deposits
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Whats A Fire Door?
Fire doors are designed towithstand fire, heat and smokefor a period of 20-minutes to 3hours.
Did you know that corridoroffice doors are fire doors and
should have a 20 minuterating?
Corridor laboratory doorsshould have a 60 minute rating.
Fire Doors are required to:
Be Self Closing: fire doorsshould have a door closurethat pulls doors completelyshut after the door hasbeen opened
Have Positive latching: apositive latch locks a doorin place so can open swingopen freely.
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Electrical hazards are the cause of numerousworkplace fires each year. Faulty electrical equipmentor misuse of equipment produces heat and sparks thatserve as ignition sources in the presence of flammableand combustible materials.
Examples of common ignition hazards:
Overloading circuits
Use of unapproved electrical devices
Damaged or worn wiring
Fire Safety-Electrical Issues
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Electrical Fire Safety
Avoid the followingimproper andhazardous practices:
Never use three prongadapters that allow athree pronged plug toplug into a two prongoutlet.
Never use any itemwith a damaged orfrayed electrical cord.
Space Heaters are notallowed in campusbuildings.
Never daisy chain orpiggy back multi-plugstrips and electricalcords (plugging strips
and cords into eachother).
Piggy-backed
multi-plug
strips
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Electrical Fire Safety
Avoid the followingimproper andhazardous practices:
Never use three prongadapters that allow athree pronged plug toplug into a two prongoutlet.
Never use any itemwith a damaged orfrayed electrical cord.
Space Heaters are notallowed in campusbuildings.
Never daisy chain orpiggy back multi-plugstrips and electricalcords (plugging strips
and cords into eachother).
Piggy-backed
multi-plug
strips
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QUESTION & ANSWER
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THANK U
&
See Again