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Fire causes & control
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GC Kundu
Chief Manager(Fire & Safety)
Haldia Refinery
Fire Hazards & its Control
FIREFIRE
THE GREATEST BENEFACTOR TO HUMAN THE GREATEST BENEFACTOR TO HUMAN
CIVILISATION BUT ALSO CIVILISATION BUT ALSO
THE CRUELEST DEVASTATOR OF HUMAN LIFE,THE CRUELEST DEVASTATOR OF HUMAN LIFE,
PROPERTY AND ENVIRONMENTPROPERTY AND ENVIRONMENT
THE SUCCESS TO ELIMINATE / REDUCE FIRE
LOSS DEPENDS ON PROPER KNOWLEDGE OF
RISK AND ENFORCEMENT OF SOUND FIRE
SAFETY PROGRAMME
FIRE SCIENCEFIRE SCIENCE
IT CAN BE DEFINED AS THE KNOWLEDGE OF
FACTS LEADING TO PREVENTION OF FIRE
AND ITS CONTROL
FIRE PREVENTION
FIRE PROTECTION
FIRE FIGHTING
LIFE SAFETY SECURITY
PROPERTY PROTECTION
LIMITED DOWNTIME
IGNITION CONTROL
FUEL CONTROL
OCCUPANT PROTECTION
DETECTION AND SUPRESSION ACTIVITIES
PLANNING AND TRAINING
OPERATIONS
CONTROL
various IGNITION
SOURCES
1. CONTROL
QUANTITY
OF FUEL
1. PROVIDE
RELIABLE
EVACUATION
TO SECURE
AREA
1. PROVIDE
EARLY
WARNING
DETECTION
1. PROVIDE STAFF
EDUCATION &
TRAINING
2. CONTROL
TYPES OF
FUEL
2. PROVIDE
FEATURES
FOR
‘DEFEND IN’
PLACES
OCCUPANCY
2. PROVIDE
RELIABLE
ALARM
SYSTEM
2. PLAN
EMERGENCY
PROCEDURE
3. CONTROL
FUEL
ARRAN-
GEMENT
3. PROVIDE
RELIABLE
SUPRESSION
SYSTEM
Latest advancements in Fire Safety approach Focus on Passive Fire Protection Efficient Active Fire Protection Environment Friendly Extinguishants User Friendly Fire Fighting Equipments Advanced Smoke Management
Techniques Early warning and Detection Devices
5
FIRE RISK MANAGEMENT PHILISOPHY
• ANY INSTALLATION WHICH STORES AND HANDLES LARGE QUANTITY OF FLAMMABLE MATERIALS POSE THREAT TO THE SURROUNDING IN ADDITION TO ITS OWN SAFETY. IT THEREFORE, NECESSITATES THE INTRODUCTION OF INBUILT FIRE PREVENTION & FIRE PROTECTION FACILITIES.
• IT IS IMPRACTICAL AND PROHIBITIVELY COSTLY TO DESIGN FIRE PROTECTION FACILITIES TO CONTROL ALL CATASTROPHIC FIRES. USUAL REQUIREMENT OF A GOOD SYSTEM IS TO PREVENT EMERGENCIES FROM DEVELOPING INTO MAJOR THREAT TO THE INSTALLATIONS AND SURROUNDINGS.
CLASSIFICATION OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTSCLASS –A : LIQUID WHICH HAVE FLASH POINT BELOW 23OC.
CLASS – B : LIQUIDS WHICH HAVE FLASH POINT OF 23OC AND ABOVE BUT BELOW 65OC
CLASS – C: LIQUID WHICH HAVE FLASH POINT OF 65OC AND ABOVE BUT BELOW 93OC.
EXCLUDED PETROLEUM : LIQUID WHICH HAVE FLASH POINT OF 93OC AND ABOVE.
LPG DO NOT FALL UNDER THIS CLASSIFICATION BUT FORM SEPARATE CATEGORY.
DEFINITIONSFLASH POINT
THE FLASH POINT OF A LIQUID IS THE LOWEST TEMPERATURE AT
WHICH SUFFICIENT VAPOUR GIVEN OFF TO FLASH ON THE
APPLICATION OF FLAME IN THE PRESENCE OF AIR.
AUTO – IGNITION
THE LOWEST TEMPERATURE TO WHICH A SOLID ,LIQUID OR GAS
REQUIRES TO BE RAISED TO CAUSE SELF-SUSTAINED
COMBUSTION WITHOUT INITIATION BY A SPARK OR FLAME.
EXPLOSIVE LIMITS
EXPLOSIVE LIMITS ARE THOSE CONCENTRATIONS OF A VAPOR OR
GAS IN AIR BELOW OR ABOVE WHICH PROPAGATION OF A FLAME
DOES NOT OCCUR ON CONTACT WITH A SOURCE OF IGNITION.
THE LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT IS THE MINIMUM CONCENTRATION
BELOW WHICH THE VAPOR AIR MIXTURE IS TOO LEAN TO BURN
OR EXPLODE.
THE UPPER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT IS THE MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION
ABOVE WHICH THE VAPOR AIR MIXTURE IS TOO RICH TO BURN OR
EXPLODE.
AUTO IGNITION, FLASH POINT AND EXPLOSIVE LIMITS OF SOME
OF THE PETROLEUM PRODUCTS S. NO.
MATERIAL AUTO IGNITION TEMPERATURE oC
FLASH POINT OC
EXPOSING RANGE VOLUME % IN AIR LOWER LIMIT UPPER LIMIT
1 CRUDE OIL DEPENDS UPON THE NATURE OF CRUDE
19 DEPENDS UPON THE NATURE OF CRUDE
2. HYDROGEN 585 GAS 4.1 74.0
3 METHANE 538 GAS 5.0 15.0
4 ETHANE 514 GAS 3.0 12.5
5 PROPANE 466 GAS 2.4 9.5
6 BUTANE 430 GAS 1.5 9.0
7 BENZENE 563 -11 1.3 7.1
8 TOLUENE 536 4.5 1.2 7.2
9 NAPHTHA 288 -18 1.1 5.9
10 GASOLINE 245 -7 1.4 7.6
11 ATF 254.4 38 0.7 5
12 SKO 254 35 0.7 5
AUTO IGNITION, FLASH POINT AND EXPLOSIVE LIMITS OF SOME OF THE PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
S. NO.
MATERIAL AUTO IGNITION TEMPERATURE
FLASH POINT OC
EXPOSING RANGE VOLUME % IN AIR LOWER LIMIT UPPER LIMIT
13 HSD 256 32 0.7 5
14 LDO - 66 - -
15 LSHS 316 66-166 - -
16 HSHS - 65.6-148.9 - -
17 FO 262-407 - - -
18 BITUMEN 485 205 - -
19 RAW COKE - 315.6 - -
20 PHENOL EXTRACT 715 80 - -
21 SLACK WAX 245 198.9 - -
22 MINERAL TURPENTINE OIL
253.3 32.2 - -
23 LPG 405-450 GAS 1.8 9.6
FIRE
FIRE IS A RAPID, SELF-SUSTAINED OXIDATION PROCESS
ACCOMPANIED BY THE RELEASE OF ENERGY IN THE FORM OF
HEAT AND LIGHT OF VARYING INTENSITY.
FIRE RESULTS FROM THE COMBINATION OF FUEL, HEAT AND
OXYGEN. WHEN A SUBSTANCE IS HEATED TO A CERTAIN
TEMPERATURE CALLED THE ‘IGNITION TEMPERATURE’ THE
MATERIAL WILL IGNITE AND CONTINUE TO BURN AS LONG AS
THERE IS FUEL, THE PROPER TEMPERATURE AND A SUPPLY OF
OXYGEN (AIR).
FIRE TRIANGLE
HEAT
FUEL
OXYGEN
METHODS OF EXTINGUISHMENTS OF FIRE1. STARVATION : ELIMINATION OF FUEL
2. SMOTHERING : LIMITING OF OXYGEN
3. COOLING : LIMITING TEMPERATURE
STARVATION : STARVATION IS ACCOMPLISHED BY REMOVING
COMBUSTIBLES FROM THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF THE FIRE OR BY
REMOVING FIRE FORM THE MASS OF COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS.
IT IS ALSO ACHIEVED BY SUBDIVIDING BURNING MATERIALS TO
SMALL ISOLATED POCKETS OF FIRE.
SMOTHERING : SMOTHERING IS ACCOMPLISHED BY ELIMINATING
OR DILUTING THE AVAILABLE OXYGEN WITH INERT GAS OR
COVERING THE FUEL SURFACE BY A SMOTHERING AGENT LIKE
FOAM.
COOLING : IF THE RATE AT WHICH HEAT IS GENERATED BY
COMBUSTION IS LESS THAN THE RATE AT WHICH IT IS GETTING
DISSIPATED THEN THE COMBUSTION CANNOT PERSIST.
APPLICATION OF WATER JET OR SPRAY TO A FIRE RESULTS IN
ITS EXTINGUISHMENTS BY THIS FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE.
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE INDIAN STANDARDS IS:2190 CLASSIFIES THE FIRE IN FOUR CATEGORIES ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF MATERIAL BURNING.
CLASS A ; FIRES INVOLVING ORDINARY COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL LIKE WOOD, PAPER, TEXTILES ETC. WHERE THE COOLING EFFECT OF WATER IS ESSENTIAL FOR EXTINGUISHMENTS OF FIRE.
EXTINGUISHING MEDIA-WATER
CLASS B : FIRES IN FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS LIKE OILS, SOLVENTS, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, PAINTS ETC. WHERE A BLANKETING EFFECT IS ESSENTIAL TO EXTINGUISH THE FIRE.
EXTINGUISHING MEDIA-FOAM, CARBON DIOXIDE, DRY CHEMICAL POWDER.
CLASS C: FIRES INVOLVING GASES OR LIQUEFIED GASES IN THE FORM OF A LIQUID SPILLAGE, OR A LIQUID OR GAS LEAK. HERE IT IS NECESSARY TO DILUTE THE BURNING GAS AT A VERY FAST RATE WITH AN INERT GAS OR POWDER.
EXTINGUISHING MEDIA - CARBON DIOXIDE, DRY CHEMICAL POWDER. THE BEST WAY TO EXTINGUISH SUCH FIRES IS BY STOPPING THE FLOW OF FUEL GAS TO FIRE. CONTAINER IS KEPT COOL WITH WATER SPRAY.
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE
CLASS D : FIRES INVOLVING METALS LIKE MAGNESIUM,
ALUMINUM, ZINC, POTASSIUM ETC. WHERE THE BURNING METAL
IS REACTIVE TO WATER AND WHICH REQUIRE SPECIAL
EXTINGUISHING MEDIA.
EXTINGUISHING MEDIA- SPECIAL DRY POWDER.
ELECTRICAL FIRE : ELECTRICAL FIRES ARE NOT TREATED AS A
CLASS OF THEIR OWN, SINCE ANY FIRE INVOLVING, OR STARTED
BY, ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT MUST, IN FACT, FALL INTO ONE OF
THE OTHER CATEGORIES.
THE NORMAL PROCEDURE FOR DEALING WITH AN ELECTRICAL
FIRE IS TO CUT OFF ELECTRICITY AND USE AN EXTINGUISHING
MEDIA APPROPRIATE TO WHAT IS BURNING.
FLAMING AND/ OR SURFACE (GLOW)
RADIATIVE FEEDBACK
INTERFACE
SOLID
UNINHIBITED CHAIN REACTION
CONTINUOUS REIGNITION
DIFFUSION
VAPOUR
RADIATIVE FEEDBACK
SOLID LIQUID
GAS
OXYGEN
PYROLYTIC DISTILLATION
VAPORISATION
ON INPUT ENERGY REQUIRED
AND/OR
SOURCE OF IGNITION
INITIAL RELEASE OF ENERGY TO TRIGGER COMBUSTION (FIRE). IT IS NECESSARY TO UNDERSTAND THE SOURCES OF IGNITION AND TO ELIMINATE THEM TO PREVENT FIRES/EXPLOSIONS IN OUR REFINERY.SOURCES OF IGNITION
EXAMPLE PREVENTIVE MEASURES
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
SPARKS FROM MOTORS, SWITCHES, LAMPS, HOT ELEMENTS AND ELECTRICAL DEFECTS
1. USE OF APPROVED EQUIPMENT
2. FOLLOW NATION ELECTRICAL CODES
3. PROPER MAINT.
FRICTION HOT BEARINGS, MIS-ALLIGNED OR BROKEN M/C PARTS, CHOCKING, JAMMING OF MATERIAL, POOR ADJUSTMENT
PREVENTIVE MAINT. AND PROPER LUBRICATION
OPEN FLAMES CUTTING AND WELDING TORCHES GAS & OIL BURNERS
STRICT COMPLIANCE OF PRECAUTIONS STIPULATED IN THE FIRE PERMIT FOR HOT JOBS.
SOURCE OF IGNITION
SOURCES OF IGNITION
EXAMPLE PREVENTIVE MEASURES
SMOKING AS IGNITION
SMOKING BOOTHS IN AREA WHERE COMBUSTIBLE ARE USED
1. SMOKING ONLY IN AREAS PERMITTED.
2. USE OF PRESCRIBED RECEPTACLES FOR CIGARETTE BUTTS
SPONTANEOUS IGNITION
PYROPHORIC IRON, HOT OIL LEAKAGE
1. KEEP PYROPHORIC IRON WET ARE THE TIME WHEN IT IS TAKEN OUT.
HOT SURFACES CONTACT OF COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL WITHOUT SURFACES, HEATED LINES
1. PROVIDE PROPER INSULATION AND AIR CIRCULATION.
SPARK FROM ENGHINE EXHAUST
POL TRUCKS / DG SET 1. SPARK ARRESTOR ON EXHAUST
SOURCE OF IGNITION
SOURCES OF IGNITION
EXAMPLE PREVENTIVE MEASURES
STATIC ELECTRICITY
DURING SPLASH LOADING AND LOADING AT HIGH VELOCITIES
1. PROPER EARTHING OF EQUIPMENT.
2. DO NOT RESORT TO SPLASH LOADING
3. LOADING VELOCITY SHOULD BE CONTROLLED
LIGHTENING THUNDERSTORM CLOUD BURST
1. PROPER LIGHTING ARRESTOR AND EARTH CONTINUITY.
DETECTING & FIGHTING FIRE
FIRE
DETECTION WARNING ESCAPE
FIRE BRIGADE
IMMEDIATE ATTACK
Latest Trends in First Aid Fire Latest Trends in First Aid Fire ExtinguishersExtinguishers
MAJOR REFINERY POTENTIAL HAZARDS
• FIRE HAZARD
• EXPLOSION HAZARD
• ELECTRICAL HAZARD
• TOXIC GAS RELEASE HAZARD
• HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL HAZARD
• OIL SPILLAGE
• RADIATION HAZARD
• FALL FROM HEIGHT
Pump Fires Flange Fires Equipment / piping insulation Fire Ducts and cable Fires Storage tank Fires Pool Fire Jet Fire BLEVE UVCE Toxic Gas Release Oil spillage Flood
Types of Emergencies in Refinery
Fire Control
CompartmentationFire compartments are generally included in
building design to limit fire and smoke spread .
Fire Contained Within Compartment Cell
Smoke
Fire Resistance Wall
Fire Resistance Door
Fire Resisting Floor
Compartmentation
Factors Affecting Compartmentation: Occupancy Load Building type or purpose Fire load Height Active Fire Systems
Compartment walls and floors are constructed to separate areas in a building with different uses, and to reduce the maximum likely size of fire. This places a limit on the Quantity of materials which can be consumed by a Fire.
Exit from each Compartment to Stair case, lifts or Escape Route must have equivalent level of fire resistance.
Structural Fire Protection
Key Objectives are:
• Controlling Spread of Fire through Compartmentation.
• Preventing Structural Collapse for a period of time for Escape , Active Fire systems detection and activation or External help such as Fire Brigade to arrive
• Maintain the Integrity and Insulation of Structural Components to prevent Heat and smoke from Reaching Occupants.
•Prevent Disproportionate Damage to Property.
29
Fire Detection Systems
With the introduction of the micro-chip, address technology took a giant step.
1980’s Circuit 1990’s Micro-Processor Technology Technology
Typical Addressable Detection Loop
PS2/CMXPS2/CMX
SPRINKLER FLOWSPRINKLER FLOWINPUTSINPUTS
ISOLATORISOLATOR
DOOR DOOR CONTROLSCONTROLS
ISOLATORISOLATOR
32
Elements of Fires Every fire gives different elements to be sensed
SMOKE Dark or light ?
HEAT Fixed or ROR ?
LIGHT UV – IR ?
GAS CO – CO²
Every technology has its disadvantages
33
Components
A true multi criteria detector that can smell, feel, and see its environment with intelligence using 4 sensing technologies
-CO sensor-Photo sensor-Thermal sensor-IR light sensor-Time & logic functions
34
What is Aspirating Smoke Detection? A system which draws air from an area, via a
pipe network, to a central detector which monitors for small amounts of smoke
Sampling pipeSampling pipe
VESDALaserPLUS 88
FIRE PROTECTION
OBJECTIVE : TO CONTAIN THE SPREAD OF FIRE
TYPES:
• ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
• PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
FIRE PROTECTION
FOLLOWING FIRE PROTECTION FACILITIES SHALL BE PROVIDED
DEPENDING ON THE NATURE OF THE INSTALLATION AND RISK
INVOLVED:
• FIRE WATER SYSTEM
• FOAM SYSTEM
• CLEAN AGENT SYSTEM
• CO2 SYSTEM
• DCP EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM
• DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEM
• COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
•DYKE WALLS
• SAFETY VALVES ON EQUIPMENT
• WATER SEAL IN SEPARATORS
• RUPTURE DISC IN PROCESS PIPING
• FIRE PROOFING OF STRUCTURES
• FIRE RETADANTS PAINTS ON CABLES
• FIRE BARRIERS
• POSITIVE PRESSURIZATION
• FLARING / VENTING
FIRE FIGHTING
OBJECTIVE : TO EXTINGUISH THE FIRE WITH MINIMUM LOSS
IT IS THE LAST LINE OF THE DEFENSE. IT COMES INTO FORCE WHEN
THERE IS ACTUAL FIRE. MAIN PURPOSE IS TO EXTINGUISH THE FIRE
WITH SUITABLE EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS WITH AN AIM TO
REDUCE DAMAGE DUE TO FIRE
• PORTABLE FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT
• MOBILE FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT
• FIXED FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM
FIRE FIGHTING S. NO.
TYPE OF FIRE RISK
EXAMPLE OF OCCUPANCIES
SCALE OF EQUIPMENT
1 A) CLASS ‘A’ LIGHT HAZARD
OFFICES (OTHER THEN RECORD ROOM) SCHOOL CLUBS, ETC.
FOR EVERY 600 M2 FLOOR AREA 1 NO. 9L WATER TYPE, MAX. DISTANCE 25 M
B) CLASS ‘A’ ORDINARY HAZARD
ORDINARY RECORD ROOM TAILORING SHOP. BOOK BINDER ETC.
FOR EVERY 600 M2 FLOOR AREA 2 NOS. 9L WATER TYPE MAX. DISTANCE 15 M
C) CLASS ‘A’ EXTRA HAZARD
LARGE TIMBER YARDS SAW MILLS HOUSE OF COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS
‘DO’ + SOME EXTRA PROVISION AS PER LOCAL AUTHORITY.
D) CLASS ’A’ SPECIAL HAZARD
IMPORTANT OFFICE RECORDS, LIBRARIES DATA PROCESSING
FOR EVERY 100 M2 1 NO. 4.5 KG CO2. MAX.
DISTANCE -10 M
2 A) CLASS ‘B’ SMALL QUANTITY HANDLED
WORKSHOP. GARAGE ETC.
2 NOS. FOAM / DCP PER 50 M2 AREA. MAX. DISTANCE – 10 M
FIRE FIGHTING
S. NO.
TYPE OF FIRE RISK
EXAMPLE OF OCCUPANCIES
SCALE OF EQUIPMENT
B) CLASS ‘B’ BULK STORAGE OTHER THEN TANK FARMS
FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS IN CAN, DRUMS ETC.
3 NOS. FOAM /DCP PER 100 M2 AREA. MAX. DISTANCE – 10 M
3. CLASS ‘C’ HANDLING /STORAGE OF GAS CYLINDERS, GAS PLANT ETC.
2 NOS. DCP/CO2 (6.8 kg)
PER 200 M2 AREA. MAX. DISTANCE – 10 M.
4.. CLASS ‘D’ REACTIVE METAL STORAGE
2 NOS. DCP PER 50 M2 AREA. MAX. DISTANCE – 10 M.
5. MIXED OCCUPANCY (ELEC. RISK)
W/SHOP, X-MERS MOTORS, TEL, EXCH., ETC.
1 NO. DCP/CO2 PER
100M2 AREA.
SOME DO’S & DON’T’S IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
(GENERAL GUIDELINES
DO’S: KEEP COOL, DON’T BE PANIC. IF ANY GAS LEAKAGE IS REPORTED ,MOVE ACROSS
THE WIND TO A SAFE PLACE KEEP WET CLOTH ON THE NOSE AND BREATH
NORMALLY IMMEDIATELY EXTINGUISH THE FIRE IN SIGRI, CHULLAH
OR BHATTI WITH WATER IN & AROUND THE HOUSE.
Igniting Minds... Energizing Lives…
Haldia Refinery
SOME DO’S & DONT’S IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
(GENERAL GUIDELINESDO’S:IMMEDIATELY PUT OFF ANY OPEN FLAME LIKE CANDLE,
LANTERN, HEATER ETC. IF EVACUATION IS CALLED FOR, LOCK THE HOUSE
AND BE READY FREE DOMESTIC ANIMALS. HELP FIRE FIGHTING TEAM AND EMERGENCY STAFF
TO KEEP THE SITUATION UNDER CONTROL. LISTEN CAREFULLY THE ANNUOUNCEMENT IN YOUR
AREA AND FOLLOW THE INSTRUCTIONS.
Igniting Minds... Energizing Lives…Haldia Refinery
SOME DO’S & DON’T’S IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
(GENERAL GUIDELINES
DONT’S: DONOT PUT ‘ON’ OR ‘OFF’ ANY ELECTRIC SWITCH. IF ANY
ELECTRIC SWITCH IS ‘ON’ KEEP IT’ON’ POSITION ONLY. DONOT SMOKE AND DO NOT ALLOW ANYBODY TO
SMOKE. DONOT PAY ATTENTION TOWARDS RUMORS AND DO
NOT SPREAD ANY RUMOR ALSO. DONOT BLOCK ANY PUBLIC AREA DONOT USE ANY PERSONAL VEHICLE DURING ANY EMERGENCY SITUATION DONOT
UNNECESSARILY TALK ON PHONE.
Igniting Minds... Energizing Lives…
Haldia Refinery
Know your fire safety rules by heart, More importantly, practice them:
1. Have a written down Fire Prevention Plan for your Company, and ensure that it is sincerely implemented.
2. Identify and eliminate fire risks or reduce them to the maximum extent possible.
3. Train and retrain your employees in fire prevention and fire fighting.
4. Install suitable fire protection equipment and make sure that your employees know how to use it in case of fire.
5. Regularly inspect your fire safety equipment so that it does not fail in an emergency. Have adequate water supply.
6. Establish an Emergency Plan in close coordination with the public fire department.
Fire Safety ChecklistFire Safety Checklist
7. Take the utmost care while handling flammable materials. Provide special protection for major fire risks.
8. Follow good housekeeping practices, because a clean house is a safe house.
9. Protect the workplace hazards within and outside by having suitable construction.
10. Never violate fire safety laws – they are meant for your protection.
Thank you for your attention.
Any Questions ??