Final Report (Updated/Modified March 2007) Files... · (Photo by Mike Cannon) Project Sponsored by York County Soil & Water Conservation District Funding Provided by Davis Conservation

2006 YORK COUNTY INVASIVE AQUATIC SPECIES PROJECT

Final Report (Updated/Modified March 2007)

Association members participating in a York County Invasive Aquatic Species Project

aquatic plant survey on Bauneg Beg Pond,

September 9, 2006 with biologist, Laurie Callahan (center, paddle extended).

(Photo by Mike Cannon)

Project Sponsored by

York County Soil & Water Conservation District

Funding Provided by

Davis Conservation Foundation

Report Prepared By

Laurie G. Callahan, Project Coordinator & Aquatic Biologist

Updated/Modified March 2007

(Original - December 2006)


Final Report Updated/Modified March 2007


Contents

I. Introduction

II. How Project Goals Were Accomplished

III. Other Project Activities & Information

IV. Future Plans & Directions

Appendices

A. List of aquatic plant species that are on Maine’s list of “Banned Invasive

Aquatic Plants” and invasive plant species found in York County waterbodies B. List of Maine Waterbodies Screened for Invasive Aquatic Plants (York County

listing from that document) produced by Maine Center for Invasive Aquatic

Plants (MCIAP) in 2006

C. 3 YCIASP (2006) Workshop Agendas D. Maine invasive aquatic species information resources & contacts list

E. Results of the 2006 YCIASP “pre-project” questionnaire & responses and

summarized responses to the 3 workshops evaluation forms (The spreadsheet documents are not available in these Appendices if looking at an electronic document, but are available from the YCSWCD office or from Laurie Callahan.)

F. Field Survey Data Sheets for 2006 YCIASP 10 IAP Screening Surveys

Performed (Copies of the Field Survey Data Sheets are not available in these Appendices if looking at an electronic document, but are available from the YCSWCD office or from Laurie Callahan)

G. Aquatic plant species lists for York County waterbodies surveyed/screened for

invasive aquatic plants (IAP) & native species during the 2006 YCIASP and in

the past few years by other individuals & agencies (Excel files of the

spreadsheets are available from Laurie Callahan.)

(The Grant Completion Report for the Davis Conservation Foundation

was included with the original final report version as Appendix H, but is not available in this revised document. It is available at the YCSWCD office or from Laurie Callahan.)

A pdf file of these document is available from York County Soil & Water Conservation District or from Laurie G. Callahan.


Final Report Updated/Modified March 2007 (Original - December 2006)

I. Introduction

Invasive aquatic plants (IAP), because of their vigorous growth, can negatively impact aquatic habitats. They can out-compete native species, significantly alter aquatic habitats, slow water flow and degrade water quality - especially when their growth becomes dense or extensive. Competition with native species becomes an even more significant factor when the invasive species become established in habitats where rare, threatened or endangered native species occur. In addition to these environmental impacts, significant populations of these invasive plants in waterbodies can lead to decreases in property values, have a negative impact on local economies and reduce the aesthetic and recreational enjoyment of the affected water body. When invasive aquatic plants are detected early, before becoming well-established or dominant, control of their spread is easier and less costly, both monetarily and in terms of loss of quality habitat or species that may be out-competed.

Over the past few years three species of IAP – variable, or variable leaf, milfoil (Myriophyllum

heterophyllum), hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) and curly leaf pondweed (Potamogeton crispus) - have been discovered in several waterbodies in York County, Maine. There are other infested waterbodies close-by in Cumberland County, Maine and in several New Hampshire and Massachusetts waterbodies relatively close to York County, Maine borders. Most of those infestations are variable leaf milfoil, but Eurasian milfoil has also been found in a private, un-named gravel pit pond in Scarborough and in a small pond in Brookfield, NH. The locations of these IAP populations highlight the vulnerability of waterbodies in York County to the introduction of aquatic invasive species. See Appendix A for a list of aquatic plant species that are on Maine Department of Environmental Protection’s (ME DEP) list of “Banned Invasive Aquatic Plants” and for IAP species found in York County waterbodies.

York County Soil & Water Conservation District (YCSWCD), a member of the Maine Association of Conservation Districts, and Laurie Callahan (an aquatic biologist actively involved with IAP identification, outreach and management) applied for grant funds from Davis Conservation Foundation (DCF) to support the 2006 York County Invasive Aquatic Species Project (YCIASP). DCF awarded $ 4,000 to the project, which enabled YCSWCD and Callahan to bring IAS technical assistance and outreach activities to groups (primarily lake and watershed associations) and individuals in York County.

There are approximately 110 lakes, ponds and impoundments in York County. An estimate indicates that about 25 York County waterbodies had some type of aquatic plant survey done by professionals, state agencies or volunteers between 2002 and 2005. See Appendix B for the York County portion of the Maine Waterbodies Screened for Invasive Aquatic Plants 2002-2005 by County – a list produced yearly by Maine Center for Invasive Aquatic Plants (MCIAP).

Goals of 2006 YCIASP were to (1) raise awareness about aquatic invasive species concerns in York County, (2) inform residents and visitors about what they can do to detect infestations early and help prevent the spread of invasive aquatic species from one waterbody to another and (3) enable residents and visitors to develop skills in order to participate proactively in IAP prevention, early detection and infestation management activities.

Most of the YCIASP activities occurred between June and October 2006. The project final report was written after all of the workshop and field activities were completed and after pending DNA analysis results for some suspicious milfoil samples were available from MCIAP. (See section “III. Other Project Activities & Information Generated “ for more information about the DNA results.)

Debbie Mayo, YCSWCD district manager, and the many participants of the program cannot be thanked enough to express the gratitude for making this project successful and enjoyable during the past several months.



II. How Project Goals Were Accomplished

Meeting the project goals was accomplished through a number of activities: (1) learning and networking opportunities provided through 3 workshops, (2) information provided about IAP resources in the state of Maine, (3) opportunities to learn and practice aquatic plant identification techniques, (4) visits to an infested waterbody and (4) providing biologist-led on-the-water field sessions to check for IAP.

Three workshops were offered at the Alfred, ME town hall on June 17, August 3 and October 14. Just over 50 attendees participated in the workshops. See Appendix C for the workshop agendas. Pressed and fresh native and invasive aquatic plant samples were provided at each the workshops for participants to gain practice using plant identification resources provided. A presentation with overhead images or a Power Point presentation was given to attendees and a variety of aquatic invasive species informational materials was also provided. These materials included brochures and other materials from MCIAP, ME Dept. of Environmental Protection, NH Dept. of Environmental Services and NH Lakes Association. Networking opportunities arose as attendees discussed concerns and interacted during the workshop activities after the formal presentation segment. The workshop on October 14 was used, in part, to present information about the observations gathered from the field surveys that were done.

Attendees at the second YCIASP workshop

at the Alfred Town Hall on August 3. (Photo by Debbie Mayo)

Lee Willson of Balch Lake and Joe Howes of West Pond gave presentations about the IAP

management projects that are currently occurring in their respective waterbodies during the second workshop. These presentations gave them the opportunity to share the “trials and tribulations” of those control projects with other residents of York County and also provided attendees with a “close-to-home” connection to IAP concerns in York County.

Resource information about invasive aquatic species in the state of Maine was provided through content of the 3 workshops and also by means of a hand-out provided to workshop participants. See Appendix D for this information resources and contacts list.

Participants were asked to complete an evaluation form after each of the workshop sessions and most responses about the sessions’ content were very positive. Suggestions for future sessions were requested.

II. How Project Goals Were Accomplished (cont.’d on the next page)



II. How Project Goals Were Accomplished (cont.’d)

In addition to the plant identification practice during the workshops, attendees of the field IAP screening surveys were able to practice and learn more aquatic plant identification techniques and become familiar with native species. Field session attendees were also instructed on how to perform IAP screening surveys as described by MCIAP protocol. 29 attendees participated in the 10 IAP screening survey field sessions led by Laurie Callahan. The 10 field sessions were as follows: - Horn Pond, Acton (2 attendees)

- Wilson Pond, Acton (0 attendees) - Poverty Pond (Silver Lake), (5 attendees) - Rock Haven Lake (Adams Pond), (0 survey attendees, 5 pre-survey session attendees) - Estes Lake, Sanford/Alfred - 2 surveys, 3 launch/access sites (one person attended both) - Scituate Pond, York (0 attendees) - Bauneg Beg, No. Berwick (13 attendees) - Sokokis Lake (Holland Pond), Limerick (4 attendees) - Knights Pond, No. Berwick (2 attendees)

The original intent of the field surveys was to inspect 6 “high risk” littoral zone areas at active, publicly used boat launch areas. 6 of the sites met the “high risk” criteria, the other 4 did not. Those that did not were chosen because of active involvement in the project by lake association members or because of other factors – such as sediment deposition and dense aquatic plant growth – that made them compelling sites to inspect. No IAP, as defined by ME’s list of banned aquatic plants, were observed during these 10 field sessions. Field Survey Data Sheets were completed for each survey done. The sheets are not currently available in electronic format. Laurie Callahan has the originals and “hard-copies” are available at the YCSWCD office. Copies of these forms were also sent to MCIAP so the waterbodies will appear on the 2002-2006 list of waterbodies screened produced by MCIAP.

Compiled aquatic plant species lists have been created for waterbodies that have been surveyed, or screened, for IAP in 2006 through YCIASP activities and in the past few years by other individuals and agencies. See those lists in Appendix G. Volunteer participants of the 2006 YCIASP screening surveys were encouraged to continue performing annual IAP checks in York County in the future. The training that attendees were provided through the workshops and field sessions have enabled them to continue IAP efforts independently or by forming cooperative groups to address local needs.

During the 2006 project field season 3 visits were made to a cove of Lake Arrowhead off Enterprise Road in Limerick that is heavily infested with variable leaf milfoil. These visits were made in order for attendees to get a first-hand look at an extensive variable milfoil infestation and some control strategies that are being used at the local level to address the infestation. There were 9 attendees for these visits. The first visit was led by Dave Sanfason of Lake Arrowhead and the other two were led by Laurie Callahan.

II. How Project Goals Were Accomplished (cont.’d on the next page)

Left: Project participants during a visit to Lake Arrowhead observe the dense variable milfoil growth there. The invasive plant species was not very obvious at the water surface, but was very dense and widespread beneath the surface. (Photo by Laurie Callahan)



II. How Project Goals Were Accomplished (cont.’d)

Heather Dionne (YCSWCD) and Rob Kenning (Rachel Carson Refuge) gave a presentation about wetland terrestrial invasive plant species during the 2nd 2006 YCIASP workshop. Species covered are ones that are very likely to appear along shoreline areas of York County waterbodies. Attendees indicated on suggestion forms at the first workshop that this was a topic they were interested in learning more about. Callahan attempted to organize a Courtesy Boat Inspection (CBI) training program to be offered in York County in August. Lakes Environmental Association was willing to travel to Alfred to provide the training as long as 12 people were pre-registered. Only 9 people signed-up, so the program was not run. The lack of registrants was probably due to “short-notice” which was only about 1 week. If a CBI training session is offered in York County in 2007 it will be offered early in the season and a one-month notice will be given.

Another purpose of the project was to check and report suspicious plant sightings to MCIAP. During the project there was only one sighting that was brought to L. Callahan’s attention as being suspicious of being an IAP. That sighting was of plant growth below the outlet dam of Lake Arrowhead. (The Little Ossipee River flows into Lake Arrowhead and then continues again as the Little Ossipee River at the Lake Arrowhead outlet.) See section III. Other Project Related Activities & Information below for more information about MCIAP Little Ossipee River findings, a variable milfoil discovery in Great East Lake by a NH Weed Watch volunteer and a 2006 variable milfoil discovery in the Saco River in Dayton by an MCIAP Invasive Plant Patrol (IPP) volunteer.

A Grant Completion Report was submitted to the DCF in December 2006 at the same time that an original version of this final report was submitted to the YCSWCD district to be made available for use by anyone interested in the project summary information. In March 2007 this updated/modified version was created and will also be available as a pdf document.

III. Other Project Items & Related Information

A questionnaire was distributed to a number of York County residents in the spring of 2005, before project funding was secured. These were distributed via email and USPS in order to use the responses to assess the concerns and interests of potential participants – such as lake and watershed association members. The questionnaire was also available on the YCSWCD website. Approximately 80 questionnaires were sent-out via email and USPS and 20 were completed and returned. Returned questionnaire responses were tallied and for the results of that questionnaire. The results were used to help determine the content of the first workshop held in June and along with responses from the workshop evaluation forms some of the content of the second two workshops was determined. There were no IAP observed during the 10 screening surveys performed during the project in 2006, but there were 3 waterbodies in York County where new variable milfoil infestations were documented during the summer and fall of 2006.

Great East Lake: A very limited infestation of variable milfoil was found at Great East Lake during the summer by members of the lake association’s Weed Watchers team. Weed Watchers are trained by NH DES personnel much as Invasive Plant Patrollers are trained in ME by MCIAP. The public boat launch and cove where the variable milfoil was found is in a part of Great East Lake that is in ME, but other portions of the lake are also in NH. The variable milfoil growth found near the boat launch was removed by Weed Watchers. NH DES staff inspected the waterbody and verified that the variable milfoil growth was removed. NH DES considers the infestation to be eradicated and probably will not list it as an infested waterbody. As of fall 2006 ME DEP planned to list it as a documented variable milfoil infestation location.

The boat launch on Great East Lake is just above the outlet of that lake which flows directly to the northern end of Horn Pond in Acton. There is a shallow stream/canal that flows from the Great East Lake III. Other Project Items & Related Information (cont.’d on the next page)



III. Other Project Items & Related information (cont.’d)

outlet dam for about ¼ mile to Horn Pond. MCIAP/ME DEP performed an aquatic plant survey of the northern end of Horn Pond, including the stream that connects it to Great East Lake, in September 2006. No variable milfoil or other invasive aquatic plants (as defined by ME’s list of 11 banned aquatic plant species) were observed in the stream or that portion of Horn Pond during that inspection.

Little Ossipee River: During the Lake Arrowhead visit on September 10 to observe the dense growth of variable leaf milfoil, Dave Sanfason was talking with a young local man that was fishing from the shore. (The Lake Arrowhead variable leaf milfoil was initially documented several years ago.) The young man mentioned that he thought there was variable milfoil in the Little Ossipee River below the outlet dam of Lake Arrowhead (on New Dam Road). The ME Inland Fisheries & Wildlife boat launch access is located just above the outlet on New Dam Road. After visiting the cove on Enterprise Road with Dave Sanfason, Laurie Callahan went to the site below the outlet dam that the young man had mentioned. She found milfoil growth that looked very much like the variable milfoil that was growing in the cove she had just visited with Dave Sanfason. Callahan contacted MCIAP about the sighting and it was agreed that other sites along the Little Ossipee River should be checked to see if the suspicious milfoil was growing in any other locations and if it was, samples should be collected to have DNA analysis done (since the plants did not appear to be flowering). MCIAP asked Callahan to perform these site checks.

On September 21 Callahan visited 6 sites along the Little Ossipee River. The sites chosen were easily accessed sites where roads were close by or bridges crossed the river. Beginning from the most upstream of the sites checked to the most downstream, the sites were:

- outlet of Balch Lake at Acton Ridge Road, below the dam and the bridge; Newfield - site just before the river flows into Lake Arrowhead at Beaver Cove Rd., Rte. 5 crosses over here; Limerick/Waterboro - outlet of Lake Arrowhead on New Dam Rd., below the dam and bridge; Limerick/Waterboro - site on river above and below the Rte 117 bridge at the intersection with Doles Ridge Road; Waterboro/Limington

- site on river above and below the bridge on Mill Turn Road; Limington - site on river above and below the Hardscrabble Rd. bridge (this is just before the convergence with the Saco River); Limington

These 6 Little Ossipee River sites checked were quick IAP screening checks, with the focus on variable milfoil. They were not intended to be full inspection surveys. Milfoil growth that resembled variable milfoil was observed at 3 sites – on New Dam Road, at the Doles Ridge Road intersection with Rte 117 and at the Hardscrabble Road Crossing. Samples of those suspicious populations were collected from the New Dam Road and Doles Ridge Road sites. Because of location in the river (water depth and flow), a sample from the Hardscrabble road site was not collected. The two suspect milfoil plant samples collected were sent to MCIAP and from there were sent for DNA analysis. In November the DNA analysis identified variable milfoil (M. heterophyllum) from those two sites.

Saco River: Late in the summer of 2006 a IPP volunteer spotted a plant he suspected of being variable milfoil in the Saco River above the Skelton Dam in Dayton. He sent the plant sample (which did not have a flowering structure) to MCIAP in Auburn. Staff at MCIAP, unable to definitively identify it without the flowers or fruits, sent it for DNA analysis and in late November the results came back as variable milfoil. As far as the author is aware, this is the first documentation of an invasive aquatic plant species along the main stem of the Saco River in ME or NH. The Saco River Corridor Commission, Saco River Salmon Club and The Nature Conservancy, Upper Saco River Program, have been informed of this news.

It is uncertain whether MCIAP or ME DEP will do further surveillance for variable milfoil along the Little Ossipee and Saco Rivers in 2007. III. Other Project Items & Related Information (cont.’d on the next page)


Final Report Final Report Updated/Modified March 2007 (Original - December 2006)

III. Other Project Items & Related Information (cont.’d)

Above: Variable leaf milfoil growing in the flowing water of the Little Ossipee River

at the intersection of Doles Ridge Road and the Rte 117 bridge in Waterboro/Limington. (Photo by Laurie Callahan, Sep. 21, 2006)

When variable milfoil populates flowing water habitats of rivers, fragments of the plants can be

readily transported downstream. It would not seem likely that fragments could root in gravel or cobble substrates of flowing waters, but as can be seen in the photo above variable milfoil plants have been able to do just that in the Little Ossipee River. Transport by the river flow can carry the fragments an indefinite distance downstream and with the Little Ossipee River that includes to the Saco River. This is a likely means by which variable leaf milfoil has reached the Hardscrabble Road location along the Little Ossipee River just before its convergence with the Saco River.

IV. Possible Future Directions & Suggestions

Early detection of IAP and rapid response with control strategies to address the infestation are the most

effective and least costly strategies to address threats of IAP infestations. Great East Lake’s experience this past summer is a remarkable example of that. Weed Watchers found the very limited growth of variable milfoil because of their diligent Weed Watching efforts. They were able to remove the variable leaf milfoil with a short session of manual harvesting – followed by surveillance for more growth. Weed Watching, invasive aquatic plant screening surveys or Invasive Plant Patrolling are basically all the same and are an essential part of early detection of IAP. It is necessary to perform these activities regularly on waterbodies in order to catch infestations early. This is especially true of waterbodies that are at higher risk of infestation than others. These can include waterbodies with public access for trailered boats, those that have boats visiting from other infested waterbodies, waterbodies that are downstream from infested waterbodies and other predisposing circumstances.

Prevention and education are other important aspects of any strategy to manage IAP or to minimize their impact on a region or waterbody. In 2007 there will probably be opportunities for individuals and groups to receive more IAP training. Courtesy boat inspection training is available through Lakes Environmental Association (Bridgton) and if the budget funds are available an Introductory Invasive Plant Patrol training session and a Manual Control Methods training session may be offered in York County by MCIAP. IV. Possible Future Directions & Suggestions for York County (cont’d on the next page)


Final Report Final Report Updated/Modified March 2007 (Original - December 2006)

IV. Possible Future Directions & Suggestions (cont.’d)

YCSWCD and Callahan have applied for grant funding to run another YCIASP series of field

surveys and a workshop in 2007. News about whether 2007 project funding has been granted will come between late March to late May. There is no guarantee that the application(s) will be successful.

If it is possible to run a YCIASP again in 2007 the workshop evaluations and suggestions responses will be used to design the program. However, workshops that will be offered through MCIAP will be promoted rather than having several workshops offered by a YCIASP program. If there is a YCIASP workshop it will be to help individuals or groups develop plant identification resources for their waterbodies or associations. Several field screening surveys will also be possible, as well as field visits to infested waterbodies. If a YCIASP is organized for 2007 a notice will be distributed in the spring.

It is hoped that through the 2006 York County Invasive Aquatic Species Project (YCIASP) and the information and training that it provided that many of the participants will begin, or continue with more confidence and enthusiasm, to monitor waterbodies they are concerned about. Another hope is that the connections and networking that some of the participants established through the project will lead to more cooperative efforts related to aquatic invasive species and other water resource issues that watersheds in the county will likely face in the near and distant future.

Thank you to all that attended YCIASP activities in 2006.

Everyone that participated contributed to an important effort and cause.

Our efforts as individuals and local groups can make a difference!


Final Report

Updated/Modified March 2007


Appendices

A. List of aquatic plant species that are on Maine’s list of “Banned Invasive

Aquatic Plants” and invasive plant species found in York County waterbodies

B. List of Maine Waterbodies Screened for Invasive Aquatic Plants (York County portion

from that document) produced by Maine Center for Invasive Aquatic Plants (MCIAP) in

2006

C. 3 YCIASP (2006) Workshop Agendas

D. Maine invasive aquatic species information resources & contacts list

E. Spreadsheet of the results of the results of the 2006 YCIASP “pre-project” questionnaire

& responses and summarized responses to the 3 workshop evaluation forms.(The

spreadsheet documents are not available in these Appendices, but are available from

YCSWCD office or from Laurie Callahan.)

F. Field Survey Data Sheets for the 2006 YCIASP 10 IAP Screening Surveys Performed

(Copies of the Field Survey Data Sheets are not available in these Appendices, but are

available from YCSWCD office or from Laurie Callahan.)

G. Aquatic plant species lists for York County waterbodies surveyed/screened for invasive

aquatic plants (IAP) & native species during the 2006 YCIASP and in the past few years

by other individuals & agencies (Excel files of these spreadsheets are available from

Laurie Callahan.)

(The Grant Completion Report for the Davis Conservation Foundation was included in the original final report version as Appendix H,

but is not available in this revised document. It is available at the YCSWCD office or from Laurie Callahan.)



Appendix A.

Maine’s Eleven Banned Invasive Aquatic Plants

In the State of Maine it is now illegal to sell, propagate, or introduce to Maine waters these eleven invasive aquatic plants. These plants are aggressive growers. If they are introduced into our

freshwaters they will become a serious nuisance.

Brazilian Elodea (Egeria densa)

*Curly-Leaf Pondweed (Potamogeton crispus)

European Frogbit (Hydrocharis morsus-ranae)

European Naiad (Najas minor)

Eurasian Water-Milfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum)

Fanwort (Cabomba caroliniana)

* Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata)

Parrot Feather (Myriophyllum aquaticum)

*Variable Water-Milfoil or Variable Leaf Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum or hybrid M. heterophyllum x M. pinnatum or M. laxum)

Water Chestnut (Trapa natans)

Yellow Floating Heart (Nymphoides peltata)

Currently, Maine has 29 infestation occurrences

of four of these invasive plant species –

26 waterbodies with variable water-milfoil (and its hybrid form),

1 with Eurasian water-milfoil, 1 with curly leaf pondweed and 1 with Hydrilla. (Based on information available as of December 2006.)

See Appendix A continued on the next page –

York County waterbodies where invasive aquatic plants have been found.



Appendix A. (Continued)

York County Waterbodies

Where Invasive Aquatic Plant Species Have Been Found

(Based on information available as of December 2006)

Aquatic Invasive Plant Species York County Waterbody

Curly-Leaf Pondweed (Potamogeton crispus) West Pond, Parsonsfield

Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) Pickerel Pond, Limerick

Variable Leaf Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum) Balch Lake (Pond), Acton/Newfield

Great East Lake, Acton

Lake Arrowhead, Waterboro/Limerick

Little Ossipee River, Limerick/Limington/Waterboro

Saco River, Dayton



Appendix B.

See Appendix B continued on the next page



Appendix B. (Continued)



Appendix C.

2006 YCIASP Workshop #1

Saturday, June17, 2006 9-11:30 AM, Alfred Town Hall

Agenda

Purpose and Goals of the Project

Invasive Aquatic Plants (IAP) in ME

& York County

Introduction to ME’s 11 “Most Unwanted” IAP

Invasive Aquatic Plant Surveys in York County

York County Lakes “at risk” of Infestation

Resources in the State of ME and New England

Basic Plant Identification

Using the “Quick Key” to determine Suspect IAP

“Quick Key” Exercise with the plant samples

Discussion of attendees’ interests and topics/activities

for the next 2 project workshops

Please fill-out the evaluation/suggestion sheet at the end of the workshop – it will help determine

the content of Workshop #3, which will be held in late September.

See Appendix C continued on the next page



Appendix C. (Continued)


Thursday, August 3, 2006 6:30-9 PM, Alfred Town Hall

Agenda

Purpose and Goals of the Project

Introduction to ME’s List of the 11 “Most Unwanted” IAP &

which of those have been found in ME & York County

Images of ME’s 11 “Most Unwanted” IAP

6 IAP screening surveys to be done in York County through YCIASP –

water bodies & dates

(Indicate your interest on the sign-in sheet)

IAP Management Projects in York County, ME –

an overview with

presentations by Lee Willson of Balch Lake (variable leaf milfoil)

and Joe Howes of West Pond (curly leaf pondweed)

Review of how to use the “Quick Key”

to determine suspect IAP

10 Minute Break

Wetland Terrestrial Invasive Plants presentation

by Heather Dionne (YCSWCD) & Robert Kenning (Rachel Carson Refuge)

Plant Identification Exercises

(A variety of fresh samples of new and old, native and invasive)


content of Workshop #3, which will be held in late September/early October.

See Appendix C continued on the next page



Appendix C. (Continued)


Saturday,October14, 2006

10 AM - Noon, Alfred Town Hall

Agenda

Quick review and updates of “ME’s 11 Most Unwanted Invasive Aquatic Plants (IAP)”

and the IAP in York County, “close-by” in other ME counties, NH & MA

Results of several field surveys performed this season

to check for IAP in York County water bodies

(The 2006 YCIASP field surveys were attended by over 25 participants!)

Info about IAP management projects in York County & Maine

Possible future IAP educational & training opportunities in York County

Resources & contacts for invasive aquatic species issues in ME & New England

Practice using the Quick Key to Ruling Out Maine’s Most Unwanted

Invasive Aquatic Plants with fresh and pressed plant samples (invasive and native species)


content of Workshop #3, which will be held in late September/early October.



Appendix D.

2006 YORK COUNTY INVASIVE AQUATIC SPECIES PROJECT (YCIASP)

Invasive Aquatic Species Contact Information and Websites for More Information

York County Soil & Water Conservation District\, Debbie Mayo, District Manager, 8 Waterboro Rd., P.O. Box 819, Alfred ME 04002 Tel.: 207-324-7015 Fax: 207-324-4462 Email: [email protected] Website: www.yorkswcd.org

Laurie Callahan, YCIASP Project Coordinator & Aquatic Biologist, 61 Oak St., Brattleboro, VT 05301 Tel.: 802-258-1877 Email: [email protected]

Friends of the Cobbossee Watershed, P.O. Box 5003, Augusta, ME 04332-5003 Phone: (207) 621-4100 Email: [email protected] Website: www.watershedfriends.com/

Spring 2006 publication about their and LEA’s boat wash station: http://www.watershedfriends.com/L.%20L.%20Bean%20handbook.pdf

Lakes Environmental Association, 230 Main St., Bridgton, ME 04009 Phone: (207) 647-8580 Email: [email protected] Website: www.mainelakes.org

Maine Center for Invasive Aquatic Plants 24 Maple Hill Road, Auburn, ME 04210, Phone: (207) 783-7733 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.mainevolunteerlakemonitors.org/mciap/ or www.mciap.org (Virtual Herbarium site: www.mciap.org/herbarium)

Maine Congress of Lake Associations, P.O. Box 426, Belgrade, ME 04917 Phone: (877) 254-2511 (Toll Free) Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.mainecola.org

Maine Department of Environmental Protection Invasive Species Program, 17 State House Station, Augusta, ME 04333 Phone: (800) 452-1942 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.state.me.us/dep/blwq/topic/invasives/index.htm

ME DEP & ME DIF&W Rapid Response Plans for Invasive Aquatic Species:

http://mainegov-images.informe.org/dep/blwq/topic/invasives/rrp_part1final.pdf

http://mainegov-images.informe.org/dep/blwq/topic/invasives/rrp_part2final.pdf

See Appendix D continued on the next page

Courtesy Boat Inspection Training:

South & West of Augusta: Lakes Environmental Association Phone: 207-647-8580 Email: [email protected] North & East of Augusta: Maine Congress of Lake Assoc. Phone: 877-254-2511 Email: [email protected]



Appendix D. (Continued)

2006 YORK COUNTY INVASIVE AQUATIC SPECIES PROJECT (YCIASP)

Invasive Aquatic Species Contact Information and Websites for More Information (cont.’d)

Maine Department of Inland Fisheries & Wildlife 284 State Street, 41 State House Station, Augusta, ME 04333-0041 Phone: (207) 287-8000 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.mefishwildlife.com, http://www.maine.gov/ifw/index.html

Maine Volunteer Lake Monitoring Program, 24 Maple Hill Road, Auburn, ME 04210 Phone: (207) 783-7733 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.mainevlmp.org/

OTHER WEBSITES FOR INVASIVE SPECIES INFORMATION

Invasive Plant Atlas of New England http://invasives.eeb.uconn.edu/ipane/

Massachusetts Dept. of Conservation and Recreation – Lakes & Ponds – Invasive Species http://www.mass.gov/dcr/waterSupply/lakepond/lakepond.htm

New Hampshire Dept. of Environmental Services – Exotic Species Program http://www.des.state.nh.us/wmb/exoticspecies/

Vermont Dept. of Environmental Conservation – Lakes & Ponds- http://www.vtwaterquality.org/lakes/htm/ans/lp_ans-index.htm

Crayfish Information http://www.protectyourwaters.net/hitchhikers/crustaceans_rusty_crayfish.php http://www.mainevolunteerlakemonitors.org/WCWinter2006.pdf (“The Crayfish of Maine”, article in The

Water Column, Vol. 10, No. 3, Winter 2006, a publication of the ME VLMP)

Chinese Mystery Snail Information http://www.in.gov/dnr/invasivespecies/CHINESE%20MYSTERY%20SNAIL.pdf

Zebra Mussel Information http://www.vtwaterquality.org/lakes/htm/ans/lp_zebra.htm

Maine Natural Areas Program http://www.mainenaturalareas.org/index.php - for info on rare, threatened and endangered species, natural communities and invasive species; the address for invasive species information is http://www.mainenaturalareas.org/docs/program_activities/invasive_plants.php

WEBSITES FOR OTHER PLANT & NATURAL HISTORY WORKSHOPS/SEMINARS

Delta Institute of Natural History, Dead River Rd., Bowdoin, ME http://www.vfthomas.com/deltahome.htm

Humboldt Field Research Institute & Eagle Hill Foundation, Steuben, ME http://www.eaglehill.us/

Gray Regional Headquarters RR1, 358 Shaker Rd., Gray, ME 04039

(207) 657-2345



Appendix E.

Spreadsheet of the results of the 2006 YCIASP

“pre-project” questionnaire & responses and

summarized responses to the 3 workshop evaluation forms. (The spreadsheets are not available here if looking at an electronic document,

but are available from the YCSWCD office or Laurie Callahan.)

Appendix F.

Field Survey Data Sheets for the 2006 YCIASP

10 IAP Screening Surveys Performed (Copies of the Field Survey Data Sheets are not available here

if looking at an electronic document,

but are available from the YCSWCD office or Laurie Callahan.)



Appendix G.

2006 York County Aquatic Plant Species Lists:

Information from York County Waterbodies Surveyed

for Invasive Aquatic Plants & Native Species

for the 2006 YCIASP & MCIAP

2002-2006 York County Aquatic Plant Species:

Information Compiled from Aquatic Plant Surveys Generally Performed by Don Cameron (ME Natural Areas Program) and L. Callahan (Various Projects)

(The font of these documents is very small – best viewed enlarged on computer screen.)

The information is somewhat incomplete for the second (2002-06 compiled) chart

as not all survey data could be obtained while compiling the list.

The intention is to continue to add to the compiled information as it becomes available.

See Appendix G continued on the next page

2006 YORK COUNTY AQUATIC PLANT SPECIES: From surveys done in York County through 2006 YCIASP & LC for MCIAP/ME DEP

(Updated/modified March 2007)

2006 YCIASP & MCIAP/ME DEP Surveys LC) Plants - Scientific Names Plants - Common Names

Bau

neg

Beg

Pd

.

9/0

6

Este

s L

.

8/0

6,

9/0

6

Ho

rn P

d.

8/0

6 (

YC

IAS

P),

10/0

6 (

MC

IAP

/ME

DE

P)

Kn

igh

t(s)

Pd

9/0

6

Lit

tle O

ssip

ee R

. –

sp

ot

ch

ecks –

2 t

o 3

of

6 S

ites

9/0

6(M

CIA

P/M

E D

EP

)

Rock H

aven L

.

8/0

6

Scit

uate

Pd

.

8/0

6

Sil

ver

L.

(P

overt

y P

d.)

8/0

6

So

ko

kis

L.

(su

rvey/n

o l

ist)

9

/06

Wil

so

n L

.

8/0

6

Brasenia schreberi watershield X X X X X X X

Ceratophyllum demersum coontail X

Chara spp. (Chlorophyta) Muskgrass, not speciated (green alga, macroalga) X X X X

Dulichium arundinaceum sedge, three way X

Elatine minima waterwort X X X

Eleocharis acicularis spikerush, needle X X X X X X X

Eleocharis robbinsii spikerush, Robbins' X X

Elodea canadensis waterweed, common X X

Equisetum fluviatale horsetail, water X

Eriocaulon aquaticum pipewort X X X X X X X

Fontinalis spp. aquatic moss, not speciated X X

Gratiola aurea hyssop, dwarf X

Isoetes spp. quillwort, not speciated X X

Juncus militaris rush, bayonet X

Juncus pelocarpus rush, brown-fruited or mud X X X X

Lobelia dortmanna water lobelia X X X

Megalodonta beckii marigold, water X X X

Myriophyllum heterophyllum water milfoil, variable X1

Myriophyllum tennellum water milfoil, dwarf or leafless X X X

Najas flexilis water nymph, slender X X X X X X X

Najas gracillima water nymph, grass-like X X X

Nitella spp. (Chlorophyta) stonewort, not speciated (green alga, macroalga) X X X

Nuphar variegata spatterdock X X X X X X X X

Nymphaea odorata water lily, fragrant or white X X X X X X X X

Nymphoides cordata little floating heart X X X X X X

Pontederia cordata pickerelweed X X X X X X X X

Porifera (Order), freshwater sponge, freshwater X X X X X X

Potamogeton amplifolius pondweeed, large leaf X X X X

Potamogeton bicupulatus pondweeed, northern snail seed X X

Potamogeton epihydrus pondweeed, ribbon leaf X X X X X X X X

Potamogeton gramineus pondweeed, variable X X X X

Potamogeton natans pondweeed, floating leaf X X X X

Potamogeton perfoliatus pondweeed, clasping leaf X

Potamogeton pusillus pondweeed, small X X X X

Potamogeton robbinsii pondweeed, fern leaf X X X X X

Potamogeton spirillus pondweeed, spiral fruited (snail seed) X X X X X X

Potamogeton spp. (narrow-leaved species, native)

pondweeed, narrow-leaved, native; not speciated X

Potamogeton spp. (native) pondweeed, native; not speciated X

Ranunculus reptans spearwort, creeping X X

Sagittaria graminea arrowhead, grass leaf X

Sagitarria latifolia arrowhead, common X X X X X

Sagittaria spp. arrowhead, other; not speciated X

Sagittaria spp., sterile rosettes arrowhead, spp., sterile rosettes X X X

Schoenoplectus subterminalis bulrush, water X

Sium suave water-parsnip X

Sparganium americanum burr-reed, Eastern X X

Sparganium spp., emergent burr-reed, emergent; not speciated X X X X X

Sparganium spp., floating leaved burr-reed, floating leaved; not speciated X X X X X X X

Sparganium spp., submersed burr-reed, submersed; not speciated X X X X

thread-like, long, sterile submersed growth

2


2 X X

Typha latifolia catttail, common X X X

Utricularia gibba bladderwort, small X X

Utricularia intermedia bladderwort, northern X X

Utricularia macrorhiza bladderwort, common X X X X X

Utricularia purpurea bladderwort, large purple X X X X X X X

Utricularia radiata bladderwort, floating X X X X

Valisneria americana wild celery X X X

NOTES:

LC = Laurie Callahan

ind The items in red font icate invasive aquatic species 1 Information in this table is from surveys done in 2006 through the 2006 YCIASP and L.Callahan for MCIAP/ME DEP; it does not include Saco R. information;

other surveys by other individuals, groups or agenceies are available elsewhere.

2 3 of the 6 sites had a suspicious Milfoil sp. similar to the M. heterophyllum in Lake Arrowhead;

2 samples (at L. Arrowhead outlet & at Rte 117 bridge/Doles Ridge Rd. intersection) sent for DNA analysis; those results identified M. heterophyllum

3 thread-like, long, sterile submersed growth can possibly be a sterile form of Eleocharis robbinsii, Juncus militaris or Schoenoplectus subterminalis. Specific ID possible if emergent flowering stuctures present.

2002-2006 YORK COUNTY AQUATIC PLANT SPECIES 1

(Information compiled by L. Callahan for 2006 York County Invasive Aquatic Species Project report.) (Slightly modified March 2007.)

Scientific Name of Plants2 Common Name of Plants

2 B

alc

h L

. (P

d.)

, -

ME

sid

e;

va

rio

us

20

04

-06

Ba

un

eg

Be

g P

d.;

Y

CIA

SP

9/0

6

Es

tes

L.;

L

C+

/IP

P 1

0/0

5,

Y

CIA

SP

8/0

6 &

9/0

6

Ho

rn P

d.;

M

NA

P 8

/02

;

YC

IAS

P 8

/06

& 1

0/0

6

Isin

gla

ss

Pd

.;

MO

HF

/LC

+ 7

/04

& 1

0/0

4

Ke

nn

eb

un

k P

d.;

LC

+/I

PP

10

/05

Kn

igh

t(s

) P

d.;

YC

IAS

P 9

/06

La

ke

Arr

ow

he

ad

;

Va

rio

us

/ i

nd

ete

rmin

ate

-20

06

Lit

tle

Os

sip

ee

Pd

.(L

k.)

;

MN

AP

9/0

3

Lit

tle

Os

sip

ee

Riv

er

–

ab

ov

e L

. A

rro

wh

ea

d;

M

CIA

P/L

C 9

/06

; 2

of

2 s

ite

s 9

/06

Lit

tle

Os

sip

ee

Riv

er

–

be

low

L.

Arr

ow

he

ad

;

MC

IAP

/LC

9/0

6;

-3

of

4 s

ite

s 9

/06

Lo

ng

Po

nd

(P

ars

on

sfi

eld

);

MN

AP

7/0

3

Lo

on

Pd

.;

LC

+/I

PP

9/0

5

Mo

us

am

L.;

M

NA

P 9

/04

;

LC

+/I

PP

9/0

4,

20

05

(N

ort

h)

Sh

ap

leig

h P

d.

&

Lit

tle

Os

sip

ee

R.

se

ge

me

nt

ab

ov

e ;

L

C+

/IP

P 9

/05

P

ick

ere

l P

d.,

Lim

eri

ck

;

va

rio

us

sta

te a

ge

nc

ies

,

20

02

-06

Po

wd

erh

ou

se

Hil

l P

d.,

S

o.

Be

rwic

k;

MO

HF

/LC

9/0

4

Ro

ck

Ha

ve

n L

.

(ak

a A

da

ms

Pd

.);

MN

AP

7/0

3:

YC

IAS

P 8

/06

Ro

un

d P

d.,

So

. B

erw

ick

; M

OH

F/L

C 9

/04

Sa

co

Riv

er

–

ab

ov

e S

ke

lto

n D

am

; V

olu

nte

er/

IPP

; F

all

20

06

Sc

itu

ate

Pd

.;

YC

IAS

P 8

/06

Sil

ve

r L

. (a

ka

Po

ve

rty

Pd

.);

MN

AP

7/0

3;

YC

IAS

P 8

/06

So

ko

kis

L.

(ak

a H

oll

an

d P

d.)

;

MN

AP

7/0

3;

Y

CIA

SP

/No

Lis

t 9

/06

Sq

ua

re P

d.;

MN

AP

20

05

; L

C+

/IP

P 9

/05

Sy

mm

es

Pd

.;

MN

AP

7/0

3;

L

C/I

PP

9/0

5 (

No

Lis

t)

un

-na

me

d p

d.,

O

gu

nq

uit

Rd

.;

M

OH

F/L

C 9

/04

un

-na

me

d p

d.,

O

ld K

nb

nk

Rd

.;

MO

HF

/LC

+ 9

/04

Wa

rre

n P

d.;

M

OH

F/L

C 8

/04

We

lch

s P

d.:

M

OH

F/L

C+

9/0

4

We

st

Pd

.;

MN

AP

7/0

3

Wil

so

n L

.;

MN

AP

8/0

2;

Y

CIA

SP

8/0

6

Brasenia schreberi watershield P P P P P P P U P P P P P

Callitriche heterophylla water starwort, large P

Callitriche palustris water starwort, common P

Callitriche spp. water starwort, not speciated P

Cardamine pennsylvanica bitter-cress , Pennsylvania P

Ceratophyllum demersum coontail P P P P P

Ceratophyllum echinatum hornwort P

Chamaedaphne calyculata leatherleaf P

Chara spp. (Chlorophyta) muskgrass, not speciated P P P P P P P P

Decodon verticillatus water-willow P P

Drosera intermedia sundew, spatulate-leaved P

Drosera spp. sundew, not speciated P P

Dulichium arundinaceum sedge, three way P P P P

Elatine minima waterwort P P P P U P P P

Elatine spp. waterwort, not speciated P P

Eleocharis acicularis spikerush, needle P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

Eleocharis robbinsii spikerush, Robbins' D P P P P P P P P P

Eleocharis spp. spikerush, not speciated P P

Elodea canadensis waterweed, common P P P P

Elodea nutallii waterweed, slender or Nutall's P P P P P

Equisetum fluviatale horsetail, water P

Eriocaulon aquaticum pipewort P D P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

Fontinalis spp. aquatic moss, not speciated P P P P P P P P P P P

Gallium spp. bedstraw, not speciated P

Glyceria borealis mannagrass, northern P

Gratiola aurea hyssop, dwarf P P P P P

Hydrilla verticillata hydrilla P

Hypericum boreale forma callitrichoides Hypericum boreale forma callitrichoides P

Hypericum spp. Hypericum not speciated P

Isoetes spp. quillwort, not speciated P P P P P P

Isoetes tuckermanii quillwort, Tuckerman's P P

Juncus militaris rush, bayonet P P P

Juncus pelocarpus rush, brown-fruited or mud P P P P P P P P P P D

Juncus spp. rush (Juncus), not speciated P

Leersia oryzoides cut-grass, rice P

Lemna minor duckweed, lesser P P

Lobelia dortmanna lobelia, water P P P P P P P P P P P P

Lycopus uniflorus water horehound, northern P

Lysimachia terrestris swamp candles P P

Megalodonta beckii marigold, water P U P P P P P

Myriophyllum alterniflora water-milfoil, alternate flowered

Myriophyllum farwellii water-milfoil, Farwell's

Myriophyllum heterophyllum water-milfoil, variable P P NS3 P P

Myriophyllum humile water-milfoil, low-water P P

Myriophyllum sibericum water-milfoil, northern

Myriophyllum spp. water-milfoil, not speciated

Myriophyllum tennellum water-milfoil, dwarf or leafless P P P P P P

Myriophyllum verticillatum water-milfoil, whorled P

Najas flexilis water-nymph, slender P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

Najas gracillima water-nymph, grass-like P P P P

Nitella spp. (Chlorophyta) stonewort, not speciated P P P P P P P P P

Nuphar spp. Nuphar, not speciated

Nuphar variegata spatterdock P P P P P P P P P P P P U P P P P P U

Nymphaea odorata water lily, fragrant or white P P P P P P P P P P P P P U P P P P P P

Nymphaea odorata ssp. odorata water lily, fragrant or white; subspecies odorata P

P

Nymphaea odorata ssp. tuberosa water lily, fragrant or white; subspecies tuberosa

Nymphoides cordata little floating heart P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

Peltandra virginicum arrow arum P

Persicaria amphibium smartweed, water P P

Pontederia cordata pickerelweed P P D P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

Potamogeton amplifolius pondweeed, large leaf P P P P P U U P P P P

Potamogeton bicupulatus pondweeed, northern snail seed P P U

Potamogeton confervoides pondweed, alga-like P P P P

Potamogeton crispus pondweed, curly leaf P

Potamogeton epihydrus pondweeed, ribbon leaf P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

Potamogeton gramineus pondweeed, variable P P P P P P P P U

Potamogeton natans pondweeed, floating leaf P P P P P P U P P P P

Potamogeton natans or P. oakesianus

pondweeed, floating leaf, one of 2 species; not speciated P P P

P

Potamogeton perfoliatus pondweeed, clasping leaf P P

Potamogeton pusillus pondweeed, small P P P P P P P P P P P P P

Potamogeton robbinsii pondweeed, fern leaf P P P P P P P P P P

Potamogeton spirillus pondweeed, spiral fruited (snail seed) P P P P P P P P P P

Potamogeton spp. (native) pondweeed, native; not speciated P

Potamogeton spp.

(other native, narrow-leaved species) pondweeed, narrow-leaved, native; not speciated P

Potamogeton zosteriformis pondweeed, zig-zag P P

Porifera (Order), freshwater sponge, freshwater P P P P P P U P P P

Ranunculus aquatilis water crowfoot, white P P P

Ranunculus aquatilis var. diffusus water crowfoot, white P

Ranunculus flabellaris water crowfoot, yellow P

Ranunculus flammula spearwort P P P

Ranunculus reptans spearwort, creeping P P

Sagittaria graminea arrowhead, grass leaf P P P P P

Sagittaria latifolia arrowhead, common U P P P P P P P

Sagittaria spp. arrowhead, other; not speciated P P P P P

Sagittaria spp. (sterile rosettes) arrowhead, sterile rosettes; not speciated P P

P

Schoenoplectus subterminalis bulrush, water P P

Scirpus or Schoenoplectus spp. bulrush, not speciated (Scirpus or Schoenoplectus) P

Sium suave water-parsnip P U

Sparganium americanum burr-reed, Eastern P P P

Sparganium angustifolium burr-reed, narrow-leaf P P P

Sparganium fluctuans burr-reed, floating-leaf P P P P P P P

Sparganium natans burr-reed, Northern or little P

Sparganium spp. (emergent) burr-reed, emergent; not speciated P P P P P P P P P P P P

Sparganium spp. (submersed) burr-reed, submersed; not speciated P P P P

Sparganium spp. (floating leaved) burr-reed, various floating lvd.; not spec. P P P P P P P P

Sphagnum spp. sphagnum moss, not speciated P P P P

Spirodela polyrrhiza duckweed, greater P

Subularia aquatica awlwort P


4


4

P P

Triadenum virginicum St. Johnswort, marsh P P P P P P P

Typha latifolia catttail, common P P P P P

Typha spp. catttail, not speciated P P

Utricularia cornuta bladderwort, naked P

Utricularia gemniscapa bladderwort, mixed P

Utricularia gibba bladderwort, small P P P P P P

Utricularia intermedia bladderwort, northern P P P P P P

Utricularia macrorhiza bladderwort, common P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

Utricularia purpurea bladderwort, large purple D P D P P P P P P P P P P P D

Utricularia radiata bladderwort, floating P P P P P P P P P P

Utricularia resupinata bladderwort, lesser purple P P P

Utricularia spp. bladderwort, other; not speciated

Valisneria americana wild celery P P P P P

Wolffia brasiliensis watermeal, Brazilian P

Wolffia columbiana watermeal, Columbian P

Xyris spp.5 yellow-eyed-grass, not speciated P

Notes: D = dominant, P = present, U = uncommon

The items in red font indicate invasive aquatic species

1 Information from surveys done between 2002-2006 by Don Cameron (MNAP), L. Callahan (MCIAP/IPP & prof., MOHF project and YCIASP project); if others involved with survey info probably available on field sheets;

it is possible that other aquatic plant surveys were done that do not appear here. Great East Lake, Lake Arrowhead and Pickerel Pond aquatic plant survey info not available when this list was compiled. Slightly modified March 2007.

2 Most of these species are aquatic plants - a few are wetland plants or plants found along wet shorelines.

3 NS = None seen (Refering to variable milfoil that was being screened for at these Little Ossipee River sites.)

4 thread-like, long, sterile submersed growth can possibly be a sterile form of Eleocharis robbinsii, Juncus militaris or Schoenoplectus subterminalis. Specific ID possible if emergent flowering structure is present. 5 Xyris spp. is probably Xyris montatna.

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Final Report (Updated/Modified March 2007) Files... · (Photo by Mike Cannon) Project Sponsored by York County Soil & Water Conservation District Funding Provided by Davis Conservation