7/16/2016 Bushmaster 25mm Machine Cannon

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BUSHMASTER 25MM MACHINE CANNONBy Robert Bruce

Designed in the early 1970’s by engineers at Hughes Helicopters, cannon­caliber BUSHMASTERCHAIN GUNS on the Apache Attack Helicopter, the Bradley Fighting Vehicle, and many otherplatforms have proven in combat to be without equal in the world. With Hughes having beensuccessively merged with McDonnell Douglas and now Boeing, more than 10,000 of the 30mm M230and the 25mm M242 are in service in the US and allied nations, enjoying an unsurpassed reputationfor reliability, accuracy and operational effectiveness.

Concepts Compared

Typically, large caliber automatic cannon suffer from any number of problems that must be addressedby tradeoffs in design. Self­powered guns utilize by­products from firing the ammunition to operate allfunctions including feed, locking, extraction, and ejection. This means that their parts must berelatively heavy and resistant to extreme stress. Also, even small variations in the ammunition canlead to stoppages.

Gatling­type weapons utilize external power, usually electric motors or hydraulic systems, to rotate acluster of barrels into firing position. While this can promote greater reliability and high rates of fire,the penalties tend to be an increase in complexity and maintenance difficulties, a high system weightand bulk, plus a greater cost.

In contrast, Hughes engineers offered their single barrel, rotating bolt, electrically driven “Chain Gun,”so called because of its motorcycle type sprocket and chain operating mechanism. Not unlike anautomobile engine’s timing chain, the Hughes system provides unparalleled precision, smoothnessand positive action to all phases of the cycle of operation.

Anyone who has been frustrated by the process of separately adjusting headspace and timing on aBrowning .50 cal should appreciate how simple and “idiot proof” the Chain Gun is. Each movementfrom feed to ejection takes place at exactly the right time with no fuss and bother.

Use of a single barrel means lighter weight, relatively few moving parts, and consistent accuracy.Unlike Gatling system revolving cannon, the Chain Gun’s single fixed barrel is not subject to boresightdeviations inherent in multi­barrel clusters, nor to the “lawn sprinkler” effect of tangential velocity asexperienced from Gatling pipes spinning at high rate of fire.

A logical alternative to self­cycling designs is provided by the Bradley’s electrical system as a powersource. Operated by a small 1.5 horsepower motor, the M242 runs quite smoothly with little recoil­induced vibration. In the unlikely emergency of a total electrical system failure, a hand crank can cyclethe gun for a last­ditch shot or clearing.

Damping of the short recoil stroke of the barrel is efficiently accomplished with a sealed unitcontaining ordinary coil springs.

Dual Feed Not Double

Dual feed ­ its capability to instantly switch over between two types of ammunition ­ is one of the moreuseful characteristics of the Chain Gun design. This means that a gunner who is expecting to engagean armored vehicle can immediately change to a high explosive if an appropriate target presentsitself.

The Chain Gun’s cycle of operation begins and ends with the bolt fully rearward and no round in thechamber. This eliminates “cookoff,” the possibility of accidental explosion of a round left in anoverheated chamber. Similarly, “double feed” ­ attempt to feed a round when another is still in thechamber ­ is blocked by a sensing rotor that instantly tops the feed system if a round fails to extract.In addition to avoiding ugly malfunctions, this eliminates the possibility of catastrophic in­ turretexplosion from jamming the nose fuze on an HE round being fed.

Its deceptively simple mechanism is all the more remarkable for its extraordinary reliability. Not onlydo published figures cite better than 10,000 mean rounds between stoppage, the gun can also becleared with speed and safety.

Not surprisingly, the Hughes CHAIN GUN overcame virtually every objectionable aspect of competitivesystems and quickly took the lead in the Army’s Vehicle Rapid Fire Weapon System test program.The M242 was formally adopted on 19 February 1973 with the official nickname of BUSHMASTER,the large and deadly poisonous snake of the Central American jungles.

Ultimate Machine Gun Mount

Since the hard­hitting, multi purpose 25mm M242 version weighs over 230 lbs and has an effectiverange in excess of 3000 meters, the best way to maximize its lethality is to put it in what might becalled the ultimate machine gun ground mount.

This is the Bradley Fighting Vehicle, a fully tracked armored weapons platform with a stabilized turretand highly sophisticated day and night sighting systems. Designed to keep up with the M1 Abrams’main battle tank in the mechanized “AirLand Battle” once envisioned for central Europe, it clearlyoutclasses its rival, the Soviet BMP armored fighting vehicle.

As mounted in the Bradley, the Chain Gun has distinct advantages in mobility and crew protection,allowing the gunner to identify and destroy a wide variety of threats including bunkers, other armoredvehicles, and even helicopters. And for those situations when the 25mm isn’t ideal, the Bradley turretalso features both a 7.62mm M240 machine gun and a pair of TOW missiles, fully integrated with thevehicle’s fire control system.

Live Fire Gunnery Training

Small Arms Review was invited to examine the Chain Gun in action with the North Carolina NationalGuard’s 1st Battalion 119th Infantry Regiment (Mechanized). The Tarheel trackmen were up in myneck of the woods at Fort Pickett, Virginia’s Range 13, spending several weekends rotating Bradleycrews through the demanding Bradley Table VIII live fire qualification course. This was a perfectopportunity for me to have plenty of time to observe and photograph all aspects of the training withoutgetting too much in their way at a stressful time.

Under command of Major Greg Lusk, this is a great bunch of guys and I found them to be quiteserious about maintaining high standards despite the very real problems of today’s budget­ starvedmilitary. Master Sergeant Tim Davis, battalion training NCO, wisely hooked me up with a CharlieCompany Bradley M2 commanded by Sergeant First Class Dannie Lewis. Along with the gunner,Sergeant James Pierce, Lewis and the rest of his crew patiently answered my endless (and oftenborderline stupid) questions and provided a step­by­step “show and tell” for photographs as theyprepared for their turn at bat.

After a thorough before­operation check of all systems and final preparations of both the Chain Gunand the M240 coaxial machine gun, Lewis’ Bradley pulled up next to the big ugly ammo HEMMT. TheArmy has a standard load formula for this course so they got the prescribed mix of 25mm M910TPDS­T plus linked 7.62mm in the usual four ball plus one tracer mix. According to Armyspecifications, the 25mm Target Practice Discarding Sabot­ Tracer matches the velocity and trajectoryof real combat ammo well beyond 2000 meters with twin advantages of lower cost and an 8000 metermaximum range that won’t exceed the impact area safety fan limits.

The gunner, Sergeant Pierce, showed me how the linked 25mm is hung in two separatecompartments on opposite sides of the turret, ready for feeding as the situation dictates. A simplediagram is thoughtfully provided on each magazine to make sure the bullets are pointed in the rightdirection; important soldier proofing to help tired and stressed crewmen. For safety purposes the beltsweren’t actually fed into the guns at this time. Instead, this final step was not performed until thevehicle was cleared to move onto the range for its trial by fire.

Riding the Range

Wishing them well, I moved up to the main range area for a quick orientation. The sand table was agreat place to start, providing a miniature overview of the terrain including firing points and targettypes. While some might say that this gives an unfair advantage not likely to be experienced incombat, the Army contends that the job of determining baseline gunnery skills should be done in anorderly and standardized manner. Coping with surprise targets on unfamiliar terrain is a higher­levelchallenge, best done after the crew has proven that it has mastered the basics.

The range control tower was manned by a team of active Army Master Gunners who had been sentto Ft. Pickett to conduct the Guardsmen’s testing. These guys were making sure that each task in thecourse was fairly presented and impartially graded. Their work was not made easy by the somewhatpoor condition of the whole radio­controlled target system. It performed erratically and sometimes justrefused to work, giving the unit’s target detail plenty to do downrange with resulting delays. On apositive note, this gave me an unusual opportunity to ride with them and to get a close look at boththe stationary and moving target mechanisms in the enormous impact area.

The effects of eight years of miserly military budgets can be seen in a million ways, big and small,throughout the armed forces; in this case worn­out target lifters paired with old and abused electroniccontrollers. While Bill and Hillary flew around like a king and queen on Air Force jets, muddy­bootsoldiers make the best of a bad situation literally with duct tape, and coat hanger wire. Many have tobuy batteries themselves.

In the rare situation when everything goes well, the daylight part of the table can be fired by a Bradleycrew in about 45 minutes. This includes a substantial amount of time for zeroing and for getting intofull chemical gear for Task 6.

The course begins with the vehicle moving up into the first of two fixed firing points identified on theaccompanying map as BP2. This is used to zero both the coaxial machine gun and the Chain Gun byoptically sighting clearly identified panels positioned 500 and 1100 meters distant. If the tracers hit thepanels then the guns are zeroed, if not then it takes some more time and adjustments to get themworking together.

When the vehicle commander and gunner are satisfied with their zero then record firing can begin,escalating in degree of difficulty. From stationary Bradley and fixed targets to shooting at trolley­bornemovers while on the run, the course presents many realistic situations likely to be encountered incombat. Bare minimum qualification standards require hits in at least seven engagements includingone while wearing a gas mask and two at night.

No Excuses

When the crew on the hot seat has finished its run, they download and clear their guns then dismountfor an unflinchingly honest evaluation. All of the target action for each Bradley’s range time isrecorded on gun camera videotape with an on­screen time code, then played back for the crew by amember of the test team like a real­world video game. Each target presentation scenario can belooked at again and again in real time or in slow motion and even stopped for a detailed analysis.

This high­teh After Action Review not only allows the Bradleymen to see what they did right or wrong,it also provides the necessary evidence to challenge any miss­scoring that might have happened inthe tower such as not leaving the target up for the minimum required time. More than just a series ofdry score sheets, these videos give the unit’s leadership a highly objective view of each crew’sproficiency in target identification, choice of the best weapon (main gun vs. coax) fire commands andmarksmanship.

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