Final Report Cardio

7/31/2019 Final Report Cardio

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Cardiac tamponade is caused by a large or uncontrolled pericardial effusion, i.e. the buildup of fluid

inside the pericardium. This commonly occurs as a result of chest trauma (both blunt and

penetrating), but can also be caused by myocardial rupture, cancer, uraemia, pericarditis, or cardiac

surgery, and rarely occurs during retrograde aortic dissection, or whilst the patient is taking

anticoagulant therapy. The effusion can occur rapidly (as in the case of trauma or myocardial

rupture), or over a more gradual period of time (as in cancer). The fluid involved is often blood, butpus is also found in some circumstances.

Myocardial rupture is a somewhat uncommon cause of pericardial tamponade. It typically happens in

the subacute setting after a myocardial infarction (heart attack), in which the infarcted muscle of the

heart thins out and tears. Myocardial rupture is more likely to happen in elderly individuals without

any previous cardiac history who suffer from their first heart attack and are not revascularized either

with thrombolytic therapy or with percutaneous coronary intervention or with coronary artery

bypass graft surgery.

One of the most common settings for cardiac tamponade is in the first 24 to 48 hours after heart

surgery. After heart surgery, chest tubes are placed to drain blood. These chest tubes, however, are

prone to clot formation. When a chest tube becomes occluded or clogged, the blood that should be

drained can accumulate around the heart, leading to tamponade. Nurses will frequently milk clots

from the tubes, or strip the tubes, but even with these efforts chest tubes can become clogged. Thus,

after heart surgery it is critical to be on the watch for chest tube clogging. Myocardial infarction is

necrosis of the myocardium because of the local obstruction of blood to the affected tissue.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardial_effusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_rupturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericarditishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_dissectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombolytichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percutaneous_coronary_interventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_bypass_graft_surgeryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_bypass_graft_surgeryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chest_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chest_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_bypass_graft_surgeryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_bypass_graft_surgeryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percutaneous_coronary_interventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombolytichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_dissectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericarditishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_rupturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardial_effusion


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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

cardiac arrest may oocur

obstructive shock to develop

leading to decreased stroke volume

increasing pressure pressese on the heart and forces the septum to bend into theleft ventricle

less and less blood enters the ventricles

pressure starts to increase

fluid begins to enter the pericardial space

The outer pericardium is made of fibrous tissue which does not easily stretch


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CAUSES

1.Hemopericardium (blood accumulation in the pericardial space) usually from trauma or from an

aortic aneurysm that dissects (chest x-ray, 106K) into the pericardium. Or iatrogenic (condition

caused by medical treatment) like anti-coagulation therapy, use of transvenous pacemaker,

diagnostic pericardiocentesis, CPR, cardiac catheterization or other invasive cardiac procedures canalso cause hemopericardium.

2. Neoplasm ("new growth" or cancer) can cause rapid accumulation of serous or serosanguinous

(mixture of serous and blood) fluid in the pericardial space. 3. Pericarditis (inflammation of the

pericardium) from radiation therapy, infections, or drug reactions such as hydralazine or

procainamide can all result in pericardial effusion that leads to tamponade.

Other Causes Of Cardiac Tamponade Include: Pericarditis, Acute Myocardial Infarction, Tuberculosis,

Radiation Damage, Bacterial, Cardiomyopathy, Lupus, Or Dissecting Aortic Aneurysm.

Cardiac tamponade can occur due to:

Dissecting aortic aneurysmDissecting aortic aneurysm (thoracic) End-stage lung cancer

Heart attack (acute MIacute MI)

Heart surgery

PericarditisPericarditis caused by bacterial or viral infections

Wounds to the heart

Other potential causes include:

Heart tumors

HypothyroidismHypothyroidism

Kidney failureKidney failure Placement of central lines

Radiation therapyRadiation therapy to the chest

Recent invasive heart procedures

Recent open heart surgery

Systemic lupus erythematosus

SYMPTOMS

Anxiety, restlessness Chest pain

o Radiating to the neck, shoulder, back, or abdomeno Sharp, stabbingo Worsened by deep breathing or coughing

Difficulty breathing Discomfort, sometimes relieved by sitting upright or leaning forward Fainting, light-headedness


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Pale, gray, or blue skin Palpitations Rapid breathing Swelling of the abdomen or other areas

Other symptoms that may occur with this disorder:

Dizziness Drowsiness Low blood pressure Weak or absent pulse

DIAGNOSTIC TESTThere are no specific laboratory tests that diagnose tamponade. Echocardiogram is typically used to

help establish the diagnosis.

Other tests may include:

Chest CT Chest CT or MRI of chest MRI of chest

Chest x-ray Chest x-ray

Coronary angiography

COMPLICATIONS

Complications of Cardiactamponadefrom theDiseases Databaseinclude:

Hypotension Low voltage ECG Cardiogenic shock Electromechanical dissociation Electrical alternans Cardiac failure, low output Jugular venous pressure raised Cardiac arrest Pulsus paradoxus

MEDICAL MANAGEMENT

Cardiac tamponade is an emergency condition that requires hospitalization.

The fluid around the heart must be drained. Pericardiocentesis is a procedure that uses a needle to

remove fluid from the pericardial sac, the tissue that surrounds the heart.

A procedure to cut and remove part of the pericardium (surgical pericardiectomy or pericardial

window) may also be done.
http://wrongdiagnosis.pubs.righthealth.com/topic/Tamponade?as=clink&ac=1437&afc=2168586466&p=http://wrongdiagnosis.pubs.righthealth.com/topic/Tamponade?as=clink&ac=1437&afc=2168586466&p=http://wrongdiagnosis.pubs.righthealth.com/topic/Tamponade?as=clink&ac=1437&afc=2168586466&p=http://wrongdiagnosis.pubs.righthealth.com/topic/Diseases%20Database?as=clink&ac=1437&afc=2168586466&p=http://wrongdiagnosis.pubs.righthealth.com/topic/Diseases%20Database?as=clink&ac=1437&afc=2168586466&p=http://wrongdiagnosis.pubs.righthealth.com/topic/Diseases%20Database?as=clink&ac=1437&afc=2168586466&p=http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/symptom/hypotension.htmhttp://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/medical/low_voltage_ecg.htmhttp://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/sym/cardiogenic_shock.htmhttp://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/medical/electromechanical_dissociation.htmhttp://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/medical/electrical_alternans.htmhttp://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/medical/cardiac_failure_low_output.htmhttp://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/medical/jugular_venous_pressure_raised.htmhttp://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/c/cardiac_arrest/intro.htmhttp://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/sym/pulsus_paradoxus.htmhttp://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/sym/pulsus_paradoxus.htmhttp://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/c/cardiac_arrest/intro.htmhttp://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/medical/jugular_venous_pressure_raised.htmhttp://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/medical/cardiac_failure_low_output.htmhttp://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/medical/electrical_alternans.htmhttp://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/medical/electromechanical_dissociation.htmhttp://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/sym/cardiogenic_shock.htmhttp://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/medical/low_voltage_ecg.htmhttp://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/symptom/hypotension.htmhttp://wrongdiagnosis.pubs.righthealth.com/topic/Diseases%20Database?as=clink&ac=1437&afc=2168586466&p=http://wrongdiagnosis.pubs.righthealth.com/topic/Tamponade?as=clink&ac=1437&afc=2168586466&p=


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Fluids are given to maintain normal blood pressure until pericardiocentesis can be performed.

Medications that increase blood pressure may also help sustain the patient's life until the fluid is

drained.

The patient may be given oxygen. This reduces the workload on the heart by decreasing tissue

demands for blood flow.

The cause of the tamponade must be identified and treated.

SURGICAL MANAGEMENT

Pericardiocentesisis a procedure that uses a needle to remove fluid from the pericardial sac, the

tissue that surrounds the heart.

Pericardiectomy is the surgical removal of part or most of the pericardium. This operation is most

commonly done to relieve constrictive pericarditis, or to remove a pericardium that is calcified andfibrous. There are many etiologies for constrictive pericarditis and it is better to know the exact cause

as the post operative morbidity, mortality and life expectancy are strongly influenced by the cause.

Surgical creation of a pericardial window: This involves the surgical opening of acommunication between the pericardial space and the intrapleural space. This is usually a

subxiphoidian approach with resection of xiphoid. Recently, a left paraxiphoidian approach

with preservation of xiphoid has been described.15

Open thoracotomy and/or

pericardiotomy3

may be required in some cases, and these should be performed by an

experienced surgeon. Pericardiocentesisor sclerosing the pericardium: This is a therapeutic option for patients with

recurrent pericardial effusion or tamponade. Through the intrapericardial catheter,

corticosteroids, tetracycline, or antineoplastic drugs (eg, anthracyclines, bleomycin) can be

instilled into the pericardial space.

Pericardio-peritoneal shunt: In some patients with malignant pericardial effusions, creation ofa pericardio-peritoneal shunt helps prevent recurrent tamponade.

Pericardiectomy: Resection of the pericardium (pericardiectomy) through a mediansternotomy or left thoracotomy is rarely required to prevent recurrent pericardial effusion

and tamponade.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003872.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003872.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardiumhttp://emedicine.medscape.com/article/80602-overviewhttp://emedicine.medscape.com/article/80602-overviewhttp://emedicine.medscape.com/article/80602-overviewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardiumhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003872.htm


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DEFINITION

Cardiogenic shock is based upon an inadequate circulation ofblood due to primary failure of the

ventricles of the heart to function effectively.

Since this is a type of shock there is insufficient perfusion of tissue (i.e. the heart) to meet the

required demands for oxygen and nutrients. This leads to cell death from oxygen starvation (hypoxia)

and nutrient starvation (eg hypoglycemia). Because of this it may lead to cardiac arrest (or circulatory

arrest) which is an acute cessation of cardiac pump function.

Cardiogenic shock is defined by sustained hypotension with tissue hypoperfusion despite adequateleft ventricular filling pressure. Signs of tissue hypoperfusion include oliguria (


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CAUSES

Immediate Causes

Cardiogenic shock happens if the heart suddenly can't pump enough oxygen-rich blood to the body.

This mostly occurs if the hearts lower left chamber, the left ventricle (VEN -trih-kul), suddenly stops

working because an ongoing heart attack prevents the heart muscle from getting enough oxygen-rich

blood. As a result, the weakened heart muscle can't pump enough oxygen-rich blood to the rest of

the body.

In about 3 percent of cardiogenic shock cases, the hearts lower right chamber, the right ventricle,

isn't working. This means the heart can't effectively pump blood to the lungs, where it picks up

oxygen to bring back to the heart and the rest of the body.

Without enough oxygen-rich blood reaching the bodys major organs, a number of complications can

occur. For example:

Cardiogenic shock may result in death if the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the organs isn'tquickly restored. This is why emergency medical treatment is required.

When organs don't get enough oxygen-rich blood, they stop working properly. Cells in theorgans die, and the organs may never work right again.

As some organs stop working, they may cause problems with other bodily functions. This, inturn, can worsen shock. For example:

o When the kidneys aren't working right, the levels of important chemicals in the bodychange. This may cause the heart and other muscles to become even weaker, limiting

blood flow even more.

o When the liver isn't working right, the body stops making proteins that cause theblood to clot. This can lead to more bleeding if the shock is due to blood loss.

How well the brain, kidneys, and other organs recover will depend on how long a person is in shock.The less time a person is in shock, the less damage will occur to his or her organs. This is another

reason why it's so important to get emergency treatment right away.

pulmonary interstitial edema

intra alveolar edema
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/HeartAttack/HeartAttack_WhatIs.htmlhttp://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/HeartAttack/HeartAttack_WhatIs.html


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Underlying Causes

The underlying causes of cardiogenic shock are conditions that weaken the heart and prevent it from

pumping enough oxygen-rich blood to the body.

Heart Attack

Most heart attacks occur as a result of coronary heart disease (CHD), also called coronary artery

disease. CHD is a condition in which a fatty substance called plaque (plak) narrows or blocks the

coronary (heart) arteries.

Plaque reduces blood flow to your heart muscle. It also makes it more likely that blood clots will form

in your arteries. Blood clots can partially or completely block blood flow.

RISK FACTORS

Some people who have a heart attack have a greater risk of developing cardiogenic shock than

others. Factors that increase your risk of cardiogenic shock include:

* Being age 65 or older

* Having a history of heart failure or previous heart attack

* Having blockages (coronary artery disease) in several of your heart's main arteries

* Having coronary heart disease that affects all of the hearts major blood vessels

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS

Anxiety, restlessness, altered mental state due to decreased cerebral perfusion andsubsequent hypoxia.

Hypotension due to decrease in cardiac output. A rapid, weak, thready pulse due to decreased circulation combined with tachycardia. Cool, clammy, and mottled skin (cutis marmorata), due to vasoconstriction and subsequent

hypoperfusion of the skin.

Distended jugular veins due to increased jugular venous pressure. Oliguria (low urine output) due to insufficient renal perfusion if condition persists. Rapid and deep respirations (hyperventilation) due to sympathetic nervous system

stimulation and acidosis.

Fatigue due to hyperventilation and hypoxia. Absent pulse in tachyarrhythmia. Pulmonary edema, involving fluid back-up in the lungs due to insufficient pumping of the

heart..
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Cad/CAD_WhatIs.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Coma_Scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_%28medical%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_outputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cutis_marmorata&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugular_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrhythmiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_edemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_edemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrhythmiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugular_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cutis_marmorata&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_outputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_%28medical%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Coma_Scalehttp://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Cad/CAD_WhatIs.html


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DIAGNOSTIC TEST

Electrocardiogram

An electrocardiogram helps establishing the exact diagnosis and guides treatment, it may reveal:

Cardiac arrhythmias Signs ofcardiomyopathy

Radiology

Echocardiography may show poor ventricular function, signs of PED, ventricular septal rupture (VSR),

an obstructed outflow tract or cardiomyopathy.

Swan-ganz catheter

The Swan-ganz catheter or pulmonary artery catheter may assist in the diagnosis by providing

information on the hemodynamics.

Biopsy

In case of suspected cardiomyopathy a biopsy of heart muscle may be needed to make a definite

diagnosis. but biopsy should only be done when third space is suspected

COMPLICATIONS

Kidney Damage Chronic Brain Injury liver damage

MEDICAL MANAGEMENT

In cardiogenic shock: depending on the type of myocardal infarction one can infuse fluids or in shock

refractory to infusing fluids inotropica. In case ofcardiac arrhythmia several anti-arrhythmic agents

may be administered, i.e. adenosine, verapamil, amiodarone,-blocker or glucagon Positive inotropic

agents, which enhance the heart's pumping capabilities, are used to improve the contractility and

correct the hypotension. Should that not suffice an intra-aortic balloon pump (which reduces

workload for the heart, and improves perfusion of the coronary arteries) can be considered or a left

ventricular assist device (which augments the pump-function of the heart).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrhythmiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiomyopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echocardiographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ventricular_septal_rupture&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan-ganz_catheterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopsyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inotropehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrhythmiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verapamilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiodaronehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_blockerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_blockerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_blockerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucagonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inotropehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inotropehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intra-aortic_balloon_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterloadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_arterieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_assist_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_assist_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_arterieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterloadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intra-aortic_balloon_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inotropehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inotropehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucagonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_blockerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiodaronehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verapamilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrhythmiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inotropehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopsyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan-ganz_catheterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ventricular_septal_rupture&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echocardiographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiomyopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrhythmiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECG


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Cardiogenic shock may be treated with intravenous dobutamine, which acts on 1 receptors of the

heart leading to increased contractility and heart rate

SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobutaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobutaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobutamine


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DEFINITION

Hypertension or High Blood Pressure, medical condition in which constricted arterial blood vessels

increase the resistance to blood flow, causing an increase in blood pressure against vessel walls. The

heart must work harder to pump blood through the narrowed arteries. If the condition persists,

damage to the heart and blood vessels is likely, increasing the risk for stroke, heart attack, and kidney

or heart failure. Often called the silent killer, hypertension usually causes no symptoms until it

reaches a life-threatening stage.


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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

CAUSES

Though the exact causes of hypertension are usually unknown, there are several factors that have

been highly associated with the condition. These include:

Smoking Obesity or being overweight Diabetes Sedentary lifestyle Lack of physical activity High levels of salt intake (sodium sensitivity) Insufficient calcium, potassium, and magnesium consumption
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/obesity/what-is-obesity.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/diabetes/whatisdiabetes.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/diabetes/whatisdiabetes.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/obesity/what-is-obesity.php


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Vitamin D deficiency High levels of alcohol consumption Stress Aging Medicines such as birth control pills Genetics and a family history of hypertension Chronic kidney disease Adrenal and thyroid problems or tumors

RISK FACTORS

Older Age

Blood pressure tends to rise with age. If you're a male older than 45 or a female older than 55, your

risk for HBP is higher. Over half of all Americans aged 60 and older have HBP.

Isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) is the most common form of HBP in older adults. ISH occurs when

only systolic blood pressure (the top number) is high. About 2 out of 3 people over age 60 who have

HBP have ISH.

HBP doesn't have to be a routine part of aging. You can take steps to keep your blood pressure at a

normal level. (For more information, see "How Is High Blood Pressure Treated?")

Race/Ethnicity

HBP can affect anyone. However, it occurs more often in African American adults than in Caucasian

or Hispanic American adults. In relation to these groups, African Americans:

Tend to get HBP earlier in life Often have more severe HBP Are more likely to be aware that they have HBP and to get treatment Are less likely than Caucasians and about as likely as Hispanic Americans to achieve target

control levels with HBP treatment

Have higher rates than Caucasians of premature death from HBP-related complications, suchas coronary heart disease, stroke, and kidney failure
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/161618.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/145855.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/172179.phphttp://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Hbp/HBP_Treatments.htmlhttp://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Cad/CAD_WhatIs.htmlhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000726.htmhttp://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/topics/failure.asphttp://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/topics/failure.asphttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000726.htmhttp://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Cad/CAD_WhatIs.htmlhttp://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Hbp/HBP_Treatments.htmlhttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/172179.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/145855.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/161618.php


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HBP risks vary among different groups of Hispanic American adults. For instance, Puerto Rican

American adults have higher rates of HBP-related death than all other Hispanic groups and

Caucasians. But, Cuban Americans have lower rates than Caucasians.

Overweight or Obesity

You're more likely to develop prehypertension or HBP if you're overweight or obese. Overweight is

having extra body weight from muscle, bone, fat, and/or water. Obesity is having a high amount of

extra body fat.

Gender

Fewer adult women than men have HBP. But, younger women (aged 1859) are more likely than

men to be aware of and get treatment for HBP.

Women aged 60 and older are as likely as men to be aware of and treated for HBP. However, among

treated women aged 60 and older, blood pressure control is lower than it is in men in the same age

group.

Unhealthy Lifestyle Habits

A number of lifestyle habits can raise your risk for HBP, including:

Eating too much sodium (salt) Drinking too much alcohol Not getting enough potassium in your diet Not doing enough physical activity Smoking

DIAGNOSTIC TEST

The list of diagnostic tests mentioned in various sources as used in the diagnosis

ofHypertension includes:

Sphygmomanometer (arm cuff blood pressure test) Home blood pressure tests Finger cuff blood pressure test

COMPLICATIONS
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/obe/obe_whatare.htmlhttp://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/h/hypertension/intro.htmhttp://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/h/hypertension/intro.htmhttp://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/obe/obe_whatare.html


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If hypertension is not detected and treated, life-threatening complications develop over a course of

years. Increased pressure on the inner walls of blood vessels makes the vessels less flexible over time

and more vulnerable to the buildup of fatty deposits in a process known as atherosclerosis

Weakened portions of the blood vessel wall may balloon, forming an aneurysm. If an aneurysm

ruptures, internal hemorrhaging (bleeding) results. Both atherosclerosis and a ruptured aneurysm in

the brain can lead to a stroke.

Hypertension forces the heart to work harder to pump adequate blood throughout the body. This

extra work causes the muscles of the heart to enlarge, and eventually the enlarged heart becomes

inefficient in pumping blood. An enlarged heart may lead to heart failure, in which the heart can not

pump enough blood to meet the bodys needs.

Increased blood pressure may damage the small blood vessels within the kidney. The kidney then

becomes unable to filter blood efficiently, and waste products may build up in the blood in a

condition known as uremia. Without medical treatment, kidney failure will result.

MEDICAL MANAGEMENTAntihypertensive therapy has been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality in older patients with

elevated systolic or diastolic blood pressures. This benefit appears to persist in patients older than 80

years, but less than one third of older patients have adequate blood pressure control. Systolic blood

pressure is the most important predictor of cardiovascular disease. Blood pressure measurement in

older persons should include an evaluation for orthostatic hypotension. Low-dose thiazide diuretics

remain first-line therapy for older patients. Beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors,

angiotensin-receptor blockers, and calcium channel blockers are second-line medications that should

be selected based on comorbidities and risk factors.

SURGICAL MANAGEMENT

No surgical management for HPN only prevention and treatment can manage.

Documents

Final Report Cardio