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THE PRODUCTION OF LIQUID SURFACTANT AND HOW TO IMPROVE THEIR EFFECTIVENESS ON
APPLICATION
BY
EPILOWE ONORIODE UYOYOOGHENEMATRICULATION NO. 04-02-03-039
A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL AND POLYMER ENGINEERING LAGOS STATE UNIVERSITY, EPE CAMPUS IN PARTIAL
FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF B.Sc DEGREE IN CHEMICAL AND POLYMER ENGINEERING .
MARCH 2011
CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that the project work was carried out by EPILOWE
ONORIODE UYOYOOGHENE of the department of Chemical and
Polymer Engineering, Lagos State University, Epe Campus under my
supervision.
……………………… …………………ENG. O.P. AKINYEMI DATESupervisor
…………………… ………………….Dr. J.D. UDONNE DATEHead of Department
………………………….. ……………….EXTERNAL EXAMINER DATE
Department of Chemical and Polymer Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering Lagos State University,Epe – CampusMarch, 2011
The Head,Chemical and Polymer Engineering Department,Faculty of Engineering,Lagos State University,Epe Campus.
Dear Sir,
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
I hereby submit in accordance with the regulation of the faculty of Engineering
this research project report titled “PRODUCTION OF LIQUID SURFACTANT
AND HOW TO IMPROVE THEIR EFFECTIVENESS ON APPLICATION”
in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Science
Chemical and Polymer Engineering of the Lagos State University.
Thank you.
Yours sincerely,
…………………………………EPILOWE ONORIODE UYOYOOGHENE 04-02-03-039
DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to the almighty God, the Alpha and Omega the
Beginning and the End. Also I dedicated it to my late father Mr Hitler Gregory
Epilowe and Mrs Epilowe and all my Bro. and Sis. In the Redeemed Christian
church of God, Chapel of Resurrection, Eputu.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I give thanks to almighty God for the journey so far he has led me
through in term of his strength when I seems to have none, mercy,
grace, journey mercies, and provisions throughout my stay in this
University. I am also grateful to my fiancée Dorcas Macaulay for her
support and standing by me in time of hard times God in his infinite
mercies will continue to be with you at all time. Not forgetting my
lovely mother who always helps me with her un-endless prayers.
Acknowledging my brother in Christ Eddy Oshio’s for his prayer, my
siblings Oghale, Uzezi, Efemema. My thanks also go to alfa kamo for
support and assistance during this project work.
I also owed my lecturers for their academic support because without
God and them, there is no how I can be a success, especially my
project supervisor.
Thank you all.
ABSTRACT
Degreaser and descaler are liquid surfactant that is used to remove
stubborn stains from heavy duty machines/engines such as boiler,
engine part. The degreaser varies with the kind of task it to undergo
Depending on the kind work load on the machine part and how thick
the soil is will determine the kind of degreaser or descaler to be used
whether home degreaser with pH 10 and below or heavy duty
degreaser with pH of 12-14 that is strongly alkaline. Alternatively, the
descaler with pH 1-3 is strongly acidic and is meant for industries
for cleaning or descaling dish washing machine, boiler, while the one
with 3-6 is used in the home for removing scales from kettle and
electric kettle.
Different ratio were taken; acid to base and from the experiment the
most effective one is noted that is the one with ratio 3:1 which give a
pH of 12.88.
CHAPTER 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Surfactants, surface-active agents are basic cleaning agents in soaps and
detergents. These agents are added to wash water to lower its surface tension,
thereby to increase the wetting and spreading properties of water. Surfactants
are usually organic compounds, which are amphiphilic, meaning they are
soluble in both organic solvents and water. Surface active agents have two parts,
one is hydrophilic (water loving) and another is hydrophobic (water repellent).
Surface-active molecules concentrate at the areas of contact or interfaces,
between oil and water. One end of the molecule seeks oil, while the other end
seeks water. At the interface of water and oil, surface-active agents emulsify oil
and mix it into the liquid in the same way fat is mixed in milk. At the interface
of water, these agents trap air molecules to produce foam.
By reducing the surface tension water, surfactants improve the cleaning
performance, by enabling the solution to wet a surface (for example, dishes,
clothes, and countertops) quickly and effectively, and hence the soil can be
readily loosened and removed. Surface active agents also emulsify [blend] oily
soils and keep them suspended and dispersed so they do not settle back on the
surface. To achieve superior cleaning performance, most of the cleaning
products contain two or more surfactant.
1.1 Applications
The surfactants have found variety of uses and applications in the detergent
industry, in emulsification, lubrication, catalysis, tertiary oil recovery, and
in drug delivery. Some of the important applications of surfactants
includes:
Used in the investigation of the denaturation of bacteriorhodopsin and in
thermal stability experiments of rhodopsin
In superior performance liquid chromatography, some common
techniques, like ion-exchange HPLC, reversed-phase HPLC and size
exclusion-HPLC require surfactants to solubilize membrane proteins. Ion
pair HPLC requires surfactants as reagents so as to achieve the separation
conditions
The operations of removal and exchange of surfactants bound to
membrane proteins are important and have been successfully applied to a
variety of these proteins
Integral membrane proteins can be separated from hydrophilic proteins
and can be described as such in crude surfactant extracts of membrane or
cells
Surfactants are also used to encourage and push the dissociation of
proteins from nucleic acids on extraction from biological material
Affinity surfactants have found uses as reversibly bound ligands in high
performance affinity chromatography
Some other examples of surfactants in biochemistry include the
solubilization of enzymes in a polar solvents via reversed micelles and
the isolation of hydrophobic proteins
Crystallization of membrane proteins can be achieved using short chain
surfactants that are believed to shield the hydrophobic inter membrane
part of the molecule.
The production of liquid surfactant and reactive agent involve in the production
of some selected surfactant like, Degreaser, and Descaler and how to improve
its effectiveness on application are the areas am to work on. DeScaler is an
alkaline material and it is useful for descaling process equipment such as:
Boilers, Condensers, Filter, Heat Exchanger, Kettles & Tank Pipelines, Pots,
Reactors, Steam Jackets, Bath Rooms and Showers, Metal Processing and much
more. Surfactants have a molecular structure that acts as a link between water
and the dirt particles, loosening the particles from the underlying fibres or other
surfaces to be cleaned. The molecule can perform this function because one end
is hydrophilic (attracted to water) and the other is hydrophobic (attracted to
substances that are not water soluble). The hydrophilic end is similar in
structure to water-soluble salts. The hydrophobic part of the molecule
frequently consists of a hydrocarbon chain that is similar to the structure of
grease, oil, and many fats.
1.2 ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY
The technologies of cleaning products are constantly advancing. For example,
non-butyl, neutral pH cleaner degreasers with the same or better cleaning power
as their traditional counterparts are now available. This type of product is of Ph
of 7 (neutral).
1.3 AIM OF THE PROJECT
The aims and objective of this project is to create and simulate mathematical
model:
To produce liquid surfactants using standard composition
To produce other surfactant with varied composition /constituents
To compares the product(degreasers) to know their pH
1.4 SCOPE OF WORK
To produce degreaser and descaler
1.5 JUSTIFICATION
The two liquid surfactants are of great significance. They are used in carrying
out major cleansing activities in our daily cleaning. Degreaser and Descaler are
not just a cleaning reagent (mixture) but one used in heavy duty cleaning.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 ORIGIN OF CLEANSING PRODUCTS
Cleansing products play an important role in the daily lives of people. Their
regular use help people stay healthy, care for their home and belongings and
make the surrounding more pleasant by removing soils, germs and other
contaminants. These products are effectively and safely used by millions of
people in homes, schools, businesses and healthcare setting for yielding
improvements in both hygiene as well as the overall quality of life. Cleansing
products have found uses in different applications, like for personal cleaning
(skin care, body care, and hair care), laundry cleaning, dish-wash cleaning and
household products cleaning.
The origin of cleansing products dates back to prehistoric times. As water is
essential for life, the prehistoric people lived near the sources of water and they
knew something about its cleansing properties, such that it rinsed mud of their
hands and body.
An adequate understanding of the history, safety and benefits of cleaning
products by people is important to their effective and proper use. The history of
cleansing products can be broadly defined in two headings -
History of Soaps
History of Detergent
According to records, ancient Egyptians bathed regularly. The Ebers Papyrus,
1500 B.C. medical document, describes the manufacturing of soap like material
by combining animal and vegetable oils with alkaline salts. This soap was found
to be helpful in the treatment of different skin diseases . At about the same time,
Moses gave the Israelites some detailed laws, which govern personal
Cleanliness. Moses also related cleanliness to religious purification and health.
According to biblical accounts the ancient Israelites knew that a kind of hair gel
can be produced by mixing ashes and oil.
The ancient Greek people bathed for aesthetic reasons and they evidently did
not use soap. Instead of using soap, they cleaned their bodies with blocks of
sand, clay, pumice and ashes, then anointed themselves with oil, and scraped off
the oil and dirt using a metal instrument called as a strigil (Skin scrapper used in
ancient Greece). They are also known to use oil with ashes. They wash clothes
without soap in the steams at the olden days which no longer exist.
In primitive societies and even today, the clothes are cleansed by beating and
hitting them on rocks near a stream. Some plants, like soapworts, have leaves,
which produce sapions and chemical compounds that give a soapy lather. These
compounds were probably the first detergents that people used. Now days, in
modern times, the use of soaps and detergents has become wide and universal
among the people across the world due to a better understanding of the
importance of hygiene in reducing germs and other pathogenic microorganisms.
Specially produced bar soaps becomes first available in the late nineteenth
century, and the advertising campaigns in Europe and the US helped in
increasing the popularity and awareness of the relationship between cleanliness
and health. By the year1950, soaps and detergents had gained public acceptance
as a tool of health and hygiene.
2.2 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The inventor of this particular article is VANEENAM DONALD N. This
invention relates to degreaser compositions and, more particularly, to stable,
aqueous degreaser compositions in the form of totally water soluble solutions
which exhibit markedly improved degreasing capability.
Heretofore, it has been the practice to employ as degreaser compositions pure
aqueous insoluble solvents such as kerosene, odourless mineral spirits or 1, 1, 2-
trichloro- ethane or such solvents emulsified in water with suitable surfactants.
Such compositions are generally used in solvent (solution) or vapour phase
degreasing. For vapour phase degreasing, it is essential that the vapours be
contained in order to effect degreasing. These necessitates high capital costs for
equipment, solvent and vapour recovery, recycling and containment. Previously
used degreaser compositions also suffer from the drawbacks of being generally
combustible, non-biodegradable, toxic, having a high VOC (volatile organic
compound) content, costly and of a somewhat objectionable odour.
In my co-pending, co-assigned application Serial No. 373,813, filed June 29,
1989, there is disclosed improved aqueous cleaner/degreaser compositions
which are formulated in the form of totally water soluble solutions and which
contain (a) at least one sparingly water soluble organic solvent having certain
defined characteristics; (b) a solubilising additive consisting of from
approximately 0.1 to approximately 100 weight percent of a surfactant and from
0 to approximately 99.9 weight percent of a coupler with the solubilising
additive being present in an amount not exceeding approximately tenfold that
required to completely solubilise the organic solvent; and (c) water. While these
compositions display greatly improved cleaner/degreaser efficacy over
conventional and available cleaner/degreaser compositions, there remains a
need for low or no foam compositions (i.e., containing no foaming surfactants)
with still greater degreasing capability which can be formulated as totally water
soluble solutions and which do not possess the deficiencies of presently
available degreaser compositions.
Stable, aqueous cleaner/degreaser emulsion compositions are formulated with at
least one sparingly soluble organic solvent having specified compositional
characteristics, a solubilising additive and water. The solubilising additive may
consist of from approximately 0.1 to approximately 100 weight percent of a
surfactant and from 0 to approximately 99.9 weight percent of a coupler and is
present in an amount insufficient to solubilise all of the total organic solvent
content but sufficient to emulsify the un-solubilised portion of the total organic
solvent content. The emulsion compositions so formulated provide enhanced
degreasing efficacies.
2.2.1 WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:
1 A stable, aqueous cleaner/degreaser emulsion composition comprising:
(a) at least one sparingly soluble organic solvent characterized by: (i) having a
water solubility in the range of approximately 0.05 to approximately 6 weight
percent; (ii) not being a hydrocarbon or halocarbon; (iii) having one or more
similar or dissimilar oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, or phosphorous containing
functional groups; (iv) being a solvent for hydrophobic soilants; and (v) being
present in an amount exceeding its aqueous solubility; (b) a solubilising additive
consisting of from approximately 0.1 to approximately 100 weight percent of a
surfactant and from 0 to approximately 99.9 weight percent of a coupler, said
solubilising additive being present in an amount insufficient to solubilise all of
the total organic solvent content but sufficient to emulsify the un-solubilised
portion of the total organic solvent content; and (c) Water.
2. A stable, aqueous cleaner/degreaser emulsion composition as set forth in
claim 1 further comprising a viscosifying thickener.
3. A stable, aqueous cleaner/degreaser emulsion composition as set forth in
claim 1 wherein said organic solvent has water solubility in the range of
approximately 0.05 to approximately 2.5 weight percent.
4. A stable, aqueous cleaner/degreaser emulsion composition as set forth in
claim 1 wherein said organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of
esters, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, ethers, and nitriles.
5. A stable, aqueous cleaner/degreaser emulsion composition as set forth in
claim 1 wherein said solvent is selected from the group consisting of
2phenoxyethanol, lphenoxy2propanol, dipropylene glycol monobutyl ether,
polypropylene glycols, βphenylethanol, acetophenone, benzyl alcohol,
butoxyethyl acetate, isophorone and the dimethyl esters of mixed succinic,
glutaric, and adipic acids.
6. A stable, aqueous cleaner/degreaser emulsion composition as set forth in
claim 1 wherein said surfactant is selected from the group consisting of non-
ionic, anionic, cationic, and amphoteric surfactants.
2.2.2 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Among the several objects of the invention may be noted the provision of
stable, aqueous cleaner/degreaser emulsion compositions having improved
cleaning/degreasing efficacy; the provision of such emulsion compositions
which are formulated to provide a portion of the organic solvent content in both
the aqueous and nonaqueous phases of the emulsions; the provision of emulsion
compositions of this type which may be formulated in various forms including
lotions, creams, and aerosol forms; the provision of such emulsion compositions
which have a low level of odour, are nontoxic and nonhazardous in use; the
provision of such improved emulsion compositions which provide enhanced
degreasing capabilities; the provision of such emulsion compositions which
possess either a low order of combustibility or are non-combustible, which have
a high flash point, which are safe to use and which are biodegradable; and the
provision of such improved emulsion compositions which incorporate organic
solvents with inherently limited aqueous solubility and which may be readily
formulated from available components. Other objects and features will be in
part apparent and in part pointed out hereinafter.
Briefly, the present invention is directed to stable, aqueous cleaner/degreaser
emulsion compositions which comprise:
(a) at least one sparingly soluble organic solvent characterized by:
(i) having a water solubility in the range of approximately 0.05 to
approximately 6 weight percent;
(ii) not being a hydrocarbon or halocarbon;
(iii) having one or more similar or dissimilar oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, or
phosphorous containing functional groups;
(iv) being a solvent for hydrophobic soilants; and
(v) being present in an amount exceeding its aqueous solubility;
(b) a solubilising additive consisting of from approximately 0.1 to
approximately 100 weight percent of a surfactant and from 0 to approximately
99.9 weight percent of a coupler, said solubilising additive being present in an
amount insufficient to solubilise all of the total organic solvent content but
sufficient to emulsify the unsolubilized portion of the total organic solvent
content; and
(c) Water. The emulsion compositions of the invention thus contain a portion of
the organic solvent component in the aqueous or continuous phase of the
emulsions and the remainder of the organic solvent component in the emulsion
or discontinuous phase thereby providing enhanced degreasing efficacies.
2.3TYPES
Surfactants are generally classified on the basis of their ionic properties (electric
charge) in water. On the basis of ionic properties, surfactants can be classified
into four types -
Anionic Surfactants
Non-ionic Surfactants
Cationic Surfactants
Amphoteric Surfactants
Structures of common surfactants used in biochemistry:
2.4 PROPERTIES OF SURFACTANTS
The molecular structure of surface-active agents means that they have unusual
characteristics, leading to their uses in widespread and highly specialized
applications. The properties of these agents can be categorized into two types -
Adsorption
Self Assembly
2.4.1 ADSORPTION
Adsorption is the tendency of the molecule of a surfactant to collect as an
interface. It is the taking up of a liquid or gas at the surface of substance,
generally a solid (for example, activated charcoal adsorbs gases). The process
involves molecular attraction at the surface.
The adsorption property of surfactants mean; that their molecules are generally
found at the interface between a water phase, and an oil phase, or an air phase
and a water phase. This molecular property results in the macroscopic properties
of wetting, detergency, foaming and emulsion formation. The molecules of a
surface-active agent tend to adsorb to the surface of oil droplets. While the
hydrophilic heads stick out into the water phase, the hydrophobic tails stick into
the oil phase
2.4.2 SELF-ASSEMBLY.
Self-assembly is the inclination of surfactant molecules to organize and
coordinate themselves into the extended structures in water. The process
includes the formation of micelles, liquid crystals and bi-layers that are formed
when the hydrophobic tails of surfactant molecules cluster together to produce
small aggregates, like micelles, or large layer structures like bi-layers that are
similar to a cell wall. These characteristics of surfactants make them an
interesting study and an area of research. Surfactants can also organize to form
micelles, which allow the hydrophobic tails to get out of the water; however it
still allows the hydrophilic heads to stay in the water. There is typically between
a few dozen to a couple of hundred surfactant molecules in a micelle.
2.5 PH
It is defined chemically as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion
concentration. Only those materials that will disassociate or ionize in water will
have a pH. Hydrochloric acid or muriatic acid whose chemical formula is HCL
will ionize in water to give hydrogen ions, H+, and Chlorine ions, CI-. Sodium
hydroxide, NaOH, will ionize in water yielding Na+ ions and OH- ions.
Hydrogen ions area measure of the acidity of a material while OH- ions, or
hydroxyl ions, are a measure of alkalinity. The formula for pure water is H+
OH- meaning that there is an equal number of acid ions H+ and OH- hydroxyl
ions, which offset each other to form a neutral compound. The hydrogen ion
concentration of water is 1 X l0.-7 the logarithm is -7 and the negative
logarithm is 7. The pH of water is, therefore, 7 and a pH of 7 indicates a neutral
material. The pH scale runs from 1 to 14. Any material that is below a pH of 7
is acidic in nature and anything above a pH of 7 is alkaline in nature. The
further you go down the scale from pH 7, the more acidic the product is and the
further one goes up the scale from 7, the more alkaline the product would be.
Since the scale is based on logarithms of 10, each unit on the scale is a factor of
10. For example, if orange juice has a pH of 3.5 and beer has a pH of 4.5,
orange juice is 10 times more acidic than beer. Acid bowl cleaners can have a
pH less than 1, showing that they are very acidic in nature. This pH is necessary
in products of this type to remove scale and iron deposits from inside the bowl.
These soils are alkaline in nature. Therefore, an acid is needed to remove them.
Most soils, however, are acid in nature and therefore, need alkaline products to
remove them. An all-purpose cleaner or degreaser may have a pH of anywhere
between 9 and 13, depending on the type and quantity of the soil that the
product is expected to encounter. Products that are formulated for light duty
cleaning may have a pH of 9 to 10, whereas a degreaser may have a pH of 13,
meaning that with a pH of 13, the degreaser is 1,000 times more alkaline than
the all-purpose cleaner at a pH of 10.Its the Ph of a substance that will tell what
function the surfactant is to encounter and the name that it will be called. Like
heavy duty degreaser will have a ph 13.5(highly alkaline) while house hold
degreaser will have a pH of 10(mildly alkaline) .Alternatively a dish wash
Descaler will have a pH 2.0(very acidic) while a ordinary Descaler will have a
pH of 1.5(very acidic) as well.
2.6 THE REACTIVE AGENT
The reactive agent in the production of these chemicals varies with the type of
surfactant in mind. Like in the production of degreaser the reactive agent
involved are; -
Linear-alkyl-Benzene sulfonate (Sulphonic acid),Carboxymethylcellulose
[CMC],Sodium Sulphate, Sodium Chloride ,Sodium Tripolyphosphate(STP),
Sodium Hydroxide, Perfume, Colorant and Water but for Descaler they are
Linear-alkyl-Benzene sulfonate (Sulphonic acid), Sodium Sulphate, Sodium
Chloride, Sodium Hydroxide and Water
How to use a degreaser
If you need to use an oil-based degreaser, first wipe the part or parts to be
cleaned with a rag or wire bristle brush. This takes off excess grease and dirt, so
when the degreaser is used, less is needed. To provide for safer disposal,
degrease over a container. Always drain cleaned parts long enough so any
excess solvent can be reserved in a drip tray. Reuse the degreaser until its
cleaning ability is completely spent. Store the degreaser in an airtight container.
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHOD AND MATERIALS
The production of liquid surfactant like Degreaser and Descaler involved the
combination of raw materials at various proportions depending on the pH at
mind. The material are put one after the other with homogeneous stirring to aid
homogeneity of the product.
3.1 RAW MATERIALS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF DEGREASER
AND DESCALER
These are the materials used in the production of Degreaser and descaler and
they are listed as follows;
1. Linear alkyl benzene sulphonate
2. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
3. Carboxymethylcellulose(CMC)
4. Sodiumtripolyphosphate(STP)
5. Sodium Sulphates
6. Sodium Chloride
7. Perfume
8. Water
9. Colour/dye
3.1.1 LINEAR ALKYL BENZENE SULPHONATE(LAS)
Linear alkyl benzene sulphonate is a straight chain organic acid and a typical
example of surfactant. LAS react with the base to form the concentrate for
the production of the both the degreaser and descaler. It a dark brown
viscous liquid with excellent solubility and foaming ability.
3.1.2 SODIUM HYDROXIDE (caustic soda)
Caustic soda, or sodium hydroxide, NaOH, is an important commercial
product, used in making soap, rayon, and cellophane; in processing paper
pulp; in petroleum refining; and in the manufacture of many other chemical
products. Caustic soda is manufactured principally by electrolysis of a
common salt solution, with chlorine and hydrogen as important by-products.
The caustic soda (NaOH) act as the base to produce the concentrate to both
the degreaser and descaler by reacting with the acid.
3.1.3 CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE (CMC)
The CMC serves as the thickener for the product. The product to be produce
will depend on the proportion of CMC to be added to the product. Like for
descaler, it does not needs CMC because is colourless and less viscous
(inviscid).
3.1.4 SODIUM SULPHATE
The sodium sulphate has it function as clarifier so as to give the product a
clearer look.
3.1.5 SODIUMTRIPOLYPHOSPHATE(STP)
The STP increases the foaming ability of the degreaser and descaler. Hence
serves as foamant
3.1.6 SODIUM CHLORIDE(Nacl)
Salt (compound), also sodium chloride, chemical compound that has the
formula NaCl. The term salt is also applied to substances produced by the
reaction of an acid with a base, known as a neutralization reaction. Salts are
characterized by ionic bonds, relatively high melting points, electrical
conductivity when melted or when in solution, and a crystalline structure when
in the solid state.
Salt is a white solid, soluble in hot or cold water, slightly soluble in alcohol, but
insoluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid. In the crystalline form the
compound is transparent and colourless, shining with an ice-like lustre. The salt
enhances the long shelf life of the degreaser and descaler and hence serves as
preservative.
3.1.7 PERFUME
Perfumery, process and industry of making perfumes. Natural perfumes—
substances that give off agreeable odours—are of animal or vegetable origin.
Artificial perfumes are of two types: (1) the chemical compounds of natural
perfumes are reproduced synthetically, as with vanillin, and (2) only the
odour of the natural perfume is imitated; the artificial substance is itself
chemically unlike the natural one.
The odour of plants may be in the leaves, as in sage, thyme, and mint; in the
bark, as in cinnamon and cassia; in the wood, as in cedar and sandalwood; in
the flower petals, as in the rose and violet; in the seeds, as in anise and
caraway; in the roots, as in the orris; and in the fruit rind, as in the orange. It
may also be secreted as a resinous gum from the tree, as in camphor and
myrrh.
The perfume gives the product a agreeable or nice odour.
3.1.8 WATER
Water, common name applied to the liquid state of the hydrogen-oxygen
compound H2O. The ancient philosophers regarded water as a basic element
typifying all liquid substances. The water serves as diluents for the reagent
and other materials during production.
3.1.9 COLOUR
This is an auxiliary agent, used to improved on the physical appearance of
the liquid detergent, degreaser, and descaler; its makes it more attractive and
esirable. Some examples of colour commonly used are blue, green, and pink.
3.2 APPARATUS
The apparatus used in the production of degreaser and descaler are;
Beaker, measuring cylinder, digital weighing balance, stirring rod, pH meter,
spatula, Conical flask, filter paper, funnel.
3.3 MATHEMATICAL MODEL IMPUTED ON MATLAB
DEGREASER
YIELD= £
L= SULPHONIC ACID=
£/10(LITRES)
A=AMOUNT OF SULPHONIC ACID IN MILLS= L*10^3
CARBOXYMETHYCELLULOSE{CMC}= 1*£(g)
SODIUM SULPHATE= 4*£(g)
SODIUM CHLORIDE= 3*£(g)
SODIUM TRIPOLYPHOSPHATE 0.6*£(g)
PERFUME= 0.8*£(ml)
COLOURANT= 0.8*£(g)
SODIUM HYDROXIDE= A/2 (g)
WATER= £-L(LITRES)
3.3 RESULT CALCULATED MANUALY WITHOUT THE HELP OF
THE MATLAB
3.3.1 DEGREASER
YIELD= £=3
L=SULFONIC ACID= £ /10 (litres)=3/10=0.3
(litres)
A=AMOUNT OF SULFONIC ACID IN MILLS= L*10^3=3*10^-
1*10^3=300(ml) CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE{CMC}= 1*£
(g)=3 (g)
SODIUM SULPHATE= 4.5*£ (g)=4.5*3=13.5(g)
SODIUM CHLORIDE= 3*£ (g)=3*3=9(g)
SODIUM TRIPOLYPHOSPHATE(STP)= 0.6*£ (g)=0.6*3=1.8(g)
PERFUME= 0.8*£ (ml)=0.8*3=2.4(ml)
COLOURANT= 0.8*£ (g)=0.8*3=2.4(g)
SODIUM HYROXIDE= A/2 (g)=300/2=150(g)
WATER= £-L (litres)=3-0.3=2.7(litres)
3.3.2 THE MATHEMATHECAL MODEL FOR THPRODUCTIONOF
DESCALER
YIELD= G
L=SULFONIC ACID= G /10 (litres)
A=AMOUNT OF SULFONIC ACID IN MILLS= L×10^3
SODIUM SULPHATE= 4.5×G (g)
SODIUM CHLORIDE= 3×G (g)
SODIUM HYROXIDE= A/10 (g)
WATER= G-L (litres)
3.3.3 RESULT CALCULATED MANUALY WITHOUT THE HELP OF
THE MATLAB
DESCALER
YIELD= G=1.5
L=SULFONIC ACID= G /10(litres)=1.5/10=0.15(litres)
A=AMOUNT OF SULFONIC ACID IN MILLS= 10^3=0.15*10^3=150(ml)
SODIUM SULPHATE= 4.5×G (g)=4.5*1.5=6.75(g)
SODIUM CHLORIDE= 3×G (g)=3*1.5=4.5(g)
SODIUM HYROXIDE= A/10 (g)=150/10=15(g)
WATER= G-L (litres)=1.5-0.15=1.35(litres)
3.4 VARIOUS COMPOSITION OF RAW MATERIAL USED IN THE
PRODUCTION OF DEGREASER AND DESCALER
TABLE C
3.4.1 RAW MATERIAL
RAW MATERIAL DEGREASER ` DESCALER
SAMPLE
A1 A2 A3 B
Linear alkyl
benzene sulphonate 300 200 150 150
Carboxymethylcellulose 3.0 2.0 1.5 -
Sodium Sulphate 13.5 9.0 6.75 6.75
Sodium Chloride 9.0 6.0 4.5 4.5
Sodium
Tripolyphosphate 1.8 1.2 0.9 -
Perfume 2.4 1.6 1.2 -
Colourant 2.4 1.6 1.2 -
Sodium
hydroxide 150 133.3 50 15
Water 2700 1800 1350 1350
Note:
The Sulphonic acid, perfume and water are in (ml) while the
Carboxymethycellulose (CMC) ,Sodium sulphate, sodium chloride, sodium
Tripolyphosphate, sodium hydroxide and colourant are in grammes.
3.5 PRODUCTION PROCESS
3.5.1 DEGREASER
The raw materials for the production of degreaser are weighed following the
composition in TABLE C for sample A. A 2000ml measuring cylinder was used
to measure the amount of water needed and it is poured into a 5 litres container
and it is kept separately. The Sulphonic acid is measured also in a 500ml beaker
and it is covered, followed by the sodium hydroxide and other additives, they
are measured and are kept separately.
After all the raw material has been measured, the production process now
begins. About ¾ of the water was poured on a different container. The caustic
soda was now poured on the water and the stirrer was used to stir continuously
for about 10 minutes so as to have a homogenous mixture. After which the
linear alkyl benzene sulphonate LAS was poured gradually so that lumps will
not form on the concentrate and as the LAS is poured, it is stirred continuously
for another 30minutes.
The concentrate is now covered and allowed to cure for about 4hours. By the
expiration of the four hours, other additives are added (Additives are added with
5minutes interval) one after the other with continuous stirring until all are
added.
The remaining ¼ of the water was now poured to make up the total yield and
was now stirred thoroughly. The product was now allowed to cure for 3hours
and the pH test was now carried out.
Another sample B and C product was produced using the same procedure, but
this time of different proportions. Say for sample B, acid to base is in ratio 3:2
and for sample C is in ratio 3:1 and also the pH test was also carried on them
and was noted down.
3.5.2 DESCALER
The production of the descaler involves two processes and they are explained in
details below:
1. The quantity of water needed for the production of the descaler is
measured and kept in a separate container using measuring cylinder. The
linear alkyl benzene sulphonate is measured as well follow by the sodium
hydroxide, the sodium chloride and sodium sulphate. Now, ¾ of the
water is collected on another container, the sodium hydroxide is poured
into the water and it is stirred for homogeneity. The linear alkyl benzene
sulphonate is added to the basic solution and it is stirred continuously for
some minute. The solution is now allowed to cure for two – three hours
after which the other additives are added one after the other within the
space of five – seven minute intervals. The additives added are sodium
chloride, sodium sulphate.
2. The solution gotten from 1 contains the filtrate, and the residue. For the
filtrate to be separated from the residue, filtration process is undergo. For
a filtration process, a conical flask, a funnel, and a filter paper will be
needed for the final production stage. The filter paper is folded and
placed inside the funnel and the funnel is put into the conical flask and
the solution that contains the filtrate and the residue is poured on the
funnel and is allow undergoing the filtration process.
At the end of the filtration process the residue is collected on the filter
paper while the filtrate is collected on the conical flask. The filtrate is
now the descaler.
3.6 pH ANALYSIS ON THE DEGREASER AND THE DESCALER
The cured degreaser and the descaler were analysed using pH metre. The
samples to be analysed that is; Sample(s) A, B, C which is Degreaser and
Sample D (Descaler). The samples are poured on a separate beaker and were
labelled A1, A2, A3 and B and the Electrode of the pH meter were inserted into
the cured Sample one after the other. The readings of the Sample was indicated
on the pH meter by the corresponding movement of the reading pen
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Two sample of liquid surfactant were produce Sample A and B, Sample A
were produced in three specimens.
4.1 RESULTS
The two samples were analysed and the following result were obtained.
4.1.1 RESULTS FOR THE pH TEST
SAMPLE(s) ACID: BASE pH
A1 2:1 12.75
A2 3:2 12.88
A3 3:1 12.54
B 10:1 1.18
4.2 DISCUSSION
The test carried out so far on Sample A (A1 - A3) was to know how effective the
ratio could be in term of the readings on the pH meter. Going through the table
above its shows clearly that taking range of Acid: Base in this ratios shows that
the pH readings only moves a little bit from each other and again Sample A1, A2
and A3 are strongly Alkaline in nature. Sample A is meant for heavy duty
cleaning. The product is used in areas like; cleaning of oil from engine parts,
stains in the kitchen walls tiles, spilled oil on factory area which a detergent
cannot remove
In other hand Sample B (Descaler) is strongly acidic taking the reading from
the pH scale that reads from 1 – 3 as strongly acidic. Sample B is basically used
in removing Scale from kettle or boiler.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 CONCLUSION
Looking at the experiment so far it can be concluded that the proportion that has
ratio 3:2, 2:1 and 3:1 has its effectiveness as follows; the first is the most
alkaline while the second is more alkaline and the last less alkaline. And for the
Descaler is strongly acidic.
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
The following are recommendation to improve performance and acceptability of
the Descaler and Degreaser
(A) The effect of colour has nothing to do with Degreaser rather it adds
more stains to the equipments that is to be cleared. So therefore it is better
to save the colour for the production other product like detergent.
(B) The Degreaser react with aluminium so it is not advisable to use it
on such product instead destroys the colour of the product.
(C) When using Descaler its works more effectively when the
equipment that is to be cleaned is heated together in a close vessel or
container.
REFERENCES:
Advance goggle search
Microsoft Encarta Premium(Software)
Johnson Diversey
JohnsonDiversey Material Safety Data sheet 2002; JohnsonDiversey Inc.,
Cincinnati, www.johnsondiversey.com
Green Seal Environmental Standard for Cleaning/Degreasing Agents(1999);
first edition, GS-34, www.greenseal.org;
Krylon