final personality development(2).doc

8/14/2019 final personality development(2).doc

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PERSONALITY AND PERSONALITY TRAITS

What is Personality?

Personality is made up the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings and

behaviors that make a person unique. Personality arises from within the individual

and remains fairly consistent throughout life.

What Is Development?

Development describes the growth of humans throughout the lifespan, from

conception to death. The scientific study of human development seeks tounderstand and explain how and why people change throughout life. This includes

all aspects of human growth, including physical, emotional, intellectual, social,

perceptual, and personality development.

Personality development

Personality development is the development of the organized pattern of

behaviors and attitudes that makes a person distinctive. Personality developmentoccurs by the ongoing interaction of temperament, character, and environment.

Personality Development quintessentially means enhancing and grooming

ones outer and inner self to bring about a positive change to your life. !ach

individual has a distinct persona that can be developed, polished and refined.

This process includes boosting ones confidence, improving communication and

language speaking abilities, widening ones scope of knowledge, developing certain

hobbies or skills, learning fine etiquettes and manners, adding style and grace to

the way one looks, talks and walks and overall imbibing oneself with positivity,

liveliness and peace.

Three aspects o personality


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"n simple terms, it is made up of three aspects namely#

!haracter

"ehavior

Attit#de

Personality development is the improvement of behavior, communication

skills, interpersonal relationships, attitude towards life and ethics. $haracter can be

considered the basic factor in determining an individuals personality. There are

several psychologists who say that improving character and behavior alone will

largely influence ones personality.

%ood behavior and co&operation makes a man popular. 's a result,

the possibilities of his progress and success are much more.

The person who wants to improve his personality has to have a desire and

determination( he has to identify the direction for his goals to achieve it. )nce all the

above three steps are taken he has to dedicate himself to the task of achieving his goal.

!very human being is a unique creature. Therefore, in addition to the various common

components, each one should develop his or her characteristics of personality.

!omponents o personality

Personality is what makes a person a unique person, and it is recognizable soon

after birth. ' child*s personality has several components# temperament, environment, and

character

$irst component

Temperament is the set of genetically determined traits that determine the child*s

approach to the world and how the child learns about the world. There are no genes that

specify personality traits, but some genes do control the development of the nervous

system, which in turn controls behavior.

Second component


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' second component of personality comes from adaptive patterns related to a

child*s specific environment. +ost psychologists agree that these two factors

temperament and environmentinfluence the development of a person*s personality the

most. Temperament, with its dependence on genetic factors, is sometimes referred to as

-nature,- while the environmental factors are called -nurture.-

Third component

inally, the third component of personality is characterthe set of emotional,

cognitive, and behavioral patterns learned from experience that determines how a person

thinks, feels, and behaves.

Learnin% and Personality Development

/earning is a very important part in the development of someones personality,

and two learning processes are especially important# operant conditioning and

observational learning.

Operant !onditionin% & Personality

)perant conditioning takes place when a reinforcer shapes a behavior. '

reinforce is something which increases the occurrences of a particular type of behavior.

"f we apply this to personality development, it becomes obvious why learning plays an

important role in the type of personality we have.

O'servational Learnin% & Personality

)bservational learning is another form of learning which plays a highly

influential role in shaping our personality.

)bservational learning occurs when you watch someone else 0a role model1, and then

attempt to imitate their behavior and incorporate it as your own.

Personality determinants(

)eredity(


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2eredity refers to those factors that were determined at conception. Physical

structure, facial attractiveness, gender, temperament, muscle composition and reflexes,

energy level, and biological rhythms are characteristics that are generally considered to

be completely or substantially influenced by who your parents were, that is by their

biological, physiological and inherent psychological make up.

Environment(

The environmental factors that exert pressures on our personality formation are

the culture in which we are raised, our early conditioning, the norms among our family,

friends and social groups, and other influences that we experience.

Sit#ation(

' third factor, the situation, influences the effects of heredity and environment onpersonality. 'n individuals personality although generally stable and consistent, does

change in different situations. The varying demand of different situation calls forth

different aspects of ones personality.

Personality Development and ho* it can chan%e o#r lie(

There are various factors you will need to consider for personality development

so that it has a positive effect on your life. Personality development is all about your

individualism and how you control your emotions to act in a way that is most beneficial

for you.

POSITI+E SEL$,ESTEE-

2igh self&esteemleads to a happy, gratifying and powerful life. 3nless you

perceive yourself as worthwhile, you cannot have high self&esteem. 'll great world

leaders and teachers throughout history have concluded that one must be internally

driven in order to be success.

Importance o Positive Attit#de Positive attitude can do wonders. "t can make possible what is seemingly

impossible for the others. Positive attitude is the seed out of which positive traits, which

are essential for success sprout forth. "t is the positive attitude again which waters and


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event was followed by widespread acceptance of the five factor model among

personality researchers during the :;


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compromise their interests with others. 'greeable people also have an optimistic view of

human nature. They believe people are basically honest, decent, and trustworthy.

Ne#roticism

Ne#roticismis the tendency to experience negative emotions, such as anger,anxiety, or depression. "t is sometimes called emotional instability. Those who score

high in neuroticism are emotionally reactive and vulnerable to stress. They are more

likely to interpret ordinary situations as threatening, and minor frustrations as hopelesslydifficult. Their negative emotional reactions tend to persist for unusually long periods of

time, which means they are often in a bad mood. These problems in emotional regulation

can diminish the ability of a person scoring high on neuroticism to think clearly, makedecisions, and cope effectively with stress.

'fter you answer the questions, you are given a percentile score. 8o, for example, a

person might be#


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practice effects, time of measurement artifacts, selective mortality && affect results

that most so&called aging effects are probably spurious.-

Evidence o !han%e(

There is evidence of both stability and change, depending largely upon theconstruct under investigation, the instrument used, the length of the observationinterval, and the kind of stability examined. 3nfortunately, virtually all of these

studies restrict their analysis to the personality changes that occur in young to

middle adulthood.

Interpretation Diic#lties(8tability in personality can essentially refer to two kinds of stability,

absolute stability and relative stability. ' person who scores a ;H out of :BBpoints on a personality measure at the first assessment point and receives the

same score at the second assessment point has demonstrated absolute stability

over the interval. 2is or her mean level has not changed at all. 2owever, one

might interpret stability to mean that a person*s personality score at the firstassessment point correlates highly with the score obtained at the second

measurement point. This is a measure of relative stability. "t is crucial to

understand, however, that these kinds of fluctuations are precisely what thedevelopmental psychologist is looking for, i.e., they are likely to reveal the

maturation of personality over time.

-ethodolo%ical -iscalc#lations(

a1 the relia'ility o personality meas#res across time(

)ne of the hallmarks of a good personality measure is sufficient

reliability. ' very common method of ensuring reliability is to retest the sameindividuals after a certain interval, i.e., retest reliability. "n other words, the

personality measure is administered once and then again at some later time point.

7y using this criteria of test reliability, however, the developers of personalityscales have virtually assured themselves of some measure of temporal stability.

2aving created a measure using retest reliability criteria, it would be rather silly

to express surprise over the fact that the measure is indeed stable over time.

'1 the %enerali2a'ility o personality meas#res across a%e %ro#ps(

Personality questionnaires undergo continual refinement until the

instruments have demonstrated their applicability to a wide range of individuals.

'n implicit assumption of the differential approach is that people of all colorsand from all walks of life can be measured using the same personality

instruments. This simple premise has far reaching consequences for the stability

of the construct being measured.


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!oncept#al $allacies(

a1 the deinition o personality(

"t is common to refer to a personality trait as a characteristic manner of

responding that is acquired in early childhood and changes little over time.2owever, if this proposition is a priori true, then obviously, the stability issue

cannot be settled by empirical means. 's an old college professor " knew was

fond of saying, -2e who defines the term wins the argument.- 'ny theorist whodefines personality as being a stable or enduring aspect of the self wins the

stability vs. change debate, though he does so cheaply. +ore importantly, he

must abandon all hope of ob?ectively resolving the issue by assessing personalityacross the lifespan.

'1 the lac3 o theoretical e/planations o sta'ility(

$hange and stability have been largely understood in terms of the self, not

personality. "n a discussion of the resilience of the aging self, authors note that

well&being and life satisfaction remain relatively stable over time, despite the factthat the elderly, at least relative to younger persons, more often suffer from poor

health and bereavement. They then contend that -it is somewhat ironic that

theories Iof successful agingJ have been developed to explain null effects Iinwell&beingJ -." strongly disagree# stability under these circumstances is nothing

short of miraculous and thus, clearly worthy of study. "n a re?oinder to the

original article#

The stability vs. change debate has been described as an empirical

quagmire, much akin to the nature vs. nurture feud in personality psychology. "tis perhaps time to

recognize that the two positions are not mutually exclusive. 4e need to focus on

other questions, such as -3nder what conditions does personality show stabilityand change5 4hat are the antecedents and consequences of stable and changing

personalities during the aging process.

!han%e in Personality in Later Lie( Physical Dependency

and the Dependent Personality

Temperament(


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Temperaments arc often regarded as biologically based psychological

tendencies with intrinsic paths of development. "t is argued that this definition

applies to the personality traits of the five&factor model.

A Theoretical Perspective on Temperament(

There is no hard and fast distinction between temperament and

personality.The 'merican 2eritage Dictionary of the !nglish /anguage defines

temperament as -the manner of thinking, behaving, or reacting characteristic of aspecific individual- a definition which might serve equally well for personality

trait.

Temperament is frequently regarded as a constitutional predisposition,

observable in preverbal infants and animals, and tied, at least theoretically, tobasic psychological processes. Personality traits, in contrast, are often assumed to

be acquired patterns of thought and behavior that might be found only in

organisms with sophisticated cognitive systems. $onstructs like authoritarianism,self&monitoring, and narcissism do not appear to be directly applicable to

chimpanzees or human infants.

Personality Traits as Endo%eno#s "asic Tendencies

)erita'ility o personality(Personality traits have a substantial genetic component, little or no

component that can be attributed to shared environmental effects 0e.g., attending

the same school or having the same parents1, and a residual component aboutwhich little is yet known.

2eritability is virtually a sine qua non of biologically based theories of

personality, so it is crucial to note that it is not limited to =euroticism and

!xtraversion, which are often conceded to be temperamental traits. 'll five factorsare heritable( in fact, some estimates find the strongest evidence of heritability.

St#dies o parental inl#ences(7ehavior&genetic designs infer effects indirectly from the phenotypic

similarity of people with different kinds and degrees of relatedness( they do not

directly measure any putative cause of personality traits. There are, however,

studies that have linked child&rearing behaviors or parent child relations to adultpersonality traits. +ost of these studies were retrospective, and many found someassociation., for example, previously reported that men and women who recalled

their parents as being especially loving described themselves as being better

ad?usted and more agreeable. 'lthough this appears to provide direct support forparental influences on personality, there are many alternative interpretations.


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!ross,c#lt#ral st#dies o personality str#ct#re("t is possible that environmental influences relevant to personality

development lie outside the family, in the broader institutions that are collectivelycalled culture. 's a biologically based phenomenon common to the human

species, the fundamental structure of infant and child temperament ought to

transcend culture, and there is some evidence that it does. 7ut over time, manypsychologists would find it reasonable to argue that the pervasive forces of culture

can arbitrarily redefine the parameters of personalityindeed, that was a central

premise of the school of culture and personality that flourished in the first halfof this century.

!omparative st#dies(

The five&factor model may be found in every culture because it is a

product of human biology( recent research on animals suggests that at least some

of the five factors may also be shared by nonhuman species. 'uthor asked catand dog owners to describe their pets, with terms taken from the five&factor

model or from a list intended to describe temperament in animals. "n bothinstruments and in both species, they found four factors# three corresponding to

=euroticism, !xtraversion, and 'greeableness, and the fourth combining features

of )penness to !xperience and $onscientiousness in a kind of animal "ntellectfactor.

Temporal sta'ility o ad#lt personality(

7eginning in the :;HBs, several independent longitudinal studies began to

address "he stability of individual differences in personality traits. 9esults, withresearchers using a variety of samples, instruments, and methods of measurement,

showed a consistent pattern of stability. 9etest correlations over @, :G, or GB

years were not much smaller than short&term retest reliabilities( personality in HB&

year&olds could be predicted with remarkable accuracy from assessments made AByears earlier.

Personality theories

Personality psycholo%y(

Personality psychology is a branch of psychology that studies

personality and individual differences. "ts areas of focus include#
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology


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$onstructing a coherent picture of a person and his or her ma?or

psychological processes

"nvestigating individual differences, that is, how people can differ from

one another.

"nvestigating human nature, that is, how all people*s behavior is similar

The word -personality- originates from the /atinpersona, which means

mask. 8ignificantly, in the theatre of the ancient /atin&speaking world, themask was not used as a plot device to disguise the identity of a

character, but rather was a convention employed to represent or typify that

character.

The pioneering 'merican psychologist,%ordon 'llport0:;AH1 described twoma?or ways to study personality, the nomothetic and the idiographic.

Nomothetic psychology seeks general laws that can be applied to many

different people, such as the principle of self&actualization, or the trait of

extraversion.Idiographic psychology is an attempt to understand the uniqueaspects of a particular individual.

The study of personality has a broad and varied history in psychology, with

an abundance of theoretical traditions. The ma?or theories include dispositional0trait1 perspective, psychodynamic, humanistic, biological, behaviorist and social

learning perspective.

Philosophical ass#mptions(

+any of the ideas developed by historical and modern personality

theorists stem from the basic philosophical assumptions they hold. The studyof personality is not a purely empirical discipline, as it brings in elements

of art, science, andphilosophy to draw general conclusions. The following five

categories are some of the most fundamental philosophical assumptions onwhich theorists disagree#

40 $reedom vers#s Determinism(

$ree *ill

This is the debate over whether we have control over our own

behavior and understand the motives behind it 0reedom1, or if our behavioris causally determined by forces beyond our control 0Determinism1.

50 )eredity vers#s Environment(

-ain article(Nat#re vers#s n#rt#re
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_theatre#Western_theatre_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mask#Ceremonial_useshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Allporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Allporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiographic_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-actualizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraversionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_willhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_versus_nurturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_versus_nurturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_theatre#Western_theatre_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mask#Ceremonial_useshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Allporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiographic_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-actualizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraversionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_willhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture


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Personality is thought to be determined largely by genetics and

biology, by environment and experiences, or by some combination resulting

thereof. There is evidence for all possibilities.

60 7ni8#eness vers#s 7niversality(

The argument over whether we are all unique individuals 03niqueness1

or if humans are basically similar in their nature 03niversality1. %ordon

'llport, 'braham+aslow, and $arl 9ogerswere all advocates of theuniqueness of individuals.

90 Active vers#s Reactive(

Do we primarily act through our own initiative 0'ctive1, or react to

outside stimuli 09eactive15 7ehavioral theorists typically believe that humans

are passively shaped by their environments, whereas humanistic and cognitive

theorists believe that humans are more active.

:0 Optimistic vers#s Pessimistic(

Personality theories differ on whether people can change their

personalities 0)ptimism1, or if they are doomed to remain the samethroughout their lives 0Pessimism1. Theories that place a great deal of

emphasis on learning are often, but not always, more optimistic than

theories that do not emphasize learning.

Personality theories(

Trait theories(

'ccording to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the 'merican

Psychiatric 'ssociation, personality traits are -enduring patterns of perceiving,

relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself that areexhibited in a wide range of social and personal contexts.- Theorists

generally assume a1 traits are relatively stable over time, b1 traits differ among

individuals 0e.g. some people are outgoing while others are reserved1, and c1

traits influence behavior.

Trait models have been criticized as being purely descriptive andoffering little explanation of the underlying causes of personality. !ysenck*s

theory, however, does propose biological mechanisms as driving traits, and

modern behavior genetics researchers have shown a clear genetic substrate tothem.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniquenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universality_(philosophy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Allporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Allporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Maslowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Maslowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Maslowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Maslowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Rogershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pessimismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavior_geneticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniquenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universality_(philosophy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Allporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Allporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Maslowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Rogershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pessimismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavior_genetics


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Type theories(

Personality type refers to the psychological classification of different

types of people. Personality types are distinguished from personality traits,which come in different levels or degrees. The idea of psychological types

originated in the theoretical work of $arl >ung and 4illiam +arston, whosework is reviewed in Dr. Travis 7radberry*s Self-Awareness. >ung*s seminal :;G:

book on the sub?ect is available in !nglish as Psychological Types.

The model is an older and more theoretical approach to personality,

accepting extraversion and introversion as basic psychological orientations in

connection with two pairs of psychological functions#

Perceiving functions#

8ensing and intuition 0trust in concrete, sensory&oriented facts

vs. trust in abstract concepts and imagined possibilities1

>udging functions#Thinking and feeling 0basing decisions primarily on

logic vs. considering the effect on people1.

7riggs and +yers also added another personality dimension to their type

indicator to measure whether a person prefers to use a ?udging or

perceiving function when interacting with the external world. Therefore theyincluded questions designed to indicate whether someone wishes to come to

conclusions 0?udgment1 or to keep options open 0perception1.

Type A and Type " personality theory(

During the :;FBs, +eyer riedman and his co&workers defined whatthey called Type ' and Type 7 behavior patterns. They theorized that intense,

hard&driving Type ' personalities had a higher risk of coronary disease

because they are -stress ?unkies.- Type 7 people, on the other hand, tended tobe relaxed, less competitive, and lower in risk.

Psychoanalytic theories(

Psychoanalytic theories explain human behavior in terms of the

interaction of various components of personality.8igmund reud was thefounder of this school. reud drew on the physics of his day

0thermodynamics1 to coin the term psychodynamics. 7ased on the idea ofconverting heat into mechanical energy, he proposed psychic energy could be

converted into behavior. reud*s theory places central importance on dynamic,unconscious psychological conflicts.

reud divides human personality into three significant components# the

id, ego, and super&ego. The id acts according to the pleasure principle,

demanding immediate gratification of its needs regardless of external
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_typehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trait_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Junghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_Typeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_A_and_Type_B_personality_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyer_Friedmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyer_Friedmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id,_ego,_and_super-egohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_typehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trait_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Junghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_Typeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_A_and_Type_B_personality_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyer_Friedmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id,_ego,_and_super-ego


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environment( the ego then must emerge in order to realistically meet the

wishes and demands of the id in accordance with the outside world,

adhering to the reality principle. inally, the superego 0conscience1 inculcatesmoral ?udgment and societal rules upon the ego, thus forcing the demands

of the id to be met not only realistically but morally.

"ehaviorist theories(

7ehaviorists explain personality in terms of the effects external stimulihave on behavior. "t was a radical shift away from reudian philosophy. This

school of thought was developed by 7. . 8kinner who put forth a model

which emphasized the mutual interaction of the person or -the organism-

with its environment. 8kinner believed children do bad things because thebehavior obtains attention that serves as a reinforce.

Social co%nitive theories(

"n cognitive theory, behavior is explained as guided by cognitions

0e.g. expectations1 about the world, especially those about other people.$ognitive theories are theories of personality that emphasize cognitive

processes such as thinking and ?udging.

+ore central to this field have been#

8elf&efficacy#

4ork, dealing with confidence people have in abilities to do

tasks.

/ocus of control#

Theory dealing with different beliefs people have about

whether their worlds are controlled by themselves or external factors(

'ttribution style theory#

Dealing with different ways in which people explain

events in their lives. This approach builds upon locus of control, butextends it by stating we also need to consider whether people

attribute to stable causes or variable causes, and to global causes or

specific causes.

)#manistic theories(

"n humanistic psychology it is emphasized people have free will andthey play an active role in determining how they behave. 'ccordingly,

humanistic psychology focuses on sub?ective experiences of persons as

opposed to forced, definitive factors that determine behavior. 'braham +aslow
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behaviorismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Skinnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-efficacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_of_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explanatory_stylehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_willhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Maslowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behaviorismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Skinnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-efficacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_of_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explanatory_stylehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_willhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Maslow


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and $arl 9ogers were proponents of this view, which is based on the

-phenomenal field- theory of $ombs and 8nygg 0:;E;1.

+aslow spent much of his time studying what he called -self&actualizingpersons-, those who are -fulfilling themselves and doing the best they are

capable of doing-. +aslow believes all who are interested in growth movetowards self&actualizing 0growth, happiness, satisfaction1 views. +any of these

people demonstrate a trend in dimensions of their personalities.

"iopsycholo%ical theories(

8ome of the earliest thinking about possible biological bases of

personality grew out of the case ofPhineas %age. "n an :


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These are amon% the most #npleasant people in the *orld0 Every remar3

yo# ma3e is e/ha#stively analy2ed or hidden meanin%s< everythin% yo# do is

interpreted in the *orst possi'le li%ht< everyone is 'elieved to have an

a%enda; an an%le0

$ause#

The specific cause of this disorder is unknown, but the incidence appears

increased in families with a s chizophrenic member. Paranoid personality disordercan result from negative childhood experiences fostered by a threatening domestic

atmosphere. "t is prompted by extreme and unfounded parental rage andKor

condescending parental influence that cultivate profound child insecurities.

Treatment(

Treatment of paranoid personality disorder can be very effective in

controlling the paranoia but is difficult because the person may be suspicious of

the doctor. 4ithout treatment this disorder will be chronic. +edications and

therapy are common and effective approaches to alleviating the disorder.

'n individual with Schi2oid Personality Disorder is generally detached

from social relationships, and shows a narrow range of emotional expression in

various social settings.

!a#se(

/ittle is known about the cause of schizoid personality disorder, but both

genetics and environment are suspected to play a role. 8ome mental health

professionals speculate that a bleak childhood where warmth and emotion wereabsent contributes to the development of the disorder. The higher risk for

schizoid personality disorder in families of schizophrenics suggests that a genetic

susceptibility for the disorder might be inherited.

Treatment(

People with this disorder rarely seek treatment because their thoughts and

behavior generally do not cause them distress. Their inability to form

relationships with others also poses a challenge for therapists because trust is an

important component of treatment.


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Psychotherapy L a form of counseling L is the most commonly used

treatment for schizoid personality disorder. Treatment likely will focus on

increasing general coping skills, as well as on improving social interaction,

communication, and self&esteem.

' person with Schi2otypal Personality Disorder is uncomfortable inclose relationships, has thought or perceptual distortions, and peculiarities of

behavior. 8chizotypal Personality Disorder is a condition characterized by acute

discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships as well as bycognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior.

!a#se(

9ecently there has been an increased interest in studying the neurobiology ofpersonality disorders, and, in particular, schizotypal personaluity disorder 08PD1.

8PD is characterised by cognitive or perceptual distortions, an inability to tolerate

close friendships, and odd behavior, but not frank psychosis. )f particularimportance to 8PD is the concept of the -schizophrenia spectrum,- a concept

derived from evidence that persons with 8PD and schizophrenia often share a

common genetic diathesis and show similar, though not identical symptoms. 'comparison of findings in 8PD with those in schizophrenics may help to clarify

what factors lead to psychosis.

Treatment(ew individuals with a $luster ' personality disorder are particularly

inclined to seek treatment. They are often forced into therapy by family or thelegal system. 2owever, once there, individuals with 8tPD may respond positivelyto an environment structured to allow them greater personal and interpersonal

success than they can achieve outside of the treatment setting. They are not

inclined to prefer isolation( they frequently move to greater and greater isolationvia social distress and re?ection.

Dramatic Personality Disorders( Antisocial; "orderline;

)istrionic; and Narcissistic

"ndividuals with these disorders have intense, unstable emotions, distorted self&

perception, andKor behavioral impulsiveness.

"ndividuals with Antisocial Personality Disorder show a pervasive disregardfor, and violation of, the rights of others since age :F years.

$ause#


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The cause of this disorder is unknown, but biological or genetic factors may

play a role. The incidence of antisocial personality is higher in people who have

an antisocial biological parents. 'lthough the diagnosis is limited to those over

:< years of age, there is usually a history of similar behaviors before age :F,

such as repetitive lying, truancy, delinquency, and substance abuse. This disorder

tends to occur more often in men and in people whose predominant role model

had antisocial features.

Treatment(

!ffective treatment of antisocial behavior and personality is limited. %roup

psychotherapy can be helpful. "f the person can develop a sense of trust,

individual psychotherapy or cognitive behavioral therapy can also be beneficial.

There is no research that supports the use of medications for direct treatment of

antisocial personality disorder, though.

"ndividuals with "orderline Personality Disorder show a generalized

pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self&image, and observable

emotions, and significant impulsiveness. !motionally 3nstable 07orderline1

Personality Disorder is a condition characterized by impulsive actions, rapidly

shifting moods, and chaotic relationships. The individual usually goes from one

emotional crisis to another. )ften there is dependency, separation anxiety, unstable

self&image, chronic feelings of emptiness, and threats of self&harm 0suicide or self&

mutilation1.

!a#se('s with other mental disorders, the causes of borderline personality

disorder aren*t fully understood.

actors that seem likely to play a role include#

.enetics0 8ome studies of twins and families suggest that personality

disorders may be inherited.

Environmental actors0 +any people with borderline personalitydisorder have a history of childhood abuse, neglect and separation from caregivers

or loved ones.

"rain a'normalities0 8ome research has shown changes in certain

areas of the brain involved in emotion regulation, impulsivity and aggression. "n


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addition, certain brain chemicals that help regulate mood, such as serotonin, may

not function properly.

+ost likely, a combination of these issues results in borderline personality

disorder.

Treatment(

Treatments for 7PD have improved in recent years. %roup and

individual psychotherapy are at least partially effective for many patients. 4ithin

the past :F years, a new psychosocial treatment termed dialectical behavior

therapy 0D7T1 was developed specifically to treat 7PD, and this technique has

looked promising in treatment studies . Pharmacological treatments are often

prescribed based on specific target symptoms shown by the individual patient.

'ntidepressant drugs and mood stabilizers may be helpful for depressed andKor

labile mood. 'ntipsychotic drugs may also be used when there are distortions inthinking.

7eginning in early adulthood, individuals with )istrionic Personality

Disorder often display excessive emotionality and attention seeking in variouscontexts. 2istrionic Personality Disorder is a condition characterized by excessive

emotionality and attention& seeking.

!a#se(The exact cause of histrionic personality disorder is not known, but many

mental health professionals believe that both learned and inherited factors playa role in its development. or example, the tendency for histrionic personality

disorder to run in families suggests that a genetic susceptibility for the disorder

might be inherited. 2owever, the child of a parent with this disorder mightsimply be repeating learned behavior. )ther environmental factors that might be

involved include a lack of criticism or punishment as a child, positive

reinforcement that is given only when a child completes certain approvedbehaviors, and unpredictable attention given to a child by his or her parent0s1,

all leading to confusion about what types of behavior earn parental approval.

Treatment(

"n general, people with histrionic personality disorder do not believe they

need therapy. They also tend to exaggerate their feelings and to dislike routine,

which makes following a treatment plan difficult. 2owever, they might seek help

if depression possibly associated with a loss or a failed relationship or

another problem caused by their thinking and behavior causes them distress.


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Psychotherapy 0a type of counseling1 is generally the treatment of choice

for histrionic personality disorder. The goal of treatment is to help the individual

uncover the motivations and fears associated with his or her thoughts and

behavior, and to help the person learn to relate to others in a more positive way.

"ndividuals with Narcissistic Personality Disorder often have a grandioseview of themselves, a need for admiration, and a lack of empathy that begins by

early adulthood and is present in various situations. These individuals are very

demanding in their relationships. =arcissistic personality disorder is a conditioncharacterized by an inflated sense of self&importance, need for admiration ,

extreme self&involvement, and lack of empathy for others.

!a#se(The exact cause of narcissistic personality disorder is not known. 2owever,

many mental health professionals believe it results from extremes in childrearing. or example, the disorder might develop as the result of excessive

pampering, or when a childs parents have a need for their children to betalented or special in order to maintain their own self&esteem.

Treatment(There is no known cure for narcissistic personality disorder, but

psychotherapy 0a type of counseling1 might help the person learn to relate to

others in a more positive and rewarding way. Psychotherapy tries to provide

the person with greater insight into his or her problems and attitudes in thehope that this will change behavior. The goal of therapy is to help the person

develop a better self&esteem and more realistic expectations of others. +edicine

might be used to treat the distressing symptoms, such as behavioral problems,that might occur with this disorder.

An/io#s Personality Disorders( Avoidant; Dependent;

O'sessive,!omp#lsive

"ndividuals with these disorders often appear anxious or fearful, and like

the other personality disorders, the generalized patterns described below typically

begin in early adulthood, and are present in various contexts.

An/io#s =Avoidant1 Personality Disorder is a condition characterized

by extreme shyness, feelings of inadequacy, and sensitivity to re?ection. Theseindividuals feel inferior to others. This disorder is only diagnosed when these

behaviors become persistent and very disabling or distressing.


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!a#ses(

The cause of avoidant personality disorder is not clearly defined, and may

be influenced by a combination of social, genetic , and biological factors.

'voidant personality traits typically appear in childhood, with signs of excessive

shyness and fear when the child confronts new people and situations. These

characteristics are also developmentally appropriate emotions for children,

however, and do not necessarily mean that a pattern of avoidant personality

disorder will continue into adulthood.

Treatment(Treatment of 'voidant PD can employ various techniques, such as social

skills training, cognitive therapy, exposure treatment to gradually increase social

contacts, group therapy for practicing social skills, and sometimes drug therapy. '

key issue in treatment is gaining and keeping the patient*s trust, since people

with 'voidant PD will often start to avoid treatment sessions if they distrust thetherapist or fear re?ection. The primary purpose of both individual therapy and

social skills group training is for individuals with 'voidant PD to beginchallenging their exaggerated negative beliefs about themselves.

' person with Dependent Personality Disorder shows an extreme needto be taken care of that leads to fears of separation, and passive and clinging

behavior. Dependent Personality Disorder is a condition characterized by an over&

reliance on others that leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears ofseparation. The dependent and submissive behaviors arise from feeling unable to

cope without the help of others.

!a#se('lthough the exact cause of dependent personality disorder is not known,

it most likely involves both biological and developmental factors. 8ome

researchers believe an authoritarian or overprotective parenting style can lead to

the development of dependent personality traits in people who are susceptible

to the disorder.

Treatment('s is the case with many personality disorders, people with Dependent

Personality Disorder generally do not seek treatment for the disorder itself.

9ather, they might seek treatment when a problem in their lives oftenresulting from thinking or behavior related to the disorder becomeoverwhelming, and they are no longer able to cope. People with Dependent

Personality Disorder are prone to developing depression or anxiety, and

symptoms of these disorders might prompt the individual to seek help.

'n individual with O'sessive !omp#lsive Personality Disorder ispreoccupied with orderliness, perfectionism, and control at the expense of
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_skills_traininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_skills_traininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_skills_traininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_skills_traininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacology


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Documents

final personality development(2).doc