EXPLORATION AND EXPANSIONVoyages and Discovery

1. Foundations of Explorationa. The Drive to Explore

i. Age of Exploration was driven by the search for wealth

ii. Many explorers hoped to find faster routes to Asia

iii. Some set out to find glory and fameiv. Others to spread faith in new landsv. Simple curiosity

b. Advances in Technologyi. The compass and astrolabe

1. Allowed sailors to plot courses even when they were out of sight of land

ii. Advances in shipbuilding1. Deep-draft ships

a. Were capable of withstanding heavier waves than earlier ships could

2. The Carvel shipa. Light and fastb. Two features

i. Steered with a rudder at the rear of the shipii. Lateen sails (triangular)

1. Could be moved to catch the wind from any directionc. Could be armed with weapons

2. Explorers from Portugal and Spain

a. The Portuguesei. 1st country to launch large-scale voyages

of explorationii. Henry the Navigator

1. Son of King John I of Portugal2. Not an explorer, but a Patron and supporter

of those who wished to explorea. Established a small court of sailors, mapmakers,

astronomers, and others interested in navigationb. Sent expeditions to islands in the Atlantic and

western coast of Africa

King John I of Portugal Henry the Navigator

iii. Bartolomeu Dias1. 1488 1st

European to attempt to sail around the southern tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope)

2. Had to turn back due to violent storms

b. The Spanishi. Christopher Columbus

1. Voyage was financed by Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand in 1492

2. Wanted to sail to the Indies, but reached the Caribbean after two months

3. Returned to Spain in 1493 with parrots, jewels, gold and plants unknown in Europe

4. Made 3 more voyages still believing he had reached Asia

ii. Amerigo Vespucci1. In 1502, he concluded that the land that

Columbus found was not Asia but a new land

iii. Vasco Nunez de Balboa1. Crossed the Isthmus of Panama in 15132. 1st European to see the Pacific Ocean

iv. Ferdinand Magellan1. Sailed west around the

world2. He left Spain in 1519

with 5 ships and 250 men

3. He was killed in the Philippines but his men sailed on

4. In 1522, 18 survivors of the original fleet arrive back in Spain

a. First people ever to circumnavigate (sail) around the world completely

3. Explorers from the Rest of Europe

a. The Englishi. John Cabot

1. In 1497, sailed from England to Canada

ii. Sir Francis Drake1. Sent to explore the

Western coast of the Americas

2. He wanted to find a way back to the Atlantic by sailing north but was unable to due to weather

3. Became the 2nd man to circumnavigate the globe

iii. Henry Hudson1. Set out in 1607,

to find a northeast passage around Europe

2. Sailed in 1609, for the Dutch, and found the Hudson River and Hudson Bay in the Americas

b. The Frenchi. Jacques Cartier

1. Left France in 15342. Sent to find a

Northwest passage around North America

3. Sailed to New Foundland and up the St. Lawrence River in Canada

a. Claimed all land on either side of the river for France and called it New France

Conquest and Colonies

1. Spain builds an Empirea. Spain in the Caribbean

i. Settled islands in the Caribbean, such as Hispaniola and Cuba

ii. Hoped to find gold but didn’tiii. Introduced the encomienda system

1. Colonist were given an amount of land and certain number of Native Americans to work the land

2. In return colonist were required to teach natives about Christianity

iv. System was disastrous for Native Americas1. Overworked and mistreated2. Disease spread i.e. smallpox3. No resistance to the illness, million die ( went from a pop. of

50 million down to a pop. of 4 million)

b. Conquest of Mexicoi. Hernan Cortez

1. Led expedition to Mexico

2. Was a Conquistador (conqueror)

a. Applied to Spanish military leaders who fought against native peoples in America

3. Conquered Aztecsa. Moctezuma

i. Leader of the Aztecsii. Unpopular with those he

conqueredb. Conquered the Aztecs with

the help of their enemies4. Advantages

c. Had translatord. Metal weapons, heavy

armor and gunse. Also had horses

5. November 8, 1519 Cortez and army entered Tenochtitlan

c. The Conquest of Perui. Francisco Pizarro

1. Led expedition to Peru2. Met Inca leader

Atahualpa in 1532a. Pizarro demanded that

Atahualpa accept Christianity and had over his empire to Spain

b. Took Atahualpa prisoner and eventually killed him

c. Received a huge fortune in gold and silver

d. Life in the Spanish Empire

i. To govern American holdings the Spanish king chose officials called viceroys

1. Each ruled a large area in the kings ii. Colonial economy was based on the

mining of gold and silveriii. Farming was also commoniv. Native Americans were used for labor

1. Effectsa. Disease and mistreatment dropped the

population by 90%

v. Bartolome de Las Casas1. Was a priest2. Was appalled at the mistreatment of the

Native Americans3. Wanted to protect those that remained4. Recommended replacing them as labors

with imported African slaves

2. The Portuguese in Brazila. Treaty of Tordesillas

i. Signed in 1494ii. Drew imaginary line through the Atlanticiii. Everything west was given to Spain,

everything east to Portugal1. Only Brazil remained under the control of

Portugal

b. Brazili. Slow to developii. Established huge farming statesiii. Labor

i. First was Native Americansii. Then African Slaves

3. French, Dutch and English Colonies in the Americas

a. New Francei. Resources

1. Fish2. Furs (fox, lynx, otter, etc.)

ii. Did not send large number of colonistiii. Did not enslave Native Americans

1. Main source for furs

iv. Samuel de Champlain1. Founded the city

of Quebec in 1608

v. Rene-Robert LaSalle1. Canoed down

the entire Mississippi River

2. Claimed enormous Mississippi region and its tributaries for France

3. Named region Louisiana after King Louis XIV

b. The Dutch of New Netherlandi. Dutch colonist mostly interested in tradeii. New Netherland was located in the Hudson

River Valleyiii. 1626, governor of New Netherland bought

island of Manhattan from the natives and founded the city of New Amsterdam

iv. Reasons for lack of growth1. Focused on developing colonies in other

parts of the world2. The colonies were more profitable

c. The English Coloniesi. 1st colony in America ,established in

1607, was Jamestownii. 1620, Pilgrims sailed from England

1. Established the colony of Plymouth, Massachusettes

iii. Viewed Native Americans with distrust and even anger

d. British-French Conflicti. Mid 1700s British colonist began attempting

to settle in French territory in the upper Ohio River Valley

ii. War broke out in 1754iii. British vs. French and Indians

1. War went badly for the British at first2. Turning point was when the British took

Quebec3. French eventually surrendered

a. Yielded Canada and all French territory east of the Mississippi