Expansion and Exploration Expansion and Exploration in the 16in the 16thth Century Century

I. ExplorationA. Causes

1. Renaissance: new studies – mathematics / literature Fernadez de Oviedo’s – General History of the Indies (1547)

2. New Monarchs: strong centralized states finance exploration 3. New Technology 4. Fall of Constantinople in 1453 – new route to Asia B. Motivation

1. Material profit $$$ 2. Growing Population 3. Religious zeal – Jesuits 4. Commercial Trade

Overseas Exploration & Conquest: 15th & 16th Centuries

C. Portugal1. Prince Henry the Navigator

a. University – Portolans (coastal maps) b. Cueta & Timbuktu (Gold Coast)

2. Bartholomew Diaz – Cape of Good Hope3. Vasco da Gama - India4. Pedro Cabral - Brazil5. Amerigo Vespucci – North America

D. Spain 1. Ferdinand & Isabella 2. Christopher Columbus - Hispaniola 3. Ferdinand Magellan - Circumnavigation

E. Technology 1. Compass

2. Astrolabe 3. Nocturnal 4. Caravel Ship a. Lateen Sail b. Cannon 5. Cartography (maps)

Mercator’s Map, ca. 1575

Waldseemuller’s World Map, 1507

F. Spanish Conquest1. Hernando Cortès: Aztecs

2. Francisco Pizzaro: Incas*

3. Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) a. Pope Leo VI – separated new world

territories b/w Spain & Portugal to avoid war

4. Viceroyalties: administrative divisions in the New World a. Viceroy – presided over the audiencia : board of 12 judges b. Mercantilism – economic

theory that trade generates

wealth and is stimulated by

the accumulation of profitable

balances, which a government

should encourage by means of

protectionism.

1) Quinto – 1/5th of all precious metals

G. Spanish Colonies 1. Mestizos & Mulattos

2. Hacienda system * Spanish plantations

3. Ecomienda system * power to enslave natives

H. Columbian Exchange 1. Biosocial a. Bio: exchange of plant, animal, disease

b. Social: cultural & economic impact

Old World New WorldPigs Potatoeshorses Maize (corn)Cattle TomatoesGoats TobaccoSugar Cane CacaoSmall Pox SyphilisChristianity IndigoSlavery Cotton Gold / Silver

I. Results of Contact1. Native Americans

a. 90% dead by 1600b. European cultural imports

2. For Europeansa. Revolution in Dietb. Rise of global empiresc. Rise of capitalism (Commercial Revolution)

II. Status of women in the 16th & 17th century

A. Protestants 1. rejected celibacy of clergy – encouraged marriage of priest 2. men & women spiritually equal – but women were subordinate to men 3. Marriage: procreation, avoidance of sin, mutual help & companionship a. divorce was allowed

B. Catholics 1. upheld celibacy of clergy 2. Trident Decree of Tametsi - marriage must be by the church a. wife was to be obedient, silent, and pious b. divorce was forbidden

C. Prostitution – tolerated by both Catholics & Protestants

D. Work: single women (middle & working class) worked in many occupations (midwives, servants)

E. Witch Hunts (1560-1660) 1. Period of hysteria during the Reformation 2. Church: powers come from either God or the Devil a. Used witch hunts to gain control over village life in rural areas.

3. Women: 80% of victims (“weaker vessels”) a. Single / widowed older women b. Misogyny (hatred of women) c. Midwifery / folk medicine

4. Religious wars and divisions created a panic environment; scapegoating

a. Leaders tried to gain loyalty of their people; appeared to be protecting them

5. End of witch hunts a. Scientific Revolution b. Advances in medicine; insurance

companies c. Trials became chaotic; accusers could

be accused d. Protestant Reformation

The African Slave Trade

III. Commercial Revolution (ca. 1500-1700) A. Significance: 1. Spurred age of discovery & exploration 2. Rise of capitalism 3. Rise of the middle class (bourgeoisie) B. Causes: 1. Population growth: 70 million in 1500;

90 million in1600 2. “price revolution”: (long slow upward

trend); increased food prices, increased volume of $, influx of gold & silver

C. Rise in capitalism (laissez-faire): 1. Entrepreneurs; bourgeoisie at the forefront 2. Banking: Fuggers, Antwerp in 16th c., Amsterdam

in 17th c. 3. Chartered companies: state provided monopolies

in certain areas (BEIC, DEIC) 4. joint-stock companies: investors pooled resources

for common purpose (forerunner of modern corporation) 5. stock markets: e.g., Bourse in Germany

6. Enclosure movement; “Putting-out” Industry

7. New industries: cloth production, mining,

printing, book trade, shipbuilding, cannons &

muskets

8. Consumer goods: rice, sugar, tea

9. Mercantilism: nations sought self-sufficient

economy; “bullionism”