Age Of Exploration and Expansion

Chapter 13

Miss Mayer

13.1 Overview

• 15th Century Europeans began to explore the world.

• Portugal, Spain, the Dutch Republic and England reached new economic heights through world trade.

Vocabulary

• Conquistadors – Spanish conquerors of the Americans

• Colony – A settlement of people living in a new territory, linked with the parent country by trade and direct government control.

• Mercantilism – A set of principles that dominated economic thought in the 17th century.

• Balance of Trade – Difference in value between what a nation imports and what it exports over time.

Exploration and Expansion 1500-1800

• Europeans had been interested in Asia for a long time.– Interest peaked during the Renaissance

because of the want for exotic items.

Motives

• 3 Motives – Gold

• Riches• Jewels• Spices• Textiles

– Glory• First person to reach a new land• Higher Social Status

– God • Missionaries• Spread Religion – More Followers = More Power

New Maritime TechnologiesNew Maritime Technologies

Hartman Astrolabe

(1532)

Better Maps

Sextant

Mariner’s Compass

Portuguese

• Sail East• Lead the way in exploration-explore Africa in

1400’s • Name West Africa the “Gold Coast”

• Vasco da Gama sails around “cape of good hope” to India

• 1498-Arrives in Calicut, gets spices, makes a profit of several thousand percent

• 1507 Portuguese fleet of warships defeats a fleet of Indian and Turkish ships to gain control of strategic ports

Spanish

• Sail West

• Establish an overseas empire (Portuguese only set up trading posts).

• Spanish were there to inhabit and occupy the land as opposed to profit only.

Columbus

• Believed the world was round and not flat.• Did not know how big oceans were, how big

continents were, or that North and South America existed.

• Columbus underestimates the size of the earth.• Convinces Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain to

fund a westward voyage to Asia.– Columbus is of Italian ethnicity but sails under the

Spanish Flag

Columbus

1492 – Columbus Sails…

• Explores the Island of Hispaniola and the Cuban coast.

• 4 voyages total exploring the area-calls it the Indies until the day he dies even though everyone knew it was not by then.

• Columbus finds modern day Caribbean Islands.

• Assumes the natives are Indian based on the color of their skin.

A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492

1492 – Columbus Sails…

• The Arawak – Tribe from the Caribbean Islands

• Crowd around Columbus’s ship in amazement when he arrives.

• Columbus immediately detains some natives and tries to get them to tell him where the gold is—he promised the king and queen of Spain riches.

Arawak

Line of Demarcation

• Line down Atlantic Ocean dividing undiscovered territories between Portugal and Spain. – Territories East-Portugal, Territories west-

Spain.– Explorers now race to discover new

territories.– This is why South America speaks both

Spanish and Portuguese.

Line of Demarcation

Amerigo Vespucci

• Letters he wrote on his travels to South America made him famous, continent named after him.– America and Amerigo sound very similar…– Writings became historical evidence of what

travel and sea life was like.

John Cabot

• Explored the New England coastline of the Americas for England.

Spanish Empire

• Conquistadors—swiftly defeated natives– Cortez overthrows Aztecs in three years

• Francisco Defeats the Inca • Portugal gets Brazil—other side of line of

Demarcation• Natives were put to work in gold and silver

mines—labor, starvation, and disease – Native population on Hispaniola goes from

250,000 to 500 in about 50 years

Conquistadors

Economic Impact

• Europeans go crazy for gold/riches in Americas.– The supply is low but the demand is very

high.– Allows for successful explorers to make a

huge profit.

• Completely changes trade—new network between Europe and Americas.– Faster and shorter route.

Ferdinand Magellan

• Helped the Spanish establish themselves in the Philippine Islands.

• Magellan's expedition of 1519–1522 became the first expedition to sail from the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific Ocean– Then named "peaceful sea" by Magellan– The passage being made via the Strait of

Magellan and the first to cross the Pacific.– Also completed the first circumnavigation of the

Earth

Ferdinand Magellan

English – Dutch - French

• 1500’s and 1600’s these countries join the competition.

• Dutch are 1st to inhabit the Northeast of North America.

• By 1700 English take control of the area and re-name the colony of New Netherland, New York.

• French sought wealth in the fur trade.• English sought colonization and land expansion.• Dutch sought riches.

New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals

1. Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.

2. Spain in Asia consolidated its holdings in the Philippines.

3. First English expedition to the Indies in 1591.

Surat in NW India in 1608.

4. Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization

Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization

Explorers Conquistadores

Mission

arie

s

PermanentSettlers

OfficialEuropeanColony!

Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion

Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion

1. Native populations ravaged by disease.

2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.[“Price Revolution”]

3. New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].

4. Deepened colonial rivalries.

The Columbian exchange

13.2

• Africa In An Age of Transition– European expansion affected Africa with the

dramatic increase of the slave trade.

– Traditional political systems and cultures continued to exist in most of Africa.

Vocabulary

• Plantation – Large agricultural estates typically worked by slaves.

• Triangular Trade – Trade route that connected Europe, Africa and the Americas.

• Middle Passage – Middle portion of the Triangular Trade route, majority of slaves were transported in this route.

Slavery

• Slavery existed in many countries such as;– England– Southwest Asia– Africa

• Since countries were expanding during exploration, slavery increased dramatically.

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeTrade

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeTrade

The Slave TradeThe Slave TradeThe Slave TradeThe Slave Trade1. Existed in Africa before the

coming of the Europeans.

2. Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans.

Sugar cane & sugar plantations.

First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518.

275,000 enslaved Africans exportedto other countries.

3. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

Slave ShipSlave ShipSlave ShipSlave Ship

““Middle Passage”Middle Passage”

““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck

““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck

African CaptivesAfrican CaptivesThrown OverboardThrown OverboardAfrican CaptivesAfrican Captives

Thrown OverboardThrown Overboard

Sharks followed the slave Sharks followed the slave ships!ships!

Sources of Slaves

• Local African rulers began to worry about the Europeans taking slaves from their communities. Population would drop significantly.

• King Alfonso of Congo worked with European nations to sell slaves – he received a large profit.

Effects of the Slave Trade

• Benin in West Africa was eliminated because of the slave trade.

• The entire tribe was destroyed and traded around the Triangular Trade Route.

13.3 Southeast Asia in the Era of the Spice Trade

• The Portuguese occupied the Moluccas in search of spices but were pushed out by the Dutch.

• The arrival of the Europeans greatly impacted the Malay Peninsula.

Vocabulary

• Mainland States – Part of the continent, as distinguished from peninsulas or offshore islands.

• Bureaucracy – A body of non-elective government officials.

Emerging Mainland States

• Conflicts did erupt between the emerging states.• Burma and Thailand clashed.• The Vietnamese began their “March to

the South.”• By the end of the fifteenth century, they subdued

the rival state of Champa.• They then took control of the Mekong delta from

the Khmer, a monarchy that virtually disappeared by 1800.

Emerging Mainland States

• The major impact of Islam came in the fifteenth century with the rise of the new sultanate at Melaka.

• Melaka was powerful because of its strategic location and the spice trade’s rapid growth.

• Melaka soon became the leading power in the region.

The Arrival of Europeans

• In 1511, the Portuguese seized Melaka and soon occupied the Moluccas, or Spice Islands.

• They were the chief source of the spices that attracted the Portuguese to the Indian Ocean.

The Arrival of Europeans

• The European success in creating trading empires in the East and conquering the Americas owed much to the use of gunpowder and cannons.

• For example, the heavy cannon of the Portuguese ships made defeating the lighter Muslim fleets easy.

• The Ottoman and Safavid Empires also used gunpowder effectively, causing historians to label them and others “gunpowder empires.”

Religious and Political Systems

• Islam and Christianity made converts in the non-mainland states and the Philippines.

• Javanese kingship was rooted in Indian political traditions.

• Like Buddhist kings, Javanese rulers were believed to have a sacred quality, maintaining the balance between the material and spiritual worlds

Religious and Political Systems

• The Vietnamese emperor ruled by Confucian principles.

• He was seen as a mortal appointed by Heaven to rule because of his talent and virtue.

• He also was an intermediary between Heaven and Earth.