Europe on the Eve of Europe on the Eve of ColonizationColonization

The Later Middle AgesThe Later Middle Ages

RenaissanceRenaissance

New Monarchs New Monarchs

The Later Middle AgesThe Later Middle Ages

Major Theme- A series of Crises in the Later Major Theme- A series of Crises in the Later Middle Ages transformed European Middle Ages transformed European SocietySociety

The Black Death (1347)The Black Death (1347) The Hundred Years War (1309-1377)The Hundred Years War (1309-1377) Great Schism in the Catholic Church Great Schism in the Catholic Church

(1377-1415) (1377-1415)

I.I. The Black Death (1347)The Black Death (1347)A. CausesA. Causes

1. Bubonic plague was carried 1. Bubonic plague was carried by fleas on Asian black rats and brought by fleas on Asian black rats and brought to Europe on ships returning from Asiato Europe on ships returning from Asia

2. Overcrowding in cities and 2. Overcrowding in cities and homes facilitated the spread of the homes facilitated the spread of the diseasedisease

3. Poor sanitation in cities3. Poor sanitation in cities4. Widespread malnutricion 4. Widespread malnutricion

prior to the plague led to poor healthprior to the plague led to poor health5. Poor hygiene 5. Poor hygiene

I.I. The Black DeathThe Black Death

B. The ResultsB. The Results

1. Loss of 1/3 of European 1. Loss of 1/3 of European population population

2. Economy in towns suffered 2. Economy in towns suffered significantly significantly

3. In some areas workers 3. In some areas workers enjoyed higher wages as the supply of enjoyed higher wages as the supply of workers was depleted workers was depleted

4. Impact on peasantry 4. Impact on peasantry

5. Best of the Clergy died5. Best of the Clergy died

I.I. The Black DeathThe Black Death

B. The ResultsB. The Results

6. Jews were often blamed for 6. Jews were often blamed for the plague and thus persecuted the plague and thus persecuted

7. Literature and Art reflected 7. Literature and Art reflected pessimism pessimism

8. Population did not reach 8. Population did not reach pre- plague level until the mid 16pre- plague level until the mid 16thth century century

II. Hundred Years WarII. Hundred Years War

A. Cause: English crown lay claim to the A. Cause: English crown lay claim to the duchy of Aquitaineduchy of Aquitaine

B. The WarB. The War

1. Most of the War was fought 1. Most of the War was fought intermittently in France and the Low intermittently in France and the Low CountriesCountries

2. By 1415, the major battles had been 2. By 1415, the major battles had been won by England and Paris itself was won by England and Paris itself was threatenedthreatened

II. Hundred Years WarII. Hundred Years War

B. The WarB. The War

3. Joan of Arc3. Joan of Arc

C. ResultsC. Results

1. France permanently removed England 1. France permanently removed England from France from France

2. The struggles of war began the 2. The struggles of war began the modernization of state building in France and modernization of state building in France and EnglandEngland

3. Peasant Revolts3. Peasant Revolts

a. end of serfdom in England (1550)a. end of serfdom in England (1550)

III. Crisis in the Catholic ChurchIII. Crisis in the Catholic ChurchA. BackgroundA. Background

1. Western and European society was 1. Western and European society was dominated by the catholic church since the dominated by the catholic church since the fall of the Roman Empirefall of the Roman Empire

2. The Middle Ages were 2. The Middle Ages were characterized by religious unity under the characterized by religious unity under the Catholic Church Catholic Church B. Great SchismB. Great Schism

1. Conflict occurred in 1377 with the 1. Conflict occurred in 1377 with the election of two popes- one in Rome and election of two popes- one in Rome and one in France- neither of whom recognized one in France- neither of whom recognized each other. each other.

Renaissance Renaissance

I.I. BackgroundBackgroundA. The Renaissance is considered the A. The Renaissance is considered the beginning of modern European Historybeginning of modern European HistoryB. Renaissance (1300-1600)B. Renaissance (1300-1600)

1. Occurred first in Italy and 1. Occurred first in Italy and lasted until the mid 16lasted until the mid 16thth century century

2. Renaissance spread to 2. Renaissance spread to Northern Europe around 1450Northern Europe around 1450

3. In England, the 3. In England, the Renaissance did not begin until the 16Renaissance did not begin until the 16thth centurycentury

I.I. BackgroundBackground

C. Stood in contrast to the Middle AgesC. Stood in contrast to the Middle Ages

D. Renaissance culture applied almost D. Renaissance culture applied almost exclusively to the upper classexclusively to the upper class

I. I. “New” Monarchs: “New” Monarchs: c.1460-1520c.1460-1520

A. Consolidated power and created the A. Consolidated power and created the foundation for Europe’s first modern nation-foundation for Europe’s first modern nation-states in France, England and Spain.states in France, England and Spain.

1. This evolution had begun in the Middle 1. This evolution had begun in the Middle Ages. Meanwhile, monarchies had grown Ages. Meanwhile, monarchies had grown weaker in eastern Europe during the Middle weaker in eastern Europe during the Middle Ages.Ages.

2. However, New Monarchies never 2. However, New Monarchies never achieved absolute power; absolutism did not achieved absolute power; absolutism did not emerge effectively until the 17th century (e.g. emerge effectively until the 17th century (e.g. Louis XIV in France).Louis XIV in France).

I. I. “New” Monarchs: “New” Monarchs: c.1460-1520c.1460-1520

3. New Monarchies also were not 3. New Monarchies also were not nation-states (in the modern sense) since nation-states (in the modern sense) since populations did not necessarily feel that populations did not necessarily feel that they belonged to a “nation”they belonged to a “nation”

a. Identity tended to be much a. Identity tended to be much more local or regional.more local or regional.

b. The modern notion of b. The modern notion of nationalism did not emerge until the late nationalism did not emerge until the late 18th and early 19th centuries.18th and early 19th centuries.

I. I. “New” Monarchs: “New” Monarchs: c.1460-1520c.1460-1520B. Characteristics of New MonarchiesB. Characteristics of New Monarchies

1. Reduced the power of the nobility through 1. Reduced the power of the nobility through taxation, confiscation of lands (from uncooperative taxation, confiscation of lands (from uncooperative nobles), and the hiring of mercenary armies or the nobles), and the hiring of mercenary armies or the creation of standing armiescreation of standing armies

a. The advent of gunpowder (that a. The advent of gunpowder (that resulted in the production of muskets and cannon) resulted in the production of muskets and cannon) increased the vulnerability of noble armies and increased the vulnerability of noble armies and their knightstheir knights

b. However, many nobles in return for b. However, many nobles in return for their support of the king gained titles and offices their support of the king gained titles and offices and served in the royal court or as royal officialsand served in the royal court or as royal officials

I. I. “New” Monarchs: “New” Monarchs: c.1460-1520c.1460-15202. Reduced the political power of the clergy2. Reduced the political power of the clergy

a. The medieval notion of the Church a. The medieval notion of the Church being supreme to the state was replaced in being supreme to the state was replaced in belief and practicebelief and practice3. Created more efficient bureaucracies3. Created more efficient bureaucracies

a. Enabled the “New Monarchs” to begin a. Enabled the “New Monarchs” to begin centralizing control of their realmscentralizing control of their realms4. Increased the political influence of the 4. Increased the political influence of the bourgeoisie (at the expense of the nobility)bourgeoisie (at the expense of the nobility)

a. In return, the bourgeoisie brought in a. In return, the bourgeoisie brought in much needed revenues to the Crown.much needed revenues to the Crown.

b. This was more so in France than in b. This was more so in France than in Spain.Spain.5. Increased the public (national) debt by taking 5. Increased the public (national) debt by taking out loans from merchant-bankers.out loans from merchant-bankers.

I. I. “New” Monarchs: “New” Monarchs: c.1460-1520c.1460-1520

C. Opposition to monarchial powerC. Opposition to monarchial power

1. Nobles resented the decline of 1. Nobles resented the decline of political influencepolitical influence

2. Clergy members saw the pope as 2. Clergy members saw the pope as their leader, not the monarchtheir leader, not the monarch

3. Independent towns resisted more 3. Independent towns resisted more centralized monarchial controlcentralized monarchial control

II. CommerceII. Commerce

A. Economic changesA. Economic changes

1. Many people were moving from 1. Many people were moving from the country to the city where they found more the country to the city where they found more opportunities to make a livingopportunities to make a living

2. Capitalism2. Capitalism

3. Uniform printed documents3. Uniform printed documents

4. Mercantilism- an economic 4. Mercantilism- an economic system that sought to increase national system that sought to increase national wealth through a strictly regulated economy wealth through a strictly regulated economy and a favorable balance of tradeand a favorable balance of trade

III. Technological FactorsIII. Technological Factors

A. The increase in trade opportunities in A. The increase in trade opportunities in Europe and the discovery of the New Europe and the discovery of the New World prompted better navigational World prompted better navigational tools. tools.

1. Compass1. Compass

2. Cross staff2. Cross staff

3. Chip Board3. Chip Board

4. Hourglass 4. Hourglass

IV. Rise of Nation-StatesIV. Rise of Nation-States

A. PortugalA. Portugal

B. SpainB. Spain

C. EnglandC. England

D. FranceD. France

1. France would not become 1. France would not become a nation state until much later around a nation state until much later around 1600. 1600.