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Absolute Monarchs in Europe Central European Monarchs and Absolute Rulers of Russia

Absolute Monarchs in Europe Central European Monarchs and Absolute Rulers of Russia

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Absolute Monarchs in Europe

Central European Monarchs and Absolute Rulers of Russia

Setting the StageSetting the Stage

Peace of Augsburg= peace betweenPeace of Augsburg= peace between

rulers in German rulers in German

StatesStates

Princes determined religion- eitherPrinces determined religion- either

Lutheran or CatholicLutheran or Catholic

No Calvinists! (known as No Calvinists! (known as HuguenotsHuguenots in in France)France)

Setting the StageSetting the Stage

Setting the StageSetting the Stage

The Thirty Years War

Fought where we now know Germany to be from 1618 to 1648- involving most European countries

Began as a religious conflict but developed into a fight for power

The Thirty Years War

Catholics vs. Protestants

Lutheran Princes join together in the Protestant Union in 1608

Catholic Princes create the Catholic League the following year

The Thirty Years War

Catholics vs. Protestants

Ferdinand II A Hapsburg- one of the great

European dynasties Protestant princes challenge his rule

after he closes a protestant church and sends an army to Bohemia

The Thirty Years War

Hapsburg Triumphs Hapsburg armies crush opposing

forces for first 12 years

The Thirty Years War

Hapsburg Defeats Protestant Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden

changes the direction of the war in 1630

Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin dominate the remaining years- power more important than Catholic allegiances

The Thirty Years War

Mercenary soldiers

Paid with whatever loot they could carry

Plundered, robbed, and destroyed everything in their paths

Peace of Westphalia

Series of peace treaties signed between May and October, 1648

France was awarded German territory

German princes gained independence from the Holy Roman Empire

Ended religious wars in Europe

Peace of Westphalia

A new method of peace negotiation comes to be

Representatives from all participating armies meet to settle the war and decide the terms of peace

The method we still use today!

Thirty Years War

Major damage to Germany Population drops from 20 million to

16 million Economy was ruined Does not become a unified state

until the 1800’s

The Thirty Years War

End of the war = end of a Catholic Empire ruling

Europe

Beginning of the modern state system

States Form in Central Europe

Central Europe develops more slowly than Western Europe

Major Powers- Poland, Holy Roman Empire, Ottoman Empire

- all week during the 1600’s

Economic Development

Serfs were restricted from moving to cities- nobles kept them on farm land to harvest crops

Produced large harvests which nobles sold to western Europe

Weak Empires

PolandKing’s power was limited by the

nobles King had little income King had no standing army King’s did not have law courts

Weak Empires

Ottoman Empire Failed to grow any further after

Suleyman the Magnificent conquers Hugary

Weak Empires

Holy Roman Empire Weakened by the Thirty Years War Had no real power after losing

command of German princes

Austria Grows Stronger

Hapsburgs (ruled Austria) took several steps to power Reconquered Bohemia wiping out

Protestantism Replaced protestants with loyal Czech

nobility Created a standing army and a central

government Took back Hungary from the Ottomans

Maria Theresa Inherits the Austrian Throne

Inherited the Austrian Throne from Charles VI

Hapsburg territories under Charles- Austria, Hungary, Bohemia- remain in tact

The Rise of Prussia

Hohenzollerns

Prussia’s ruling family

The Rise of Prussia

Hohenzollerns Empire begins with small German territories- Brandenburg Prussia

The Rise of Prussia

Frederick William (a Hohenzollern) inherits

the title of elector of Brandenburg in 1640

“The Great Elector”

Elector a German Prince of the Holy Roman Empire

The Rise of Prussia

The Great Elector is deeply influenced by the destruction of the Thirty Years War- Must have a strong army to ensure

safety He and his descendants create the best

standing army in Europe

The Rise of Prussia

The Great Elector and his successors move toward absolute monarchy

Call themselves kings beginning with William’s son

Introduce permanent taxation (need money to pay for the army!)

The Rise of Prussia

Junkers(YUNG-kuhrz)

Prussian Nobility

The Rise of Prussia

Junkers resisted the growing power of the monarch, so King William Frederick I - Gives them exclusive right to be

military officers

Extra Credit!!

• Which other ruler/empire strategically placed rajputs into military positions?

Frederick the GreatFrederick William II

The Rise of Prussia

Was interested in music, philosophy, poetry

Followed his father’s military policies

+ =

A strong ruler who encouraged religious toleration, legal reform, and softening of harsher laws

A ruler should be like a father to his people