Europe on the Eve of Europe on the Eve of ColonizationColonization

United States IUnited States I

Europe in 1400Europe in 1400

• Very backward place Very backward place

• Most Europeans, like most Native Most Europeans, like most Native Americans were simple farmersAmericans were simple farmers

• Outside the primary Asian trade Outside the primary Asian trade routesroutes– Muslims controlled trade with AsiaMuslims controlled trade with Asia– Europeans wants spices and exotic Europeans wants spices and exotic

productsproducts

Economic GrowthEconomic Growth

• European economy grows during Middle AgesEuropean economy grows during Middle Ages

• Population growth—begins to recover from Population growth—begins to recover from plagueplague

• Unlike China, no European nations possessed Unlike China, no European nations possessed a self-contained economy.a self-contained economy.– All needed to trade with each other and outsideAll needed to trade with each other and outside

• Competed with each other for access to Competed with each other for access to resources and mastering new military resources and mastering new military techniques—long term benefittechniques—long term benefit

Impact of the CrusadesImpact of the Crusades

• Taste for exotic productsTaste for exotic products

• Experience running sugar plantationsExperience running sugar plantations

• Desire to move away from the Desire to move away from the control of Italian city statescontrol of Italian city states

Portugal leads the wayPortugal leads the way

• Rather SurprisingRather Surprising

• Small kingdom—fewer than 1 million Small kingdom—fewer than 1 million citizenscitizens

• Recently united-Muslims driven outRecently united-Muslims driven out

• Maritime traditions lagged behind other Maritime traditions lagged behind other regionsregions

• Small merchant class-little capitalSmall merchant class-little capital

• However—Excellent Location!!!However—Excellent Location!!!

Prince Henry the NavigatorPrince Henry the Navigator

• Member of Portuguese Royal family Member of Portuguese Royal family and member of crusading religious and member of crusading religious order (Order of Christ)order (Order of Christ)

• Used revenues from order to sponsor Used revenues from order to sponsor 15 voyages along the African Coast15 voyages along the African Coast

Advancements by PortugalAdvancements by Portugal

• Ability to navigate high seas beyond sight of Ability to navigate high seas beyond sight of landland

• Capacity to defeat any non-European fleet on Capacity to defeat any non-European fleet on the world’s oceans.the world’s oceans.

• Mapped the prevailing winds and currents of Mapped the prevailing winds and currents of the oceansthe oceans

• Copied Arab ship designs—improved for open Copied Arab ship designs—improved for open ocean travel.ocean travel.

• Learned to mount heavy cannons on the deck.Learned to mount heavy cannons on the deck.

Slave CultureSlave Culture

• Developed sophisticated slave cultureDeveloped sophisticated slave culture– Supported exploration with sugar plantations of Supported exploration with sugar plantations of

offshore islandsoffshore islands• 11stst acquired slaves by capturing on African acquired slaves by capturing on African

coastcoast– Raids upset coastal peopleRaids upset coastal people

• After 1450, developed slave trade structureAfter 1450, developed slave trade structure– Small forts—factoriesSmall forts—factories– Buy slaves from local rulersBuy slaves from local rulers

• Nearly all slaves in the Atlantic slave trade Nearly all slaves in the Atlantic slave trade were enslaved by fellow Africans.were enslaved by fellow Africans.– Europeans exploited rivalriesEuropeans exploited rivalries

Economic ImpulseEconomic Impulse

• Precious metals was the initial impulsePrecious metals was the initial impulse• Crops and slaves kept the motivation aliveCrops and slaves kept the motivation alive

– Before 1800’s, more than 2/3 of people who Before 1800’s, more than 2/3 of people who crossed the Atlantic were slaves.crossed the Atlantic were slaves.

– Important to remember that Atlantic slave trade Important to remember that Atlantic slave trade was not some exception to the story of freedom was not some exception to the story of freedom and liberty, it was the normand liberty, it was the norm

• Few Europeans who crossed expected to Few Europeans who crossed expected to workwork– Men of prestige and wealth simply did not do Men of prestige and wealth simply did not do

physical laborphysical labor

Spanish ExplorationSpanish Exploration

• Spanish moved more slowly than Spanish moved more slowly than PortuguesePortuguese

• Unification of Castile and AragonUnification of Castile and Aragon

• Strong crusading tendenciesStrong crusading tendencies– Desire to spread Christianity to wider worldDesire to spread Christianity to wider world– Desire for wealth and commercial opportunityDesire for wealth and commercial opportunity

• Environment that producing Environment that producing ConquistadorsConquistadors

Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus

• Italian by birth, Portuguese trainedItalian by birth, Portuguese trained

• Wants to sail west—Portuguese laughWants to sail west—Portuguese laugh

• Circumference of the globeCircumference of the globe

• Makes plea to Spanish crownMakes plea to Spanish crown

• ““Throw-away” fleet of three shipsThrow-away” fleet of three ships

ColumbusColumbus

• Lucky he ran into AmericasLucky he ran into Americas

• Believed he found Asia—actually Believed he found Asia—actually islands in the Bahamasislands in the Bahamas

• Returned three more timesReturned three more times– Never finds riches Spanish government Never finds riches Spanish government

demandeddemanded

ConquistadorsConquistadors

• Discoveries unleashed a horde of Discoveries unleashed a horde of conquistadors on the Caribbeanconquistadors on the Caribbean– Not seeking permanent societyNot seeking permanent society– Just plunderJust plunder

• In less than 20 years, natives In less than 20 years, natives exterminatedexterminated

• Some move to mainlandSome move to mainland– Hernan Cortes--AztecsHernan Cortes--Aztecs

ImpactImpact

• Over 450,000 migrants between 1492-1650Over 450,000 migrants between 1492-1650– Mostly single menMostly single men– Most intermarry with Indians and blacksMost intermarry with Indians and blacks

• Spain regarded Americas as source of Spain regarded Americas as source of precious metalsprecious metals– Between 1500 and 1650 shipped 200 tons of Between 1500 and 1650 shipped 200 tons of

gold and 16,000 tons of silvergold and 16,000 tons of silver

• Fail to develop industry—just depend on Fail to develop industry—just depend on annual shipments from America.annual shipments from America.

English join the gameEnglish join the game

• English get involved in international English get involved in international activities in the 1500’sactivities in the 1500’s

• Moscovy Company—Northern route Moscovy Company—Northern route to China around Scandinaviato China around Scandinavia

• Martin Frobisher—search for the Martin Frobisher—search for the Northwest passageNorthwest passage

English explorationEnglish exploration

• Projects to the Americas received Projects to the Americas received strong, but unofficial supportstrong, but unofficial support

• Too weak to challenge Spain openly, Too weak to challenge Spain openly, but wanted to break Spanish but wanted to break Spanish monopoly in New Worldmonopoly in New World

• Elizabeth I encouraged “Sea Dogs” to Elizabeth I encouraged “Sea Dogs” to attack Spanish shippingattack Spanish shipping

Economic GrowthEconomic Growth

• England building a strong commercial England building a strong commercial classclass– Prosperity built on wool and coal productionProsperity built on wool and coal production– Growing industrial productionGrowing industrial production

• Interest in colonial development to expand Interest in colonial development to expand economyeconomy– Provide outlet for excess populationProvide outlet for excess population– Source of raw materialsSource of raw materials– Buffer against Catholic expansionBuffer against Catholic expansion

Irish ExperimentIrish Experiment

• England’s first colony was IrelandEngland’s first colony was Ireland

• Learned to subdue a population and seize Learned to subdue a population and seize its landsits lands– Seized large parcels of land from IrishSeized large parcels of land from Irish– Established semi-military “plantations”Established semi-military “plantations”

• Served as model for later colonies in the Served as model for later colonies in the new worldnew world– Compared Native Americans to the “Wild” IrishCompared Native Americans to the “Wild” Irish

Sir Humphrey GilbertSir Humphrey Gilbert

• Oxford Educated soldierOxford Educated soldier• Experience with English conquest of Experience with English conquest of

Ireland—tolerated no oppositionIreland—tolerated no opposition• Secures Royal patent to develop Secures Royal patent to develop

colony in Americascolony in Americas• Set up expedition in 1583Set up expedition in 1583

– Lands in NewfoundlandLands in Newfoundland– Lost at seaLost at sea

Unpromising StartUnpromising Start

• By 1570’s English ready to begin By 1570’s English ready to begin challenging Spanish control over challenging Spanish control over AmericasAmericas

• English adventurers make series of English adventurers make series of mistakes between 1575 and 1600mistakes between 1575 and 1600

• Gain valuable information about Gain valuable information about seas, supplies and financeseas, supplies and finance

Sir Walter RaleighSir Walter Raleigh

• Provided example of what Provided example of what notnot to do to do

• Ventures encouraged, but Ventures encouraged, but not fundednot funded by by crowncrown

• Sends of expedition to Virginia region, Sends of expedition to Virginia region, named after Queen Elizabethnamed after Queen Elizabeth

• In 1585, sends expedition under Richard In 1585, sends expedition under Richard Grenville to Roanoke IslandGrenville to Roanoke Island– Colonists do rather well, but fail to get re-suppliedColonists do rather well, but fail to get re-supplied– Return home with Francis Drake in 1586Return home with Francis Drake in 1586

Lost ColonyLost Colony

• In 1587, launched 2In 1587, launched 2ndnd venture venture• Includes men, women and even childrenIncludes men, women and even children• Under leadership of John WhiteUnder leadership of John White• Returns to England for more supplies and Returns to England for more supplies and

colonistscolonists• War with Spain prevents return until 1590War with Spain prevents return until 1590• Find colony desertedFind colony deserted• ““CROATAN” carved into tree.CROATAN” carved into tree.• Fate of “lost” colony remains a mystery.Fate of “lost” colony remains a mystery.

– Best guess—absorbed into neighboring groups of nativesBest guess—absorbed into neighboring groups of natives

Richard HakluytRichard Hakluyt

• English writerEnglish writer• Never visited America—shapes English Never visited America—shapes English

public opinion toward colonizationpublic opinion toward colonization• The Principall Navigations, Voyages, and The Principall Navigations, Voyages, and

Discoveries of the English NationDiscoveries of the English Nation (1589) (1589)• Theme—England needed American Theme—England needed American

coloniescolonies– English settlers would provide natural English settlers would provide natural

resources and grow rich in the processresources and grow rich in the process– Painted a picture of paradise on earthPainted a picture of paradise on earth

• Jamestown would show the harsh realities Jamestown would show the harsh realities

ProblemsProblems

• Individuals could not support coloniesIndividuals could not support colonies

• Merchants more interested in Merchants more interested in Mediterranean and RussiaMediterranean and Russia

• Need for an influx of capital to make Need for an influx of capital to make colonization work.colonization work.

• Finally happens in early 1600’s.Finally happens in early 1600’s.

Virginia CompanyVirginia Company

• 1606, King James chartered Virginia 1606, King James chartered Virginia Company to colonize North AmericaCompany to colonize North America– Two Headquarters—Plymouth and Two Headquarters—Plymouth and

LondonLondon

• Plymouth Company tries colony in Plymouth Company tries colony in MaineMaine– Abandons in a yearAbandons in a year

Joint Stock CompaniesJoint Stock Companies

• Moved away from individually Moved away from individually sponsored coloniessponsored colonies

• Sold shares to investors to raise Sold shares to investors to raise moneymoney

• Investors expected to profit in returnInvestors expected to profit in return

• Spread out responsibilitySpread out responsibility

• Little chance for profit in early coloniesLittle chance for profit in early colonies

London CompanyLondon Company

• Decided to colonize Chesapeake Bay Decided to colonize Chesapeake Bay area.area.

• Sent out 3 ships and 104 menSent out 3 ships and 104 men

• Settled on peninsula in the James Settled on peninsula in the James river.river.– Searching for gold and silverSearching for gold and silver– Cure for syphilisCure for syphilis– Planned to force Indians as laborersPlanned to force Indians as laborers

JamestownJamestown

• Jamestown was a deathtrapJamestown was a deathtrap

• Only 38 of original 104 survived the first Only 38 of original 104 survived the first year.year.

• Colony had too many gentlemen and Colony had too many gentlemen and specialized craftsmen (perfumer)specialized craftsmen (perfumer)

• Survivors owed their existence to John Survivors owed their existence to John SmithSmith– Dedicated himself to survival of communityDedicated himself to survival of community– Work at least 4 hours per dayWork at least 4 hours per day

Continued Chaos in Continued Chaos in JamestownJamestown• London Company sends over more settlersLondon Company sends over more settlers• John Smith injured-returns to EnglandJohn Smith injured-returns to England• Settlers provoke war with NativesSettlers provoke war with Natives• 1610 settlers ready to abandon settlement1610 settlers ready to abandon settlement• In nick of time, new governor arrivesIn nick of time, new governor arrives

– Martial lawMartial law– Expanded settlementsExpanded settlements– Tobacco—John RolfeTobacco—John Rolfe

Shift in policyShift in policy

• Experimented with harsh military Experimented with harsh military disciplinediscipline

• ““Lawes Divine, Morall and Martiall”Lawes Divine, Morall and Martiall”

• Tended to discourage immigrationTended to discourage immigration

London CompanyLondon Company

• London concerned about London concerned about disintegrationdisintegration

• New Settlers arrived only to dieNew Settlers arrived only to die

• Facing financial ruinFacing financial ruin– Concealed state of affairsConcealed state of affairs

• Desperately looking for marketable Desperately looking for marketable productproduct

Land PoliciesLand Policies

• First Settlers expected to work togetherFirst Settlers expected to work together– Work for foodWork for food

• Governor assigned land in small plots to Governor assigned land in small plots to colonists who finished their terms of servicecolonists who finished their terms of service

• In 1616, Company instituted the Headright In 1616, Company instituted the Headright systemsystem– 50 acres to anyone who paid their way to Virginia50 acres to anyone who paid their way to Virginia– 50 more acres for each additional person50 more acres for each additional person

Changes in 1619Changes in 1619

• Company began transporting womenCompany began transporting women

• Created 1Created 1stst legislative body in English legislative body in English AmericaAmerica– House of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses

•Landowners electedLandowners elected

•Subject to approval of companySubject to approval of company

• Settlers still having problems making Settlers still having problems making a profita profit

• Headright system expanded out the Headright system expanded out the colony—less control over widely colony—less control over widely spread colonists.spread colonists.

• Further strained Indian relationsFurther strained Indian relations

War with IndiansWar with Indians

• Warfare was on-going throughout Warfare was on-going throughout much of the early history of much of the early history of JamestownJamestown

• Union between John Rolfe and Union between John Rolfe and Pocahontas temporarily calmed Pocahontas temporarily calmed eventsevents

• Revived in 1622Revived in 1622

• Brutality on both sidesBrutality on both sides

• Colonist forced behind fortified wallsColonist forced behind fortified walls

• Economic activity ceasedEconomic activity ceased

• London Company went bankruptLondon Company went bankrupt

• 1624—King James dissolves company1624—King James dissolves company– Virginia now a royal colonyVirginia now a royal colony

Search for marketable Search for marketable productproduct

• 1610 Start growing tobacco1610 Start growing tobacco– Popular with wealth English societyPopular with wealth English society

• 1617 11617 1stst cargo arrives in England cargo arrives in England– Very profitableVery profitable

• Settlers start planting everywhereSettlers start planting everywhere– Supply and demandSupply and demand

TobaccoTobacco

• Shaped every aspect of Virginia Shaped every aspect of Virginia societysociety

• Grabbed land close to riversGrabbed land close to rivers

• Necessitated a large labor forceNecessitated a large labor force– 9 month a year crop9 month a year crop

Help Wanted!Help Wanted!

• Need labor to make a profitNeed labor to make a profit• Imported indentured servantsImported indentured servants• Between 1625-40, 1000 servants arrived Between 1625-40, 1000 servants arrived

each yeareach year• Mostly young males—best workersMostly young males—best workers• Ultimately, reality scares off pool of Ultimately, reality scares off pool of

indentured servantsindentured servants• Plantation owners need to look for new Plantation owners need to look for new

labor sourcelabor source

MarylandMaryland

• Different origins than Virginia but Different origins than Virginia but much the same outcomemuch the same outcome

• Vision of George Calvert—Catholic Vision of George Calvert—Catholic refugerefuge

• Charter in 1632—Sweeping powersCharter in 1632—Sweeping powers

• Economically in quickly focuses on Economically in quickly focuses on tobaccotobacco

Lord Baltimore’s planLord Baltimore’s plan

• Set up feudal manors in the Set up feudal manors in the wildernesswilderness

• Problem—Few Catholic emigrated to Problem—Few Catholic emigrated to AmericaAmerica

• Most settlers were ProtestantsMost settlers were Protestants

• Social and religious resentments Social and religious resentments strong in the colonystrong in the colony

New England coloniesNew England colonies

• Appropriate –others colonies produce Appropriate –others colonies produce “Non-English” goods, N.E. reproduces “Non-English” goods, N.E. reproduces mixed economymixed economy

• Disagreement with England over Disagreement with England over religion, not economicsreligion, not economics

• Wanted to worship as God Wanted to worship as God commanded not how C. of E. commanded not how C. of E. required.required.

English ReformationEnglish Reformation

• Anglican church closely resembled Anglican church closely resembled Catholic churchCatholic church

• ‘‘Middle way” satisfied most but not Middle way” satisfied most but not allall

• Puritans felt reforms did not go far Puritans felt reforms did not go far enoughenough

Puritan DemandsPuritan Demands

• Purify the church by:Purify the church by:– Eliminating BishopsEliminating Bishops– Simplifying church servicesSimplifying church services– Emphasizing God’s controlEmphasizing God’s control– Emphasis on hard workEmphasis on hard work

PilgrimsPilgrims

• 1606—church in Nottinghamshire 1606—church in Nottinghamshire leaves C of Eleaves C of E

• 125 members go into exile in Holland125 members go into exile in Holland

• Holland not a “good fit”—Too liberalHolland not a “good fit”—Too liberal

• Negotiated with Virginia company for Negotiated with Virginia company for possible travel to Americapossible travel to America

Travel to AmericaTravel to America

• Short on cashShort on cash

• Form joint stock company with Form joint stock company with perspective emigrants and investorsperspective emigrants and investors

• Agree to pay ½ of future profitsAgree to pay ½ of future profits

• 1620-Mayflower 100 settlers, only 35 1620-Mayflower 100 settlers, only 35 PilgrimsPilgrims

AmericaAmerica

• Land at Cape Cod Bay—North of Virginia Land at Cape Cod Bay—North of Virginia Company territoryCompany territory

• Decide to stay—late in seasonDecide to stay—late in season

• Since outside Virginia Co.—some feel free Since outside Virginia Co.—some feel free of all gov. controlsof all gov. controls

• Mayflower Compact—bound all to Mayflower Compact—bound all to decisions of the majoritydecisions of the majority– Set precedent—set of rules selected by Set precedent—set of rules selected by

membersmembers

New ColonyNew Colony

• Arrive in December—tough winterArrive in December—tough winter– ½ die including governor½ die including governor– William Bradford takes overWilliam Bradford takes over

• Settlers get luckySettlers get lucky– SquantoSquanto

• Gain political autonomy and private Gain political autonomy and private ownership within 10 yearsownership within 10 years

Popular Image of the Popular Image of the PuritansPuritans

Popular Image of the Popular Image of the PuritansPuritans

• Nagging critics who condemned Nagging critics who condemned liquor and sexliquor and sex

• Dressed in drab clothesDressed in drab clothes

• Minded their neighbors businessMinded their neighbors business

• Reflects a fundamental Reflects a fundamental misunderstanding of Puritanismmisunderstanding of Puritanism

RealityReality

• Radical reformersRadical reformers

• Seeking to bring about fundamental Seeking to bring about fundamental changechange

• Like Pilgrims, products of Protestant Like Pilgrims, products of Protestant Reformation Reformation

• Concept of Pre-Destination—refused Concept of Pre-Destination—refused to wait until Judgment Dayto wait until Judgment Day

• Examined themselves for signs of Examined themselves for signs of grace—for hints of being one of the grace—for hints of being one of the “elect”“elect”

• Church of England needed reformingChurch of England needed reforming

• Needed to speak outNeeded to speak out

• There goal was not to leave the There goal was not to leave the church, but reform it from withinchurch, but reform it from within

• Often with combative meansOften with combative means

• Under Stuart Kings in England, saw Under Stuart Kings in England, saw little chance for reformlittle chance for reform

• Feared God would punish England, Feared God would punish England, but spare Puritansbut spare Puritans

• Puritan leaders starting to look for Puritan leaders starting to look for new homenew home

• America?America?

• In March 1629, Massachusetts Bay In March 1629, Massachusetts Bay colony obtains a charter from the kingcolony obtains a charter from the king

• King probably believed he was signing King probably believed he was signing just another commercial venturejust another commercial venture

• It was a typical joint stock company, It was a typical joint stock company, except for one clauseexcept for one clause

• Could hold stockholder meeting Could hold stockholder meeting anywhereanywhere

• 11stst group set sail in March 1630 group set sail in March 1630

• By end of 1By end of 1stst year, almost 2,000 year, almost 2,000 arrived at Mass. Bayarrived at Mass. Bay

• Moved to America as nuclear familiesMoved to America as nuclear families

• Most survived, in fact thrivedMost survived, in fact thrived

• Life expectancy much longer than Life expectancy much longer than normalnormal

Concept of CovenantConcept of Covenant

• Common sense of purpose helped to Common sense of purpose helped to tie the community togethertie the community together

• Believed they had a “special Believed they had a “special covenant” (agreement) with God.covenant” (agreement) with God.

• Live according to scripturesLive according to scriptures

City On a HillCity On a Hill

• Establish a model communityEstablish a model community

• Beacon of righteousness for the rest Beacon of righteousness for the rest of the Christian worldof the Christian world

• If they kept the bargain—assured If they kept the bargain—assured peace and prosperitypeace and prosperity

• Convert religious vision into social Convert religious vision into social realityreality

Church PlanChurch Plan

• Precise plan for the church in Precise plan for the church in America was unclearAmerica was unclear

• Evolution of CongregationalismEvolution of Congregationalism– Each village was free from outside Each village was free from outside

interferenceinterference– To be member of church, men and To be member of church, men and

women needed to testify to faith women needed to testify to faith publiclypublicly

Puritan LifePuritan Life

• Exalted individualism but not by our Exalted individualism but not by our standardsstandards– Too much self emphasis dangerous to Too much self emphasis dangerous to

the communitythe community– Residents closely monitored each other Residents closely monitored each other

behaviorbehavior

• Towns banished those who violated Towns banished those who violated community standardscommunity standards

BanishmentBanishment

• Tolerance of difference was not high Tolerance of difference was not high on Puritan list of valueson Puritan list of values– Criticizing church or governmentCriticizing church or government– Letters homeLetters home– Anti-social behaviorAnti-social behavior

Religious DifferencesReligious Differences

• Difference of opinion arose almost Difference of opinion arose almost immediatelyimmediately

• Emphasis on individual interpretations Emphasis on individual interpretations of bible allowed fragmentationof bible allowed fragmentation– 11stst sustained criticism—Roger Williams sustained criticism—Roger Williams

•Challenged church beliefs and concept of “elect”Challenged church beliefs and concept of “elect”

•Strengthen church by including only those of Strengthen church by including only those of pure faithpure faith

Roger WilliamsRoger Williams

• Banished in 1636Banished in 1636

• Move to establish colony in Rhode Move to establish colony in Rhode IslandIsland

• Becomes beacon for religious freedomBecomes beacon for religious freedom– No established churchNo established church– No religious qualificationsNo religious qualifications– No requirement to attend churchNo requirement to attend church

Anne HutchinsonAnne Hutchinson

• More threatening to Puritan More threatening to Puritan establishmentestablishment– Woman of influenceWoman of influence

• Mid-wife and daughter of clergyMid-wife and daughter of clergy– Strong personalityStrong personality

• Started holding home meetings to Started holding home meetings to discuss religious issues, then discuss religious issues, then community issuescommunity issues

Hutchinson’s theologyHutchinson’s theology

• Emphasized grace over good worksEmphasized grace over good works– Questioned emphasis on church attendance Questioned emphasis on church attendance

and moral behaviorand moral behavior

• Put on trial for sedition (dangerous views)Put on trial for sedition (dangerous views)

• Combative and articulateCombative and articulate

• Loses support—direct messages from GodLoses support—direct messages from God

• Banished—Rhode Island, then Long IslandBanished—Rhode Island, then Long Island

Status of CommunityStatus of Community

• By mid 17By mid 17thth century, concerns about century, concerns about declining pietydeclining piety– By 1650, less than ½ the population were By 1650, less than ½ the population were

admitted as full members of churchadmitted as full members of church– Tough questioning by clergy and church elders Tough questioning by clergy and church elders

discouraged joiningdiscouraged joining

• Hard to force non-members to attend churchHard to force non-members to attend church

• Even harder to refuse to let taxpayers have Even harder to refuse to let taxpayers have a vote because of non-membership a vote because of non-membership

• Many children of the “elect” were Many children of the “elect” were baptized but never became membersbaptized but never became members– What about their children?What about their children?

•Could not be baptizedCould not be baptized

– Holding to existing standards would limit Holding to existing standards would limit size and social influence of the churchsize and social influence of the church

Half-Way Covenant of 1662Half-Way Covenant of 1662

• Permitted baptism and partial Permitted baptism and partial membership of grandchildren of membership of grandchildren of those who emigrated in Great those who emigrated in Great MigrationMigration

• Right to vote was extended to Right to vote was extended to membersmembers

• Ancestry, not conversion, was Ancestry, not conversion, was pathway to electpathway to elect

Economic Development inEconomic Development inNew EnglandNew England

• First hoped to develop a self-First hoped to develop a self-sufficient, producing most of its own sufficient, producing most of its own manufactured itemsmanufactured items

• Then tried to exploit the fur tradeThen tried to exploit the fur trade– Short-lived ventureShort-lived venture

• Ultimately moved into indirect trade Ultimately moved into indirect trade schemes schemes

Triangle TradeTriangle Trade

• Complex, multi-leg trading network Complex, multi-leg trading network linking New England, West Indies, linking New England, West Indies, Africa, Europe and England.Africa, Europe and England.

• Goal was to end up with something Goal was to end up with something that could be exchanged for English that could be exchanged for English manufactured goodsmanufactured goods– Didn’t matter what they started with or Didn’t matter what they started with or

how many stages along the way.how many stages along the way.

Rise of Port CitiesRise of Port Cities

• With growth of maritime trade, wealth With growth of maritime trade, wealth and power began to congregate in port and power began to congregate in port towns.towns.– Portsmouth, Salem, Boston, Newport, New Portsmouth, Salem, Boston, Newport, New

HavenHaven

• Largest and most thriving city was Largest and most thriving city was BostonBoston– Population of over 10,000Population of over 10,000– Third largest ciy in British EmpireThird largest ciy in British Empire