estructura de una embarcación granelera

Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral Diseño Naval II

DISEÑO DEFINITIVO DE UN BUQUE GRANELERO DE 2500 TPM

GRUPO 1: STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 1

PRELIMINARY DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF 2,500

DWT BULK CARRIER

GRUPO N.-2

STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION

TUTOR:

ING. FRANKLIN JOHNNY DOMINGUEZ

AUTHOR:

ANGEL RUIZ GONZALEZ

CHRISTOPHER VILLALTA MIRANDA




GROUP 2 –

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 3

2. GENERAL OBJECTIVE ................................................................................................... 3

3. OBJECTIVE FUNCTION .................................................................................................. 3

4. DESIGN VARIABLES ....................................................................................................... 4

5. PRE-ASSIGNED VARIABLE ............................................................................................ 5

6. CONSTRAINTS ................................................................................................................. 5

7. CONSTRAINTS FORMULATION .................................................................................... 6

8. OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM USED. ........................................................................... 9

9. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 10

10. ANNEX ......................................................................................................................... 11

10.1. Design Pressures...................................................................................................... 11

10.2. Man hour cost calculation......................................................................................... 12

10.2.1 Report from Matlab of the man hour calculation. .......................................................... 1

Illustration 1 . structural block division .......................................................................................... 4

Illustration 2. algorithm used for optimizing .................................................................................. 9




1. INTRODUCTION

When a vessel is built compliance with the structural requirements is crucial, as the vessel must be

extremely safely, getting support the loads to which it shall be subject.

In this booklet is intended that the minimum cost of construction provide us the strongest structure as

possible, this is part of the 100 technological group optimization, this is accomplished using the ABS

society classification rules which provide us a minimum parameters at the moment of design a

structural element, these parameters will be used as constraints.

The vessel in the midsection will have a longitudinal frame and at fore and aft will have a transverse

framing, the design variables and constraints are formed by the spacing between stiffeners, sectional

modules, Minimum frequency depending of the vessel sector, and thicknesses plate.

2. GENERAL OBJECTIVE

Optimization of stiffeners and plates with the goal of decrease the vessel weigh, this means a

reduction in the construction cost

3. OBJECTIVE FUNCTION

The objective function to be considered for optimization of this technology group is focused primarily

on reducing the cost of construction, below the objective function described:

Minimize F(x)= PC ($)

PC =MC +LC *HC +OC

Where:

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PC Production cost (€),

MC Material cost (€),

LC Labour cost (man-hours),

HC Hourly cost (€/hour),

OC Overhead costs (€).

The ship is divided into blocks, and each of these is optimized, obtaining the lowest possible weight

per block which in turn will produce the lowest cost per material.

In the figure below shown the vessel divided by blocks, this partition is made taking as reference the

bulkheads.

Illustration 1 . structural block division

4. DESIGN VARIABLES

Ranges must be set or fixed parameters including variables in order to obtain a satisfactory

optimization.

Since it frame established it is longitudinal midsection, frames and web frames, stiffeners and

longitudinal beams, defining as design variables the following parameters:

Longitudinal spacing of deck stiffeners

Spacing of deck transversal stiffeners

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normalmente el overhead se incluye en HC




Longitudinal spacing of bottom stiffeners

Spacing of bottom transversal stiffeners

Longitudinal spacing of side stiffeners

Plate thickness

As we can see the spacing between stiffeners are an important design variables, these are located within

the boundaries they will be defined by the restrictions as detailed in the following points

5. PRE-ASSIGNED VARIABLE

The pre-assigned variables are those primary elements that their location were defined in the

preliminary design, with these fixed parameters the intention optimize the separation between stiffeners

and their respective dimensions, below shown the pre-assigned design variables

Bulkhead spacing

Deck girders spacing

Stringers spacing

girders spacing

web frame spacing

engine seat

6. CONSTRAINTS

These restrictions or limitations will be established either by the classification society or by the designer

needs, maximum or minimum values will be taken by certified references in order to obtain the best

possible optimization for our vessel.

Geometric Constraint

Minimum spacing between stiffeners

Secondary reinforcement height should 2.5 times less than primary element

The spacing of web frames in topside tanks is generally to be not greater than 6 frame spaces

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owner

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?? normalmente va entre 3 hasta 5 claros




The spacing of adjacent girders is generally to be not greater than 4.6 m or 5 times the

spacing of bottom or inner, bottom ordinary stiffeners, whichever

The spacing of floors is generally to be not greater than 3.5 m or 4 frame spaces as specified

by the designer, whichever is the smaller

the spacing of solid floors is not to be greater than 3.5m or four transverse frame spaces

In case of transverse framing, the spacing of bottom girders is not to exceed 2.5m.

In case of longitudinal framing, the spacing of bottom girders is not to exceed 3.5m.

Structural Resistance, as indicated by the classification society

sectional reinforcements Module

thickness of the plates

Minimum frequencies, depending on the sector.

Restricting availability

Thickness tackle; It refers to the availability at the Naval market

structures Profiles

7. CONSTRAINTS FORMULATION

Of the information presented by the classification society (DNV, 2001) which shows formulations will

be defined as constraints, we have:

Table 1. Formulations to determinate some parameters of the structural elements

Bottom Deck Side

Mínimum Plate thickness (mm)

Plate thickness (mm)

seccional module

𝑐𝑚3

Transversal Stiff.

Longitudinal Stiff.

seccional module

𝑐𝑚3

Main frame

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Girder

Where:

l = stiffener span in m

s = stiffener spacing in m

P = Design Loads according to the analyze area

L = rule length

tk = corrosion addition

ka = correction factor for aspect ratio of plate field

= (1,1 – 0,25 s/l )2

= maximum 1,0 for s/l = 0,4

= minimum 0,72 for s/l = 1,0

𝜎 = allowable local stress in N/mm2 for mild steel

wk = section modulus corrosion factor in tanks

Design pressures where determinate using the formulas that appears in DNV (annex 10.1), now its

showing the pressures in different parts of the vessel:

Bottom and side: P = 73.49 (𝑘𝑁

𝑚2 )

Double Bottom: P = 59.5 (𝑘𝑁

𝑚2 )

The natural frequency is a factor to be careful as this will also depend on the dimensions analyzed,

which is why using the formulations presented by (Lloyd'sRegister, 2014, pág. 85) plates frequency is

calculated as the sector:

𝑓𝑛 = 5.5375𝑡

𝑎𝑏√(

𝑏

𝑎)

2

+ (𝑎

𝑏)

2

+ 0.6045




Where:

a panel lenght (metres)

b panel breadth (metres)

t panel thickness (mm)

In the case of associated plate, the same reference indicates that the natural frequency can be

approximated by the following formulation:

𝑓𝑖 =𝐾𝑖

2𝜋𝐿2 √𝐸𝐼

𝑚(1 +𝜋2𝐸𝐼𝐿2𝐺𝐴

[𝐻𝑧]

Where:

𝐾𝑖: Constant where i refers to the mode of vibration.

EI = Flexural rigidity of plate stiffener combination

L= Beam length

GA = Shear rigidity of the plate stiffener combination

A: sectional area of the associated plate.

m = Mass per unit length of the stiffener and associated plating

The effect of the added mass is vital, as this factor makes our calculated frequency drops too therefore

does not meet the minimum values of frequencies.

To consider this phenomenon is implemented the following formula:

𝑓𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑓𝑖Ψ

Mode Ki Mode Ki

1 1 22.40 2 2 61.70

3 3 121.0 4 4 200.0

5 5 299.0

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Where:

Ψ =√

𝑝

𝑝 +𝜌1

𝜌𝑝

𝑝 = 𝜋𝑡√(1

𝑎2 +1

𝑏2)

𝜌1= density of the liquid

𝜌𝑝= density of the plate

t = plate panel thickness

8. OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM USED.

The algorithm used for optimizing the structures for the vessel shown below (Rigo & Caprace, pág.

11):

Illustration 2. algorithm used for optimizing




9. REFERENCES

DNV. (2001). HULL STRUCTURAL DESIGN SHIPSWITH LENGTH LESS THAN 100 METRES. 94.

Lloyd'sRegister. (2014). Sloshing Loads and Scantling Assessment. Lloyd’s Register Marine, 110.

Rigo, P., & Caprace, J.-D. (n.d.). Optimization of Ship Structures. Belgium: University of Liege.




10. ANNEX

10.1. Design Pressures.

Bottom and Inner Bottom Side

Deck




Observación: Además de los algoritmos presentados en el anterior avance, Se ha generado un

algoritmo que trabaje solo con la matriz de entrada (A) como se explicó en el avance anterior.

10.2. Man hour cost calculation.

clc;clear

disp(' ESCUELA SUPERIOR POLITECNICA DEL LITORAL')

disp(' CALCULO DEL COSTO DE OBRA')

%Programming by Christopher Villalta And Angel Ruiz

%ShipDesignII - Bulk Carrier

%Tuthor Ing. Jhonny Dominguez

A = xlsread('DataShip.xls'); %B matriz de valores del turno diurno.

mB = xlsread('Diurnal.xls'); %B matriz de valores del turno diurno.

mC = xlsread('Nocturnal.xls'); %C matriz de valores del turno Nocturno.

mD = xlsread('Administrative.xls'); %D matriz de valores del turno

Administrativo

fprintf('\n')

disp(' ROL DE PAGO MENSUAL')

fprintf('\n')

disp('PERSONAL INVOLUCRADO EN COSTOS DIRECTOS')

disp('Cuadrillas formadas por:')

disp('1: Maestros de Obra.')

disp('2: Maestros.')

disp('3: Técnicos.')

disp('4: Ayudante.')

fprintf('\n')

disp('PERSONAL INVOLUCRADO EN COSTOS INDIRECTOS')

disp('Integrado por:')

disp('5: Presidente.')

disp('6: V.P. proyecto.')

disp('7: Gerente proyectos.')

disp('8: Ing. de Obra')

disp('9: Bodeguero')

disp('10: Seguridad')

disp('11: Secretarias')




h = A(37);%h = Jornada de trabajo;

fprintf('\n')

hh_const = A(38);

disp('Los hombre hora de la Construccion son:');

disp(hh_const);

mp = A(36);

disp('Los meses del Proyecto son:');

disp(mp);

%suma de HHora/mes

%Factor de Numero del Plantel

p_mes1 = 0;

p_mes2 = 0;

n = (length(mB)-4);% length me muestra el tamaño de columnas no de filas.

if h==1

for i=1:n

p_mes1 = mB(i,2)+p_mes1;% #personas en turno diurno

end

hh_mes = p_mes1*40*4;% HH/mes

F_plantel = (hh_const/mp)/(hh_mes);

elseif h==2

for i=1:n

p_mes1 = mB(i,2)+p_mes1;% #personas en turno diurno

p_mes2 = mC(i,2)+p_mes2;% #personas en turno Nocturno

end

hh_mes = (p_mes1+p_mes2)*40*4;% HH/mes

F_plantel = (hh_const/mp)/(hh_mes);

end

% disp('F_plantel')

% disp(F_plantel)

% Cambio de Numero de Plantel con el Factor plantilla en:

%costo directo

if h==1

%columna 6: 1 o 0[else]

for i=1:n




if mB(i,6)==1

mB(i,7)=floor((F_plantel*mB(i,2))+0.5);

else

mB(i,7)=mB(i,2);

end

end

elseif h==2

for i=1:n

if mB(i,6)==1

mB(i,7)=floor((F_plantel*mB(i,2))+0.5);

else

mB(i,7)=mB(i,2);

end

end

for i=1:n

if mC(i,6)==1

mC(i,7)=floor((F_plantel*mC(i,2))+0.5);

else

mC(i,7)=mC(i,2);

end

end

end





for i=1:n

if mD(i,6)==1

mD(i,7)=floor((F_plantel*mD(i,2))+0.5);

else

mD(i,7)=mD(i,2);

end

end

%Calculo del sueldo/mes/especialidad del proyecto

%costos directos

n = (length(mB)-4);

for i=1:n

if h==1

mB(i,5)= mB(i,3)*(mB(i,4)+1);

mB(i,8)= mB(i,5)*mB(i,7);

elseif h==2

%p = input(' Indique porcentaje de aumento de salario para el turno

nocturno\nEjemplo:0.2, equivale al 20%\n');

p = A(39);

mB(i,5)= mB(i,3)*(mB(i,4)+1);

mB(i,8)= mB(i,5)*mB(i,7);

mC(i,3)= mB(i,3)*(1+p);

mC(i,5)= mC(i,3)*(mC(i,4)+1);

mC(i,8)= mC(i,5)*mC(i,7);

end

end

%


for i=1:n

mD(i,5)= mD(i,3)*(mD(i,4)+1);

mD(i,8)= mD(i,5)*mD(i,7);

end

if h==1




disp(' JORNADA MENSUAL DE TRABAJO DEL PROYECTO')

disp('Jornada Diurna Mesual')

disp('Los gastos directos son:')

% MRL Gastos por seguros,SRI,etc.

disp(' ID Cantidad Salario MRL Sueldo/Mes Tipo

#Personal S/M/Ep')

disp(mB)

fprintf('\n')

disp('Los gastos Administrativos son:')



#Personal S/M/Ep')

disp(mD)

elseif h==2

disp(' JORNADA MENSUAL DE TRABAJO DEL PROYECTO')

fprintf('\n')

disp('Los gastos Directos son:')

disp('Jornada Diurna Mensual')



#Personal S/M/Ep')

disp(mB)

fprintf('\n')

disp('Jornada Nocturna Mensual')


#Personal S/M/Ep')

disp(mC)

fprintf('\n')

disp('Los gastos Administrativos son:')



#Personal S/M/Ep')

disp(mD)

end

%Falta

%nuevos hh por numero verdadero de personal%




% Integrar Grupos Tecnológicos

Observación: Además se corrió el programa para que genere los roles de pagos según los hh de

construcción, meses, % de aumento de salario (si fuese doble turno), corrección de personal a causa

del análisis de hombre hora. Como se ve a continuación. Se está integrando los demás grupos tecnológicos al algoritmo.

25/11/15 11:40 PM MATLAB Command Window 1 of 2


10.2.1 Report from Matlab of the man hour calculation.

ESCUELA SUPERIOR POLITECNICA DEL LITORAL

CÁLCULO DEL COSTO DE OBRA

ROL DE PAGO MENSUAL

PERSONAL INVOLUCRADO EN COSTOS DIRECTOS

Cuadrillas formadas por:

1: Maestros de Obra.

2: Maestros.

3: Técnicos.

4: Ayudante.

PERSONAL INVOLUCRADO EN COSTOS INDIRECTOS

Integrado por:

5: Presidente.

6: V.P. proyecto.

7: Gerente proyectos.

8: Ing. de Obra

9: Bodeguero

10: Seguridad

11: Secretarias

Los hombres hora de la Construcción son: 26180

Los meses del Proyecto son:

4

JORNADA MENSUAL DE TRABAJO DEL PROYECTO

Los gastos Directos son:

Jornada Diurna Mensual

ID

1.0e+03

Cantidad

*

Salario MRL Sueldo/Mes Tipo #Personal S/M/Ep

0.0010 0.0010 0.9500 0.0005 1.4250 0.0010 0.0010 1.4250

0.0020 0.0050 0.8000 0.0005 1.2000 0.0010 0.0050 6.0000

0.0030 0.0100 0.6500 0.0005 0.9750 0.0010 0.0100 9.7500

0.0040 0.0050 0.5500 0.0005 0.8250 0.0010 0.0050 4.1250

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esta información de HH esta ligada al tamaño del barco (L,B,D), espaciamiento seleccionado transversal y longitudinalmente

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en que unidades esta este cuadro?

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Jornada Nocturna Mensual

ID

1.0e+04

Cantidad

*

Salario MRL Sueldo/Mes Tipo #Personal S/M/Ep

0.0001 0.0001 0.1187 0.0001 0.1781 0.0001 0.0001 0.1781

0.0002 0.0005 0.1000 0.0001 0.1500 0.0001 0.0005 0.7500

0.0003 0.0010 0.0813 0.0001 0.1219 0.0001 0.0010 1.2188

0.0004 0.0005 0.0688 0.0001 0.1031 0.0001 0.0005 0.5156

Los gastos Administrativos son:

ID Cantidad Salario MRL Sueldo/Mes Tipo #Personal S/M/Ep

1.0e+03 *

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en que unidades?

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GROUP 2: STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 3

0.0050 0.0010 2.2500 0.0005 3.3750 0.0010 0.0010 3.3750

0.0060 0.0010 1.6500 0.0005 2.4750 0.0010 0.0010 2.4750

0.0070 0.0010 1.2346 0.0005 1.8519 0.0010 0.0010 1.8519

0.0080 0.0030 0.9000 0.0005 1.3500 0.0010 0.0030 4.0500

0.0090 0.0120 0.5000 0.0005 0.7500 0.0010 0.0120 9.0000

0.0100 0.0060 0.5000 0.0005 0.7500 0.0010 0.0060 4.5000

0.0110 0.0020 0.7000 0.0005 1.0500 0.0010 0.0020 2.1000

>>

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estructura de una embarcación granelera